275 lines
31 KiB
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275 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3716511" ID-GBIF-Dataset="537947b6-ac91-43f9-9990-7c424660b3f1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162488066" ID-ISSN="1982-0224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3716511" checkinTime="1584124410113" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Hilton, Eric J. & Lavoué, Sébastien" docDate="2018" docId="03C3878DFFFAB31CFCBBF99825804F28" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.16.3.e180031.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04.2:NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleId="7EA6CBAC9B92AC526D6A0354C904CC04" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2014-2015.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Mormyridae Bonaparte 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFFAFFF5FFFEB31AFFE1FF8821214A21" masterDocTitle="A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1643466504853" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hilton, Eric J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lavoué, Sébastien</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-10-11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>35</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-20180031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">537947b6-ac91-43f9-9990-7c424660b3f1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3709903</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3716511" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162488066" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3716511" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C3878DFFFAB31CFCBBF99825804F28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3878DFFFAB31CFCBBF99825804F28" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection box="[858,1010,1552,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1459,1552,1960]" box="[858,1010,1552,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading box="[858,1003,1552,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[858,1003,1552,1576]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[858,1003,1552,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mormyridae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1459,1552,1960]" lastBlockId="5.[813,1452,1390,1958]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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By far
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1098,1231,1552,1576]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
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is the largest family of Osteoglossomorpha. It has about 21 genera and well over 200 species (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fricke" box="[1016,1222,1616,1640]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fricke" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="12" refId="ref21402" refString="Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, Fong JD. Species by family / subfamily in the Catalog of Fishes. [Eletronic version]. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences; 2018. [cited 2018 Feb 12]. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / SpeciesByFamily. asp" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Fricke
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<emphasis box="[1095,1156,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.,</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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); the rate of new species descriptions in recent years suggests that there are far more to be discovered (
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<emphasis box="[1070,1101,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e.g</emphasis>
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., a new genus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J.P.Sullivan, Lavoue & C.D.Hopkins" authorityYear="2016" box="[1265,1404,1680,1703]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Cryptomyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1265,1404,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cryptomyrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, was described recently from
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<collectingCountry box="[1095,1169,1712,1736]" name="Gabon" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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, suggesting that there are significant gaps in our knowledge of mormyrid diversity;
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<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan" box="[820,1044,1776,1800]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="117 - 50" refId="ref27516" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. Cryptomyrus: a new genus of Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) with two new species from Gabon, West-Central Africa. Zookeys [serial on the Internet]. 2016; 561: 117 - 50. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 561.7137" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Sullivan
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<emphasis box="[917,972,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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). All members of the family are found throughout Africa (except the Saharan, northern Maghreb, and southern Cape regions), and are particularly diverse in Central and West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Stiassny" box="[1092,1316,1872,1896]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Stiassny" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref27308" refString="Stiassny MLJ, Teugels GG, Hopkins CD, editors. Poissons d'eaux douces et saumatres de basse Guinee, ouest de l'Afrique centrale. Vol. 2.. Paris: IRD, Publication Scientifique du Museum, MRAC; 2007. (Faune et Flore Tropicales, 42)." type="book" year="2007">
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Stiassny
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<emphasis box="[1190,1244,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The earliest fossil remains of the family, comprising fragmentary skull bones, teeth, and isolated vertebrae, are Middle Pliocene (
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<bibRefCitation author="Greenwood" box="[136,334,1390,1414]" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="503 - 19" refId="ref22048" refString="Greenwood PH. New fish fossils from Pliocene of Wadi Natrun Egypt. J Zool [serial on the Internet]. 1972; 168 (4): 503 - 19. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1972. tb 01364. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Greenwood, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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), although the family is very poorly represented in the fossil record.
