treatments-xml/data/03/C3/87/03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F.xml

<document id="91089781DC05A0756122116E42F54E8F" ID-CLB-Dataset="5960" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80dce437-4a06-4327-9f55-ed1b1f6ec72f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5038666" ID-ZooBank="E9F2EADE-3745-468B-9344-1ECCA4C2EA22" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623095071289" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hendrickx, Christophe &amp; Mateus, Octávio" docDate="2014" docId="03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03759p074.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3759 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Torvosaurus tanneri Galton &amp; Jensen 1979" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFFAFFECFFF508105373FFE2BD5DFFDA" masterDocTitle="Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1699002092529" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="4AC01DB44900D6F48575A94372ABFA9B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B7429C4BB45AD60D625ECEC374B81456">
<mods:title id="D44A0D7B691FF3E6B29EE3C9B397781B">Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="4FA28AA525900AFDF8644B35AD627290" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5F7E2E2560037BAFC56FFD32B9B38684">
<mods:roleTerm id="217E4F5D20A7261C1F309C47498DF9DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="83D496A847C584FB711063191893096B">Hendrickx, Christophe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E36A9D4BB164D22FDA519CFCB3FD2759" type="email">christophe.hendrickx@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="59038B9E285BA6292828BDAD10FE74BF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="26AD6DEF843AD37A77FE96F2A9AEBA75">
<mods:roleTerm id="D5FFC6E09E94581151089CD8BC9A8212">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5EFD3C4505921E0EFF98A3DFD87693EF">Mateus, Octávio</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1EA219C472E3EE211FD00650D2C10B65" type="email">christophe.hendrickx@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7B5ECAB3175F65E590ACA875A53466BE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D5105B00BD01FCB07B80E58C7358747D" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="C543851B9A0921B8B75D099F269BC403">
<mods:title id="C3C5D12C7161469D93039E96A4C24BB2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="FAD3D01445AB39A0FB4A7D32A18E4B05">
<mods:date id="75668AF4757B8B2E072D44CC71E90B52">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D976D64990ABDA772DE396F8140C0627" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="8F3455DB97E3CD38CEAB367AD5522475">2014-01-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="8D84A4F5A09926FF3D38F31F9BBA3DEE" type="volume">
<mods:number id="034444B80942EC8338EA1E62DE50BC65">3759</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="BC31A8878270BFD090361F0EC4F64AFF" type="issue">
<mods:number id="6F5FF6C53314AA79B4EF9C1EBD44C582">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="1CACDA7027215B003159A1A20F843028" unit="page">
<mods:start id="3D9B105B094473184125146EA3F35CAA">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="D5733106E178E49A4CD6C3C735D00570">74</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="5BA8965233998324A91D6A67A6EE9428">
<mods:url id="12D5229D6252E0D5C734FA7C03BE7D20">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="9DD11D00ABF6449FF645A2850D131526">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8BB04CB57028090CF15F1333CA140BD9" type="CLB-Dataset">5960</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="22AFFBE1AE6DFA89B891B0A3BA1C409F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E95E9053D6EF5C7F9F2683A1BB777CAE" type="GBIF-Dataset">80dce437-4a06-4327-9f55-ed1b1f6ec72f</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4C91F6E0182B14DD0C17F1D4A146B8E0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="47D7347F4D471DD225357DE8BFF7FA3D" type="Zenodo-Dep">5038666</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="25990E479235C5D880A113286D0D7C7C" type="ZooBank">E9F2EADE-3745-468B-9344-1ECCA4C2EA22</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038702" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183197415" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5038702" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38794FFE2080A53E4FE8AB978FC7F" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFE2080753E4FE8ABFF2FE58" box="[151,687,360,386]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753E4FE8ABFF2FE58" blockId="23.[151,687,360,386]" box="[151,687,360,386]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D09D81EEFFE2080753E4FE8ABFF2FE58" bold="true" box="[151,687,360,386]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE2080753E4FE8ABFF2FE58" authority="Galton &amp; Jensen, 1979" authorityName="Galton &amp; Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,687,360,386]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753E4FE8ABFF2FE58" bold="true" box="[151,687,360,386]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753E4FE8ABCD6FE58" bold="true" box="[151,395,360,386]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFE2080752E0FE8ABFF2FE58" author="Galton, P. M. &amp; Jensen, J. A." box="[403,687,360,386]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref28321" refString="Galton, P. M. &amp; Jensen, J. A. (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 26, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1979">Galton &amp; Jensen, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFE2080753E4FE4CBED2FDD5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753E4FE4CBF65FE1D" blockId="23.[151,1437,430,779]" box="[151,568,430,455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753E4FE4CBC28FE1D" bold="true" box="[151,373,430,455]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Referred material.</emphasis>
ML 962 (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE208075295FE4CBF77FE1D" box="[486,554,430,455]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-344@23.[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038684/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753B4FE30BED2FDD5" blockId="23.[151,1437,430,779]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753B4FE30BC8CFE31" bold="true" box="[199,465,466,491]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
Cliffs of Praia da Area Branca North, Praia da Area Branca, Lourinhã, 
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFE208075645FE30B8C5FE31" box="[1334,1432,466,491]" name="Portugal" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Portugal</collectingCountry>
. Bombaral Member, Lourinhã Formation, Tithonian, Upper Jurassic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFE2080853B4FDF8BF02F9AF" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753B4FDF8BFEEFDA1" blockId="23.[151,1437,430,779]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753B4FDF8BC04FDE9" bold="true" box="[199,345,538,563]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description.</emphasis>
ML 962 is an elongated tooth lacking the mesial part of the tip. Although most of the mesial and distal denticles are damaged and missing, their bases are still present so that it was possible to count the number of denticles basally, apically and at the mid-crown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753B4FD64BEBEFCD1" blockId="23.[151,1437,430,779]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753B4FD64BC7DFD45" bold="true" box="[199,288,646,671]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Crown.</emphasis>
The tooth is particularly large, (
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFE2080751D1FD64BF97FD45" box="[674,714,646,671]" name="Switzerland" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">CH</collectingCountry>