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilton" box="[452,598,1422,1446]" firstAuthor="Hilton" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref22345" refString="Hilton EJ. Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha). Zool J Linn Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2003; 137 (1): 1 - 100. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00032. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Hilton (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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noted the irony of this, as this family is the most species rich in the extant fauna, but most other families have a much more temporally and taxonomically extensive fossil record. The diversity of the family, established in part by fast evolution of reproductive isolation caused by selection in mate recognition signals (
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<emphasis box="[189,215,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">i.e</emphasis>
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., electric organ discharges), is pronounced and the family has been cited as the only example of a freshwater species flock in a riverine (
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<emphasis box="[427,449,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">vs</emphasis>
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. lacustrine) system (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="597 - 616" refId="ref27578" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. Discovery and phylogenetic analysis of a riverine species flock of African electric fishes (Mormyridae: Teleostei). Evolution [serial on the Internet]. 2002; 56 (3): 597 - 616. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb 01370. x" type="journal article" year="2002">
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Sullivan
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<emphasis box="[129,183,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). All members of the family are weakly electric fishes, having both electroreceptors, and producing speciesspecific electric organ discharges for communication and localization purposes. There is great morphological diversity within this family in body form, but especially of their head shape, which ranges from blunt and rounded (
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<emphasis box="[678,709,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcusen" authorityYear="1854" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Petrocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[270,349,1902,1926]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1532,1556]" captionTargetBox="[160,1442,180,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[129,1452,174,1514]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Mormyridae. a. Petrocephalus bovei (CU 94594). b. Gnathonemus petersii (CU 91805). c. Campylomormyrus tamandua (CU 91801). Scale bars = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3709915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6a</figureCitation>
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;
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Taverne" authorityYear="1971" box="[363,480,1902,1926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Pollimyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[363,480,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pollimyrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), to elongate, with a long snout and jaws (
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<emphasis box="[303,334,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="T.N.Gill" authorityYear="1863" box="[355,503,1934,1958]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Gnathonemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[355,503,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gnathonemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1874" box="[555,759,1934,1958]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Campylomormyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[555,759,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Campylomormyrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[813,922,1390,1414]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1532,1556]" captionTargetBox="[160,1442,180,1510]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[129,1452,174,1514]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6. Mormyridae. a. Petrocephalus bovei (CU 94594). b. Gnathonemus petersii (CU 91805). c. Campylomormyrus tamandua (CU 91801). Scale bars = 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3709915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 6b,c</figureCitation>
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). The cranial diversity of certain taxa within the family, such as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1874" box="[988,1192,1422,1446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Campylomormyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[988,1192,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Campylomormyrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, has been suggested to reflect adaptive radiation driven by variation in diet (
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<bibRefCitation author="Feulner" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Feulner" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="403 - 14" refId="ref21173" refString="Feulner PGD, Kirschbaum F, Mamonekene V, Ketmaier V, Tiedemann R. Adaptive radiation in African weakly electric fish (Teleostei: Mormyridae: Campylomormyrus): a combined molecular and morphological approach. J Evol Biol [serial on the Internet]. 2007; 20 (1): 403 - 14. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2006.01181. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Feulner
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<emphasis box="[855,910,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1002,1135,1486,1510]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
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(inclusive of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[1287,1448,1486,1510]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnarchidae</taxonomicName>
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; see below) all share an enlarged cerebellum, electric organs, electroreceptors, opercular bones covered by a thick fleshy flap, an intracranial diverticulum of the swim bladder, loss of the ventral hypohyal, absence of the basihyal and its toothplate, and features of the caudal skeleton (
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<bibRefCitation author="Boulenger" firstAuthor="Boulenger" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="775 - 821" refId="ref19982" refString="Boulenger GA. A revision of the genera and species of fishes of the family Mormyridae. Proc Zool Soc Lond; 1898; 66 (4): 775 - 821." type="journal article" year="1898">Boulenger, 1898</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[880,1034,1678,1702]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref27865" refString="Taverne L. Osteologie des genres Mormyrus Linne, Mormyrops Muller, Hyperopisus Gill, Myomyrus Boulenger, Stomatorhinus Boulenger et Gymnarchus Cuvier. Considerations generales sur la systematique des Poissons de l'ordre des Mormyriformes. Ann Musee Roy Afr Centr Sci Zool. 1972; 200: 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1972">Taverne, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[1045,1101,1678,1702]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref28048" refString="Taverne L. Osteologie, phylogenese et systematique des teleosteens fossiles et actuels du super ordre des Osteoglossomorphes. Troisieme partie. Evolution des structures osteologiques et conclusions generales relatives a la phylogenese et a la systematique du super ordre. Acad Roy Belg Mem Cl Sci. 1979; 43 (3): 1 - 168. (Collection 8, Serie 2)" type="journal article" year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilton" box="[1112,1252,1678,1702]" firstAuthor="Hilton" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref22345" refString="Hilton EJ. Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha). Zool J Linn Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2003; 137 (1): 1 - 100. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00032. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Hilton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3709911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3709911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[129,168,1275,1299]" targetBox="[129,1452,174,1259]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[129,1451,1275,1331]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,198,1275,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
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Notopterinae.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[357,370,1276,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName authority="notopterus" box="[383,622,1276,1299]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Notopteridae" genus="Notopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notopterus">
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<emphasis box="[383,622,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Notopterus notopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(UF 237410; 167 mm SL).
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[919,940,1276,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="J.E.Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[947,1104,1275,1299]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Notopteridae" genus="Chitala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornata">
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<emphasis box="[947,1104,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chitala ornata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(UF 237959; 498 mm SL). Photos by Z. Randall.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[813,1452,1390,1958]" lastBlockId="6.[820,1459,1201,1289]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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The systematics of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[1061,1194,1710,1734]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
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has not been investigated recently from a morphological perspective (see Future Research Needs, below). The most taxonomically rich data set to be analyzed to date is that of
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<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan" box="[1172,1397,1806,1830]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="665 - 83" refId="ref27469" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. J Exp Biol. 2000; 203 (4): 665 - 83." type="journal article" year="2000">
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Sullivan
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<emphasis box="[1266,1318,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
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(2000)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who investigated relationships among representatives of 18 genera and 41 species using mitochondrial (12S and 16S rRNAs, Cytochrome
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<emphasis box="[951,964,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
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) and nuclear (RAG2) loci. The results of this analysis are largely congruent with those of
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<bibRefCitation author="Taverne" box="[1288,1452,1934,1958]" firstAuthor="Taverne" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 194" refId="ref27865" refString="Taverne L. Osteologie des genres Mormyrus Linne, Mormyrops Muller, Hyperopisus Gill, Myomyrus Boulenger, Stomatorhinus Boulenger et Gymnarchus Cuvier. Considerations generales sur la systematique des Poissons de l'ordre des Mormyriformes. Ann Musee Roy Afr Centr Sci Zool. 1972; 200: 1 - 194." type="journal article" year="1972">Taverne (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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at the higher taxonomical-levels, in that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1859" box="[563,720,1212,1236]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gymnarchidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
is its sister group, and the family can be divided into the Petrocephalinae (with only
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcusen" authorityYear="1854" box="[380,533,1276,1300]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[380,533,1276,1300]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Petrocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and Mormyrinae (all other genera). Within Mormyrinae,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1914" box="[514,724,1309,1332]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Myomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrops">
|
|
<emphasis box="[514,724,1309,1332]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Myomyrus macrops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.P.Muller" authorityYear="1843" box="[136,259,1341,1364]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Mormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[136,259,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mormyrops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. were recovered as successive sister groups to all other members of the subfamily. Notable results also included the non-monophyly of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Taverne" authorityYear="1971" box="[496,634,1405,1428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[496,634,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brienomyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Taverne" authorityYear="1971" box="[651,768,1404,1428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Pollimyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[651,768,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pollimyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.N.Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[136,273,1437,1460]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[136,273,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Marcusenius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pappenheim" authorityYear="1906" box="[339,518,1437,1460]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Hippopotamyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[339,518,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hippopotamyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Based on this topology, the authors conclude that electrocytes with penetrating stalks is a derived conditions but they evolved early in the evolution of Mormyrinae; the electrocytes of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[640,775,1532,1556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnarchidae" genus="Gymnarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[640,775,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gymnarchus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are stalkless (hypothesized to be the larval form of electrocytes found in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[329,464,1596,1620]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and those of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcusen" authorityYear="1854" box="[622,775,1596,1620]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[622,775,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Petrocephalus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have non-penetrating stalks. There are several occurrences, presumably homoplastic, of reversal to the non-penetrating condition (