of 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFE20807518AFD64BE10FD45" box="[761,845,646,671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
) and the general shape of the tooth resembles the ‘typical' blade-like theropod tooth by being labiolingually compressed, distally curved and having serrated carinae. However, the base is particularly narrow mesio-distally (CBL of 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFE208075018FD2CBE8DFD3D" box="[875,976,718,743]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="31.5">31.5 mm</quantity>
) and quite large labio-lingually (CBW of 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFE2080753E4FD10BDA1FCD1" box="[151,252,754,779]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.02" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="20.2">20.2 mm</quantity>
) so that the crown-base has an ovoid cross-section (CBR of 0.64).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF15660AFFE2080753E4F96ABCFEF901" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038684" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5038684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038684/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,249,1672,1694]" targetBox="[151,1436,831,1650]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753E4F96ABCFEF901" blockId="23.[151,1436,1672,1755]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753E4F96ABC48F944" bold="true" box="[151,277,1672,1694]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Isolated tooth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFE2080752A1F96BBFFFF944" authorityName="Galton &amp; Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[466,674,1673,1694]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080752A1F96BBFFFF944" box="[466,674,1673,1694]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080750D7F945BEE7F967" bold="true" box="[932,954,1703,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ce</emphasis>
, cervix; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE208075767F945B967F967" bold="true" box="[1044,1082,1703,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">dca</emphasis>
, distal carina; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080757BCF945B9A1F967" bold="true" box="[1231,1276,1703,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">idsp</emphasis>
, interdenticular space; 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFE2080753AFF927BC54F901" bold="true" box="[220,265,1733,1755]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">mca</emphasis>
, mesial carina.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753B4F8E1BE8CF8BE" blockId="23.[151,1436,1795,2036]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">In lateral view, the mesial and distal margins of the root and basal half of the crown are roughly straight whereas the distal half of the crown is bent distally. The curvature of the crown is larger mesially than distally and the base of the crown is slightly larger than the mid-crown mesio-distally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080753B4F892B914F876" blockId="23.[151,1436,1795,2036]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">In distal view, the distal carina is medially positioned, slightly curved and bowed labially. The carina bears denticles all along the crown edge, from the preserved tip of the crown to the cervix.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFE2080853B4F85ABC19FF22" blockId="23.[151,1436,1795,2036]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
In mesial view, the mesial carina, on the other hand, appears at the mid-crown, approximately 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFE208075794F855B86BF815" box="[1255,1334,1975,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
from the cervix, the basal part of the crown remaining smooth and rounded (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFE2080750E2F839BEB1F82E" box="[913,1004,2011,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-344@23.[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038684/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
). The carina is labially positioned and weakly offset apically but slightly curves lingually towards the root, becoming medially positioned on the mesial margin of the crown. Both lingual and labial surfaces are baso-apically concave and the root surface remains almost straight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FEE6B860FEE5" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">In apical view, the tip is weakly labio-lingually oriented and medially positioned on the crown. The mesial carina forms just a low ridge whereas the distal carina is more acute, and bends lingually towards the root.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FEAEB94CFE2F" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
In cross section, the basal crown is elliptical (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFED080851CCFEAEBE4CFEBF" box="[703,785,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-344@23.[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038684/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
) with both mesial and distal parts rounded. The labial face shows a short flattened surface in its centre whereas the lingual margin is weakly convex. Both labial and lingual surfaces are strongly mesio-distally convex all along the crown. The dentine layer is thin (
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED080857D1FE76B9A1FE71" box="[1186,1276,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
in the lingual part) and its thickness is greater on the distal part of the crown (
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED0808501AFE55BE98FE0A" box="[873,965,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
), the mesial part being absent. The length of the pulp cavity is 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED0808520FFE3EBCBDFE29" box="[380,480,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="17.8">17.8 mm</quantity>
labio-lingually and around 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED08085064FE3EBE3BFE29" box="[791,870,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
mesio-distally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FE1DBDA7FD5F" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED080853B4FE1DBC66FDC2" bold="true" box="[199,315,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Denticles.</emphasis>
The mesial carina has 8 denticles at the mid-crown, and the number of denticles near the apex is unknown due to the missing part of tip of the crown (
<tableCitation id="C6E80339FFED0808519DFDC6BE18FDE7" box="[750,837,548,573]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[151,241,908,931]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3. Morphometric measurements of four isolated theropod teeth from the Lourinhã Formation of Portugal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF15660AFFE4080153E4FC6EB805FC79" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" tableUuid="DF15660AFFE4080153E4FC6EB805FC79">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The size of the denticles decreases towards the root from approximately the two-thirds of the crow, a tendency also observable on the distal carina but on a much longer distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FD6DBCD9FC87" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The distal carina bears around 7 denticles per 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED080851A1FD6DBE49FD7D" box="[722,788,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
at the apex, 8 at the mid-crown and 11 at the base of the crown, the latter being minute near the cervix. The biggest denticles can be found 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED08085739FD56B9C6FD11" box="[1098,1179,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
below the apex of the crown and are the only denticles entirely preserved on the apical part of the distal carina. They are chisel-like in shape, mesio-distally longer than baso-apically and their main axis is perpendicular to the distal margin (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFED08085644FD1EB8D2FCCF" box="[1335,1423,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1672,1694]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-344@23.[151,1436,831,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Isolated tooth of Torvosaurus tanneri (ML 962) in labial (A), distal (B), lingual (C), mesial (D) and basal (F) views. Apical denticles of the distal carina in labial view (E). Abbreviations: ce, cervix; dca, distal carina; idsp, interdenticular space; mca, mesial carina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038684/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
). A transversal section of the denticles would reveal a triangular shape as their bases are labio-lingually large and their tips are angular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FC85B9C6FC37" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">The labial and lingual surfaces of both mesial and distal denticles are slightly convex or completely flattened baso-apically, and only their basal and apical borders are rounded and curved to form the limits of the interdenticular spaces. The latter are deep and narrow and often filled with sediments. Their width tends to decrease towards the tip of the denticles which is slightly wider baso-apically than the base.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FC15BF4DFB32" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">The external margin of mesial and distal denticles is symmetrically and slightly convex and does not point towards the tip of the crown. The denticle surface is covered by enamel, but the layer of enamel has disappeared in the middle of several denticles surfaces. This might, however, be due to erosion rather than initial wear. A few other denticles are also preserved on the basal part of the distal carina. They are quite different from the apical denticles by having a much more rounded external margin. The denticles are symmetrically rounded in lateral view and their labial and lingual surfaces are strongly convex. The interdenticular space is shallower and also slightly wider than in the apical denticles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FB16BE1AFA8F" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">The mesial and distal denticles differ in their elongation; the few preserved denticles on the mesial carina are longer baso-apically than mesio-distally. The interdenticular space of mesial denticle is narrow and deep and the external margin of the denticle is slightly convex, almost flat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FABDB999FA1A" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Short interdenticular sulci appear between the distal denticles, but not in the most apical and basal ones. These shallow grooves running on both labial and lingual surfaces of the crown are inclined towards the root and more pronounced on the lingual face. They are, however, totally absent between the mesial denticles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4FA2EBF02F9AF" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED080853B4FA2EBC77FA3F" bold="true" box="[199,298,1484,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Surface.</emphasis>
The crown surface is rugged and shows many irregularities. Possibly due to erosion and wear, the enamel texture of the crown is completely smooth and does not show any microscopic sculpturing. Two large transversal undulations appear on both labial and lingual surface of the basal part of the crown, but those deep structures do not correspond to the numerous and shallow transversal undulations illustrated by Brusatte 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED08085613F9DBB8C1F98A" box="[1376,1436,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
(2007) and might be due to deformation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3706509FFED080A53B4F99DB978FC7F" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080853B4F99DBCA2F8F2" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED080853B4F99DBC11F942" bold="true" box="[199,332,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Discussion.</emphasis>
Since most of the root is missing and the pulp cavity is excavated and filled with sediment, we interpret ML 962 as a shed tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFED08085157F946BE54F967" author="Bakker, R. T. &amp; Bir, G." box="[548,777,1700,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="301 - 342" refId="ref23451" refString="Bakker, R. T. &amp; Bir, G. (2004) Dinosaur crime scene investigations: Theropod behavior at Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the evolution of birdness. In: Currie, P. J., Koppelhus, E. B., Shugar, M. A. &amp; Wright, J. L. (Eds.), Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 301 - 342." type="book chapter" year="2004">Bakker &amp; Bir 2004</bibRefCitation>
). A very large and fairly straight crown showing a labiolingually compression, distinct serrations on mesial and distal carinae, and a slight curvature of the tip distally is a combination of characters observed in theropod dinosaurs only (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFED08085010F90EB9D5F8DF" author="Buffetaut, E. &amp; Ingavat, R." box="[867,1160,1772,1797]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="217 - 220" refId="ref25239" refString="Buffetaut, E. &amp; Ingavat, R. (1986) Unusual theropod dinosaur teeth from the Upper Jurassic of Phu Wiang, northeastern Thailand. Revue de Paleobiologie, 5, 217 - 220." type="journal article" year="1986">Buffetaut &amp; Ingavat 1986</bibRefCitation>
), especially in the Upper Jurassic of 
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFED08085266F8EDBC29F8F2" box="[277,372,1807,1832]" name="Portugal" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFED080953B4F8D6B821FF0F" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
With a crown height of more than eight centimetres (
<collectingCountry id="F37D7612FFED0808506BF8D6BE1DF897" box="[792,832,1844,1869]" name="Switzerland" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">CH</collectingCountry>
of 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFED08085016F8D6BE90F897" box="[869,973,1844,1869]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.58" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="85.8">85.8 mm</quantity>
), ML 962 is a large crown belonging to a particularly large theropod. Although size is a plastic feature and must be used carefully for systematic purpose, this feature has already been demonstrated to be useful for discriminating teeth of different theropod taxa (Smith 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFED08085393F842BCF7F863" author="Smith, J. B. &amp; Vann, D. R. &amp; Dodson, P." box="[224,426,1952,1977]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="699 - 736" refId="ref36353" refString="Smith, J. B., Vann, D. R. &amp; Dodson, P. (2005) Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A, 285, 699 - 736. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. a. 20206" type="journal article" year="2005">
Smith 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED0808525FF843BC3BF863" box="[300,358,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFED080852CBF843BF32F863" author="Han, F. &amp; Clark, J. M. &amp; Xu, X. &amp; Sullivan, C. &amp; Choiniere, J. &amp; Hone, D. W. E." box="[440,623,1952,1977]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref28852" refString="Han, F., Clark, J. M., Xu, X., Sullivan, C., Choiniere, J. &amp; Hone, D. W. E. (2011) Theropod teeth from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Northwest Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 111 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2011.546291" type="journal article" year="2011">
Han 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFED08085283F843BF77F863" box="[496,554,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, to our knowledge, crowns of more than eight centimetres are only borne by non-coelurosaur averostrans and derived Tyrannosauroidea, as they can be found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFED08085787F826B8C1F807" box="[1268,1436,1988,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratosauridae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953D3FF7ABC64FF75" box="[160,313,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953D3FF7ABC64FF75" box="[160,313,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095227FF75BCBEFF6A" authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1901" box="[340,483,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Genyodectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095227FF75BCBEFF6A" box="[340,483,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Genyodectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Megalosauroidea (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809505BFF7BBEEEFF6A" box="[808,947,153,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809505BFF7BBEEEFF6A" box="[808,947,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095777FF7AB9D3FF75" box="[1028,1166,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095777FF7AB9D3FF75" box="[1028,1166,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Allosauroidea (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FF5EBCD1FF0F" box="[151,396,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4FF5EBCD1FF0F" box="[151,396,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952E9FF5FBF7BFF0E" box="[410,550,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080952E9FF5FBF7BFF0E" box="[410,550,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095147FF5EBFB5FF09" box="[564,744,188,211]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095147FF5EBFB5FF09" box="[564,744,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809505BFF5EBEBFFF0F" box="[808,994,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809575AFF5FB98CFF0E" box="[1065,1233,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809575AFF5FB98CFF0E" box="[1065,1233,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080957ADFF5EB836FF0F" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[1246,1387,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080957ADFF5EB836FF0F" box="[1246,1387,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEC080953B4FF3DB866FDE7" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The denticles of ML 962 are also particularly coarse and an average of 8 denticles per 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEC080957FDFF3DB992FF2D" box="[1166,1231,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
on both carinae is a condition present in particularly large basal tetanurans. Such feature can indeed be observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809579AFEE6B8C1FEC7" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1257,1436,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
(Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080952C0FEC5BF65FE9A" author="Smith, J. B." box="[435,568,295,320]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="103 - 126" refId="ref36098" refString="Smith, J. B. (2007) Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27, 103 - 126. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [103: dmavim] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Smith 2007</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.), Carcharodontosaurinae (Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC08095798FEC5BD8EFEBF" author="Veralli, C. &amp; Calvo, J. O." pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="587 - 590" refId="ref37208" refString="Veralli, C. &amp; Calvo, J. O. (2004) Dientes de teropodos carcharodontosauridos del Turoniano superior-Coniaciano inferior del Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 4, 587 - 590." type="journal article" year="2004">Veralli &amp; Calvo 2004</bibRefCitation>
; Corria &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC08095239FEAEBC89FEBF" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Azuma, Y." box="[330,468,332,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="173" refId="ref26870" refString="Currie, P. J. &amp; Azuma, Y. (2006) New specimens, including a growth series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 22, 173." type="journal article" year="2006">Currie 2006</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080951F8FEAEBE18FEBF" box="[651,837,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
(Rauhut &amp; Werner 1995; Smith 2005; pers. obs.). To our knowledge, less than 9 denticles on both mesial and distal carinae is a feature absent in basal Megalosauroidea (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095381FE76BCF0FE77" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1979" box="[242,429,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095381FE76BCF0FE77" box="[242,429,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), some 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809514FFE76BFB2FE77" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[572,751,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809501FFE76B915FE77" box="[876,1096,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809501FFE76B915FE77" box="[876,1096,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095702FE76B86BFE77" box="[1137,1334,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095702FE76B86BFE77" box="[1137,1334,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), noncarcharodontosaurine Allosauroidea (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095107FE55BFB0FE0A" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut &amp; Fechner" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[628,749,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095107FE55BFB0FE0A" box="[628,749,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809518FFE5BBE23FE0A" box="[764,894,441,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809518FFE5BBE23FE0A" box="[764,894,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080950FFFE55B905FE0A" authorityName="Stovall &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[908,1112,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080950FFFE55B905FE0A" box="[908,1112,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and all 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080957B7FE55B831FE0A" box="[1220,1388,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratosauridae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FE3EBC6BFE2F" box="[151,310,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.). 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952B4FE3EBFE8FE2E" baseAuthorityName="AMNH" baseAuthorityYear="1753" box="[455,693,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raptorius">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080952B4FE3EBFE8FE2E" box="[455,693,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Indosuchus raptorius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 1753, 1955, 1960) is the only abelisaurid possessing less than 8 denticles per 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEC080952F7FE1DBC95FDCD" box="[388,456,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
on both carinae but the teeth are typical of abelisaurids as their crowns are low and weakly recurved distally. It is therefore unlikely that ML 962 belongs to one of these groups of theropods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEC080953B4FDA5BEFBFBE9" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
With an elliptical outline of the crown base in cross-section (CBR of 0.6) and a strong elongation, ML 962 is also very peculiar. In most carnivorous theropods, the lateral teeth are usually strongly medio-laterally flattened, giving a lenticular or lanceolate outline of the base crown in cross-section, and an elliptical outline of the crown base is usually present in mesialmost teeth, i.e., the premaxillary and mesialmost teeth of the dentary and maxilla (pers. obs.). Among basal tetanurans except 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080951EFFD35BE66FD2A" box="[668,827,727,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
(which possess conical and fluted crowns along the tooth row), an ovoid subcircular outline of the crown base can clearly be observed in mesialmost teeth of megalosaurids such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952D3FCC2BFC2FCE2" authorityName="Waldman" authorityYear="1974" box="[416,671,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080952D3FCC2BFC2FCE2" box="[416,671,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R.332), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095029FCFDB999FCE2" baseAuthorityName="Allain" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[858,1220,799,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valesdunensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095029FCFDB999FCE2" box="[858,1220,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 1998-13) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953BEFCA7BF12FC87" authority="(Britt 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Britt" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[205,591,836,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953BEFCA7BCEAFC86" box="[205,439,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080952BFFCA6BF1AFC87" author="Britt, B. B." box="[460,583,836,861]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref24424" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 37, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and allosauroids like 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095013FCA6B9FFFC87" authorityName="Stovall &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[864,1186,836,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atokensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095013FCA6B9FFFC87" box="[864,1186,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acrocanthosaurus atokensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NCSM 14345) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FC8ABC9BFC5A" authorityName="Coria &amp; Salgado" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,454,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolinii">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4FC8ABC9BFC5A" box="[151,454,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Giganotosaurus carolinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUCPv-CH-1; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080951C0FC85BE2FFC5A" author="Candeiro, C. R. A." box="[691,882,871,896]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref25596" refString="Candeiro, C. R. A. (2007) Padroes morfologicos dos dentes de Abelisauroidea e Carcharodontosauridae (Theropoda, Dinosauria) do Cretaceo da America do Sul. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 208 pp." type="book" year="2007">Candeiro 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Some tetanurans like 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080957BAFC85B8C8FC5A" authorityName="Stovall &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[1225,1429,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080957BAFC85B8C8FC5A" box="[1225,1429,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FC6EBC11FC79" box="[151,332,908,931]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4FC6EBC11FC79" box="[151,332,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952F5FC6FBF70FC7E" box="[390,557,909,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080952F5FC6FBF70FC7E" box="[390,557,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also have an ovoid cross-section of the base crown more distally in the jaws (Smith 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC08095200FC4DBF42FC12" author="Candeiro, C. R. A." box="[371,543,943,968]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref25596" refString="Candeiro, C. R. A. (2007) Padroes morfologicos dos dentes de Abelisauroidea e Carcharodontosauridae (Theropoda, Dinosauria) do Cretaceo da America do Sul. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 208 pp." type="book" year="2007">Candeiro 2007</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.). Nevertheless, the lateral teeth of those theropods are much more massive and incrassate, the labiolingual width of the crown base being sometimes equal or larger than its mesiodistal length in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952E9FC15BF0AFBCA" box="[410,599,1015,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
, giving them the typical ‘banana' shape (Smith 2005; pers. obs.). We therefore interpret ML 962 as a mesialmost tooth of a basal tetanuran.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEC080953B4FBDDBEFCF942" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
This large crown also possesses a mesial carina medially positioned on the mesial margin of the crown, running slightly diagonally and terminating at the mid-crown, well above the cervix. Among mesialmost teeth of tetanurans, such a combination of features can be observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080950FEFB65B91DFB7A" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[909,1088,1159,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080957C0FB6BBC11FB1F" authority="(BYUVP 2003)" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080957C0FB6BB8C1FB45" box="[1203,1436,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
(BYUVP 2003)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809522AFB4FBF05FB1F" authorityName="Waldman" authorityYear="1974" box="[345,600,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809522AFB4FBF05FB1F" box="[345,600,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R.332) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809504FFB4EB9F8FB1F" baseAuthorityName="Allain" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[828,1189,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valesdunensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809504FFB4EB9F8FB1F" box="[828,1189,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 1998-13) as well as the carcharodontosaurid 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809513EFB2DBEC6FB32" authorityName="Stovall &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[589,923,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atokensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809513EFB2DBEC6FB32" box="[589,923,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acrocanthosaurus atokensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NCSM 14345). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080957B9FB2DB804FB32" box="[1226,1369,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allosauridae</taxonomicName>
and Tyrannosauroidea, the mesial carina extends to the cervix of the crown, or very close to it, and either twists lingually like in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095211FAF5BF64FAEA" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[354,569,1303,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095211FAF5BF64FAEA" box="[354,569,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Allosaurus fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 851; CM 21703; SMA 0005/02) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095705FAFBBC26FA8F" authority="(Rauhut et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Rauhut" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Proceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bradleyi">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095705FAFBB8C6FAEA" box="[1142,1435,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Proceratosaurus bradleyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080953EDFADEBC2EFA8F" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. &amp; Milner, A. C. &amp; Moore-Fay, S." box="[158,371,1340,1365]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="155 - 195" refId="ref34363" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M., Milner, A. C. &amp; Moore-Fay, S. (2010) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 155 - 195. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00591. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Rauhut 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809538AFADFBC6FFA8F" box="[249,306,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or faces entirely lingually in more derived tyrannosauroids, giving the typical D-shape crosssection of the base-crown (Smith 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC08095127FABDBE7CFAA2" author="Sereno, P. C. &amp; Tan, L. &amp; Brusatte, S. L. &amp; Kriegstein, H. J. &amp; Zhao, X. &amp; Cloward, K." box="[596,801,1375,1400]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="418 - 422" refId="ref35827" refString="Sereno, P. C., Tan, L., Brusatte, S. L., Kriegstein, H. J., Zhao, X. &amp; Cloward, K. (2009) Tyrannosaurid skeletal design first evolved at small body size. Science, 326, 418 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1177428" type="journal article" year="2009">
Sereno 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080951DBFA83BFBDFAA2" box="[680,736,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.). The distal carina of ML 962 is also centrally positioned on the distal margin of the crown, a feature visible in the mesialmost teeth of megalosaurids such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FA45BCA7FA65" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[151,506,1447,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxoniensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4FA45BCA7FA65" box="[151,506,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUMNH J.13558), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809507AFA45B926FA1A" baseAuthorityName="Allain" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[777,1147,1447,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valesdunensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809507AFA45B926FA1A" box="[777,1147,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 1998-13) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4FA2FBCFFFA3F" authorityName="Waldman" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,418,1484,1509]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4FA2FBCFFFA3F" box="[151,418,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R.332). On the other hand, the distal carina of mesialmost teeth of carcharodontosaurids such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095296FA0DBE7DF9D2" authorityName="Stovall &amp; Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[485,800,1519,1544]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atokensis">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095296FA0DBE7DF9D2" box="[485,800,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Acrocanthosaurus atokensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NCSM 14345) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095778FA12B878F9D2" authorityName="Coria &amp; Salgado" authorityYear="1995" box="[1035,1317,1519,1544]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolinii">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095778FA12B878F9D2" box="[1035,1317,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Giganotosaurus carolinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUCPv- CH-1) is slightly to strongly displaced labially on the distal margin of the crown (a similar feature is found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4F9D5BC7BF98A" authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,294,1591,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Genyodectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4F9D5BC7BF98A" box="[151,294,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Genyodectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809522EF9DBBF4DF98A" box="[349,528,1593,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809522EF9DBBF4DF98A" box="[349,528,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for instance; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080951DFF9D5BE2AF98A" author="Currie, P. J. &amp; Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E." box="[684,887,1591,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref27270" refString="Currie, P. J., Rigby, J. K. Jr. &amp; Sloan, R. E. (1990) Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter, K. &amp; Currie, P. J. (Eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 107 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511608377.011" type="book chapter" year="1990">
Currie 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809518FF9DBBE69F98A" box="[764,820,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080950F0F9D5B94AF98A" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[899,1047,1591,1616]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="894 - 902" refId="ref33977" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2004) Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 894 - 902. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2004) 024 [0894: paaogs] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Rauhut 2004</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.), so that the mesial and distal carinae are not aligned on a same plan like in megalosaurid theropods (pers. obs.). It is, therefore, more likely that ML 962 belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080952D6F99DBF05F942" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[421,600,1663,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
than 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080951E5F99DBEC0F942" box="[662,925,1663,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Carcharodontosauridae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEC080953B4F946BCA9F863" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Among 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095256F946BC86F967" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[293,475,1700,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
, a very large and strongly elongated crown (CHR&gt; 2.5) with large chisel-like and symmetrically rounded denticles (less than 9 denticles on the distal carina) seems to be a combination of characters only seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095254F90FBCEFF8DE" box="[295,434,1773,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095254F90FBCEFF8DE" box="[295,434,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.). The general shape and outline of ML 962 also resemble very much those of one probable 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095246F8F3BF41F8FD" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[309,540,1808,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095246F8F3BF41F8FD" box="[309,540,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shed tooth illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC08095034F8F2BEBCF8F2" author="Jensen, J. A." box="[839,993,1807,1832]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="710 - 720" refId="ref30028" refString="Jensen, J. A. (1985) Uncompahgre dinosaur fauna: A preliminary report. The Great Basin Naturalist, 45, 710 - 720." type="journal article" year="1985">Jensen (1985</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5e) and the first dentary tooth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC080953E4F8D7BC86F897" authority="(BYUVP 2003)" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[151,475,1844,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC080953E4F8D7BC7FF896" box="[151,290,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
(BYUVP 2003)
</taxonomicName>
. These two teeth share with ML 962 same curvature and elongation as well as a lateral face that is particularly convex. In addition, the outline of the basal crown seems to fit with the mesialmost dentary alveoli of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC0809527BF89FBCCEF84E" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[264,403,1917,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC0809527BF89FBCCEF84E" box="[264,403,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEC080952D1F89EBF47F84F" author="Britt, B. B." box="[418,538,1916,1941]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref24424" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 37, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3f), the premaxillary alveoli being more elongated mesio-distally (or labiolingually for the first alveolus).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEC080A53B4F826BC40FE2F" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,933]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Both morphological and cladistic analyses support the identification of ML 962 to the taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEC08095679F827B8C8F806" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1290,1429,1989,2012]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEC08095679F827B8C8F806" box="[1290,1429,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Bivariate plots of MAVG and DAVG (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A513FFF75BFCCFF6A" box="[588,657,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="21.[151,249,1985,2007]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,1149,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-95@21.[151,1436,1147,1990]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 7. Plots of MAVG versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 19 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 20 denticles were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038680/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) show that ML 962 possesses the same number of denticles per five mm as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5387FF5EBCB4FF0F" box="[244,489,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A5387FF5EBCB4FF0F" box="[244,489,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A528DFF5FBFF8FF0E" box="[510,677,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A528DFF5FBFF8FF0E" box="[510,677,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A519AFF5EBE35FF0F" box="[745,872,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A519AFF5EBE35FF0F" box="[745,872,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Indosuchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and close values of denticles as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5679FF5FB8C8FF0E" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1290,1429,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A5679FF5FB8C8FF0E" box="[1290,1429,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, bivariate plots of CHR and DAVG clearly illustrates the same values of ML 962 and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A57A0FF03B803FF22" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1235,1374,225,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A57A0FF03B803FF22" box="[1235,1374,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A53ECFEE6BDBAFEC7" box="[159,231,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,249,1044,1066]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,184,1023]" captionTargetId="figure-91@21.[151,1436,183,1023]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Plots of CHR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 20 denticles were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038678/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), on the opposite of bivariate graphs with CBR, as CBR values of ML 962 and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A57D1FEE7B870FEC6" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1186,1325,261,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A57D1FEE7B870FEC6" box="[1186,1325,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth are significantly different (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A52D3FEC5BCAFFE9A" box="[416,498,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="20.[151,249,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1093,1933]" captionTargetId="figure-469@20.[151,1436,1093,1934]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 5. Plots of CBR versus CHR of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 23 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with CBR of less than 1 were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038676/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A5171FEC5BF4FFE9A" box="[514,530,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1057,1079]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,194,1034]" captionTargetId="figure-392@22.[151,1436,193,1035]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 8. Plots of CBR versus DAVG of ML 962, ML 327, ML 966 and 21 theropod taxa comprising the data set. For reasons of clarity, only taxa with serration of less than 22 denticles were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038682/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">8</figureCitation>
). This can be explained by the absence of mesial teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A57B2FECBB811FE9A" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1217,1356,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A57B2FECBB811FE9A" box="[1217,1356,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our dataset. As it has been mentioned previously, mesialmost teeth of many theropods are usually labiolingually thicker than lateral teeth, and this is clearly the case in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A51D0FE93BE73FE52" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[675,814,369,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A51D0FE93BE73FE52" box="[675,814,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5010FE8DB94BFE52" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[867,1046,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalosauridae</taxonomicName>
in which mesialmost teeth have an elliptical to rounded cross-section at the crown base instead of a lenticular outline typically present in the lateral teeth of these taxa. Following this observation, characters on mesialmost teeth were only coded in ML 
<quantity id="4C929B67FFEF080A5654FE55B832FE0A" box="[1319,1391,439,464]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.44348" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="962.0">962 in</quantity>
our data matrix.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53B4FE1DBFD1FD2A" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The cladistic analysis performed on the datamatrix of dentition-based characters recovered ML 962 as a megalosaurid theropod, forming a polytomy with all members of this clade (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A5080FDC6B968FDE7" box="[1011,1077,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,249,1893,1915]" captionTargetBox="[311,1286,198,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-102@10.[299,1294,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. Strict consensus cladogram of seven most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of dentition based characters. Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 of a data matrix comprising 141 dentition-based characters for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 59 nonavian theropod taxa, as well as ML 327, ML 939, ML 962 and ML 966. Tree length = 703 steps; CI = 0.331; RI = 0.564. Bremer support values are in bold and bootstrap values are in italic. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038668/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). This lack of resolution can be explained by the absence of mesialmost teeth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A51C2FDA5BE6AFDBA" box="[689,823,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Afrovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A51C2FDA5BE6AFDBA" box="[689,823,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Afrovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A501EFDA5B950FDBA" box="[877,1037,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A501EFDA5B950FDBA" box="[877,1037,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the little information collected from mesialmost dentition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5290FD8EBFE2FD5F" box="[483,703,620,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A5290FD8EBFE2FD5F" box="[483,703,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A51BEFD8FBE3BFD5E" box="[717,870,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A51BEFD8FBE3BFD5E" box="[717,870,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A50EFFD8FB97AFD5E" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[924,1063,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A50EFFD8FB97AFD5E" box="[924,1063,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our dataset. A similar position within the megalosaurid clade was found when the cladistic analysis was performed on the supermatrix, but ML 962 forms a polytomy with the megalosaurids 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A51CFFD57BE1AFD16" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[700,839,693,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A51CFFD57BE1AFD16" box="[700,839,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A502BFD56BEA5FD17" box="[856,1016,692,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A502BFD56BEA5FD17" box="[856,1016,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5779FD56B9CDFD17" box="[1034,1168,692,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Afrovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A5779FD56B9CDFD17" box="[1034,1168,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Afrovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A57BCFD57B83AFD16" box="[1231,1383,693,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A57BCFD57B83AFD16" box="[1231,1383,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that bear large teeth (
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A5221FD35BCCBFD2A" box="[338,406,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1506,1528]" captionTargetBox="[161,1432,203,1477]" captionTargetId="figure-269@11.[151,1436,193,1485]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Strict consensus cladogram of 49 most parsimonious trees recovered from analysis of a supermatrix of 1972 discrete characters after the deletion of the two wildcard taxa Erectopus and Piatnitzkysaurus. The supermatrix includes a dentition-based datamatrix of 141 discrete characters and six recent datasets based on whole theropod skeleton (Xu et al. 2009; Brusatte et al. 2010; Martinez et al. 2011; Senter 2011; Pol and Rauhut 2012; Carrano et al. 2012). Initial analysis was a New Technology Search using TNT v.1.1 for one outgroup (Eoraptor), 57 non-avian theropod taxa and ML 327, ML 966, ML 939 (coded as lateral teeth), and ML 962 (coded as a mesialmost tooth). Tree length = 3552 steps; CI = 0.563; RI = 0.628. For silhouette attribution, see Appendix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038670/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, Appendix 
<figureCitation id="13512A07FFEF080A516BFD35BF22FD2A" box="[536,639,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[151,249,978,1000]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetId="figure-545@27.[151,1436,265,956]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Isolated tooth (ML 939) of Richardoestesia aff. R. gilmorei in lingual (A), distal (B), labial (C), mesial (D), apical (F) and basal (G) views. Mid-crown denticles of the distal carina in labial (E, I) views, and enamel texture in lingual (H) view. Abbreviations: cs, concave surface; dca, distal carina; ent, enamel texture; esp, enamel spalling; ids, interdenticular sulcus; lad, labial depression; lgr, longitudinal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5038688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5038688/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. A10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD53682FFEF080A53B4FD1EB978FC7F" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Following the results of both cladistic and morphological analyses, we identify ML 962 as a mesial tooth, perhaps a dentary tooth, belonging to the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A51CDFCC3BEFCFCED" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[702,929,800,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A51CDFCC3BEFCFCED" box="[702,929,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A5740FCC3B84BFCED" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1075,1302,800,824]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanneri">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A5740FCC3B84BFCED" box="[1075,1302,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus tanneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not rare in the Kimmeridgian—Tithonian of Europe and North America and have been reported several times in the Lourinhã Formation previously (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEF080A5162FC85BE1EFC5A" author="Mateus, O. &amp; Antunes, M. T." box="[529,835,871,896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="115 - 117" refId="ref31934" refString="Mateus, O. &amp; Antunes, M. T. (2000 b) Torvosaurus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Late Jurassic of Portugal. In: Libro de resumenes, I Congresso Iberico de Paleontologia-XVI Jornadas de la Sociedad Espanola de Paleontologia. pp. 115 - 117." type="book chapter" year="2000">Mateus &amp; Antunes 2000b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEF080A5020FC8ABEB6FC5A" author="Mateus, O." box="[851,1003,871,896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref31794" refString="Mateus, O. (2005) Dinossauros do Jurassico Superior de Portugal, com destaque para os saurisquios. Dissertacao de Doutoramento. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, 375 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mateus 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B73FFEF080A5088FC8AB980FC5A" author="Mateus, O. &amp; Walen, A. &amp; Antunes, M. T." box="[1019,1245,871,896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="123 - 129" refId="ref32087" refString="Mateus, O., Walen, A. &amp; Antunes, M. T. (2006) The large theropod fauna of the Lourinha Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. In: Foster, J. R. &amp; Lucas, S. G. (Eds.), Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36, pp. 123 - 129." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mateus 
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A572BFC8BB9C8FC5A" box="[1112,1173,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, this referral to 
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D01FFEF080A527EFC6FBCC5FC7E" baseAuthorityName="BYUVP" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[269,408,909,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91EEA90FFEF080A527EFC6FBCC5FC7E" box="[269,408,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is consistent both stratigraphically and biogeographically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>