|
|
<emphasis box="[253,298,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
|
within
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Taverne" authorityYear="1971" box="[381,519,1693,1716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Brienomyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[381,519,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brienomyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Taverne, Thys van den Audenaerde & Heymer" authorityYear="1977" box="[533,707,1693,1716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Paramormyrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[533,707,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paramormyrops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.N.Gill" authorityYear="1862" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Marcusenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Marcusenius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1874" box="[288,492,1724,1748]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Campylomormyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[288,492,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Campylomormyrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), although the taxon sampling in these genera was insufficient to draw firm conclusions of the number of reversals within Mormyrinae. Other previous phylogenetic studies, reviewed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="665 - 83" refId="ref27469" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. J Exp Biol. 2000; 203 (4): 665 - 83." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
|
Sullivan
|
|
<emphasis box="[718,775,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2000)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, include
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Agnese, Bigorne" box="[303,560,1852,1876]" firstAuthor="Agnese" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="253 - 61" refId="ref18199" refString="Agnese JF, Bigorne R. Premieres donnees sur les relations genetiques entre onze especes ouest-africaines de Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteichthyes). Rev Hydrobiol Trop. 1992; 25 (3): 253 - 61." type="journal article" year="1992">Agnèse, Bigorne (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Van der Bank, Kramer" firstAuthor="Van der Bank" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="275 - 90" refId="ref28578" refString="Van der Bank FH, Kramer B. Phylogenetic relationships between eight African species of mormyriform fish (Teleostei, Osteichthyes): resolution of a cryptic species and reinstatement of Cyphomyrus Myers, 1960. Biochem Syst Ecol [serial on the Internet]. 1996; 24 (4): 275 - 90. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (96) 00026 - 9" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
|
Van der
|
|
<collectingRegion box="[657,716,1852,1876]" country="Gambia" name="North Bank" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bank</collectingRegion>
|
|
, Kramer (1996)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Alves-Gomes, Hopkins" box="[276,614,1884,1908]" firstAuthor="Alves-Gomes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="324 - 29" refId="ref18432" refString="Alves-Gomes JA, Hopkins CD. Molecular insights into the phylogeny of mormyriform fishes and the evolution of their electric organ. Brain Behav Evol. 1997; 49 (6): 324 - 29." type="journal article" year="1997">Alves-Gomes, Hopkins (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Alves-Gomes" firstAuthor="Alves-Gomes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1167 - 83" refId="ref18390" refString="Alves-Gomes JA. Systematic biology of gymnotiform and mormyriform electric fishes: phylogenetic relationships, molecular clocks and rates of evolution in the mitochondrial rRNA genes. J Exp Biol. 1999; 202 (10): 1167 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Alves-Gomes (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lavoue" box="[269,496,1916,1940]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lavoue" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref23766" refString="Lavoue S, Bigorne R, Lecointre G, Agnese JF. Phylogenetic relationships of mormyrid electric fishes (Mormyridae, Teleostei) inferred from cytochrome b sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol [serial on the Internet]. 2000; 14 (1): 1 - 10. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1999.0687" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
|
Lavoué
|
|
<emphasis box="[358,413,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2000)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of relationships of Mormyrinae include those of
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sullivan" box="[851,1082,1201,1225]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sullivan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 50" refId="ref27516" refString="Sullivan JP, Lavoue S, Hopkins CD. Cryptomyrus: a new genus of Mormyridae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) with two new species from Gabon, West-Central Africa. Zookeys [serial on the Internet]. 2016; 561: 117 - 50. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 561.7137" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
|
Sullivan
|
|
<emphasis box="[948,1003,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2016)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Levin, Golubtsov" box="[1138,1408,1201,1225]" firstAuthor="Levin" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="61 - 76" refId="ref24272" refString="Levin BA, Golubtsov AS. New insights into the molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of mormyrids (Osteoglossiformes, Actinopterygii) in northern East Africa. J Zool Syst Evol Res [serial on the Internet]. 2018. 56 (1): 61 - 76. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12186" type="journal article" year="2018">Levin, Golubtsov (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and provide further evidence that the taxonomy and phylogeny of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1831" box="[849,982,1265,1289]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mormyridae</taxonomicName>
|
|
is far from settled.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |