359 lines
38 KiB
XML
359 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="375AF9106077066A9A49A7B49C7F94D7" ID-CLB-Dataset="46543" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.278052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89803f24-d147-45a0-b77b-995f45bc0425" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="278052" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460377557173" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larsen, Torben B. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2011" docId="03C38782FFD5FF90C9AE122A4937FE06" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02931p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2931" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Triskelionia compacta Evans 1951, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFFAFFFAFFD7FF95C93916604C7CFFAB" masterDocTitle="Triskelionia, a new African genus of the Celaenorrhinini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and the promotion of T. compacta to species-status." masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698296419481" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3B865E72A3A390FC355E0D213D5F1FE1">Triskelionia, a new African genus of the Celaenorrhinini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and the promotion of T. compacta to species-status.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E0F97B2BDC340A144D5C67C01E3F33E">Larsen, Torben B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31DF34228F7D1926A27416E3E84EA478">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="20BFE16BEB17BE17F82746A4F7DF236D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="29F37FA138B5ADE3CB9110C8345BA2D1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="402F299E952C34158D0235D5E762DBE0">
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<mods:date id="4683A472283AB4597EAD3514AB2FD124">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C38782FFD5FF90C9AE122A4937FE06" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6188374" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119413347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6188374" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C38782FFD5FF90C9AE122A4937FE06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38782FFD5FF90C9AE122A4937FE06" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C370651FFFD5FF97C9AE122A4F25FBCF" box="[151,857,1098,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9AE122A4F25FBCF" blockId="2.[151,857,1098,1124]" box="[151,857,1098,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D09D81F8FFD5FF97C9AE122A4F25FBCF" bold="true" box="[151,857,1098,1124]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9AE122A4F25FBCF" bold="true" box="[151,857,1098,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C9AE122A4E2FFBCF" authority="Evans, 1951" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,595,1098,1124]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta" status="stat. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9AE122A4DDFFBCF" bold="true" box="[151,419,1098,1124]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Triskelionia compacta</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97C88B122A4E37FBCF" author="Evans" box="[434,587,1098,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Evans, W. H. (1951) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (4), 1268 - 1272." type="journal article" year="1951">Evans, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57FDFFD5FF97CB63122A4EBAFBCF" box="[602,710,1098,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, comb. nov.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370651FFFD5FF97C9AE12F24977FB0C" box="[151,1291,1169,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9AE12F24977FB0C" blockId="2.[151,1291,1169,1192]" box="[151,1291,1169,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C9AE12F24E2CFB0C" ID-CoL="5KZYL" authority="Evans, 1951" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,592,1169,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tricerata" subSpecies="compacta">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9AE12F24DB5FB0C" box="[151,457,1170,1191]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Sarangesa tricerata compacta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97C8E912F24E2CFB0C" author="Evans" box="[464,592,1169,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Evans, W. H. (1951) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (4), 1268 - 1272." type="journal article" year="1951">Evans, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CB6012F14F8BFB0C" box="[601,1015,1169,1191]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Annals and Magazine of Natural History</emphasis>
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(12)
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CD1712F14846FB0D" bold="true" box="[1070,1082,1169,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">4</emphasis>
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: 1269 (
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<date id="FFD41054FFD5FF97CDB012F1497CFB0C" box="[1161,1280,1169,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" value="1268" valueMax="1272">1268–1272</date>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370651FFFD5FF97C9AE12B44D30FABB" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9AE12B44D30FABB" blockId="2.[151,1436,1235,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9AE12B44D44FB47" bold="true" box="[151,312,1235,1260]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD5FF97C9AE12B44CACFB47" box="[151,208,1236,1260]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C87A12B44DD0FB47" box="[323,428,1236,1260]" name="Tanzania" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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: “Mikindani, Tanganyika”.
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<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD5FF97CBDE12B54F63FB46" box="[743,799,1237,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
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depository: 3 Natural History Museum (
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<collectionCode id="ED7BAE51FFD5FF97CDCE12B4492DFB47" box="[1271,1361,1236,1260]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">BMNH</collectionCode>
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), London (inspected).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C370651FFFD5FF90C9FE137C4937FE06" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9FE137C48D4F937" blockId="2.[151,1436,1235,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C9FE137C4E05FA9F" authority="Mabille, 1891" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" box="[199,633,1308,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9FE137C4DC6FA9F" box="[199,442,1308,1332]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Triskelionia tricerata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97C8F4137C4E0DFA9F" author="Mabille" box="[461,625,1308,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Mabille, P. (1891) Description de Hesperides nouvelles. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 35, 59 - 88, 106 - 121, 168 - 187." type="journal article" year="1891">Mabille, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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is a rather rare skipper with a western distribution in Africa, being known from
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C81313204DD2FAF3" box="[298,430,1344,1368]" name="Gambia" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">the Gambia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C8DE13204E44FAF3" box="[487,568,1344,1368]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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to the
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CBB013204FDBFAF3" box="[649,935,1344,1368]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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and western to northern parts of the
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CC7713214DCAFAD7" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
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. Only five males in the British Museum (Natural History) were listed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97CDC9130549FAFAD7" author="Evans" box="[1264,1414,1380,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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– a few have been added since. The species has some similarity with the distinctly larger black-and-white members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C81C13CC4DA8FA6F" ID-CoL="8ZXLT" box="[293,468,1452,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C81C13CC4DA8FA6F" box="[293,468,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as well as certain
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CB9113CD4F62FA6F" ID-CoL="92M8M" box="[680,798,1453,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CB9113CD4F62FA6F" box="[680,798,1453,1476]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Sarangesa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but is immediately distinguished by having four subapical spots that are very irregularly placed and the triskelion-shaped, fused cell-spots. Confusion with any other Afrotropical Hesperiid, even in the field, is impossible. It is illustrated in figure 2. We have occasionally collected this species in West Africa and have seen about
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<specimenCount id="9D6CFD1DFFD5FF97CBA810784F57F99B" box="[657,811,1560,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="generic">70 specimens</specimenCount>
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in museum and private collections from the following countries:
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C835105C4D14F9FF" box="[268,360,1596,1620]" name="Gambia" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Gambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C84B105C4DBAF9FF" box="[370,454,1596,1620]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C8E8105C4E18F9FF" box="[465,612,1596,1620]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CB57105C4F7BF9FF" box="[622,775,1596,1620]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CA2B105C4F22F9FF" box="[786,862,1596,1620]" name="Ghana" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CA50105D4FD9F9FE" box="[873,933,1597,1621]" name="Togo" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Togo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CA89105C487BF9FF" box="[944,1031,1596,1620]" name="Nigeria" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CD2B105C48F6F9FF" box="[1042,1162,1596,1620]" name="Cameroon" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CDAD105C4CCAF9D3" name="Central African Republic" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C9FD10004D65F9D3" box="[196,281,1632,1656]" name="Angola" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, and the
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97C8BC10004E90F9D3" box="[389,748,1632,1656]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD5FF97CBC410004F46F9D3" box="[765,826,1632,1656]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">DRC</collectingCountry>
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) (the localities are indicated in the map in figure 3). There is only little variation in the material and no indication at all of geographical variation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9FC10C8497DF94F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1235,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C9FC10C84EB7F96B" authority="Evans, 1951" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1951" box="[197,715,1704,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tricerata" subSpecies="compacta">
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9FC10C84E5BF96B" box="[197,551,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Triskelionia tricerata compacta</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97CB0F10C84EBFF96B" author="Evans" box="[566,707,1704,1728]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Evans, W. H. (1951) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12 (4), 1268 - 1272." type="journal article" year="1951">Evans, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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was described in the genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CD3D10C94806F96B" ID-CoL="92M8M" box="[1028,1146,1705,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CD3D10C94806F96B" box="[1028,1146,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Sarangesa</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and adequately described as follows, although the description does not fully show how different it actually is from
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CD4210AD4885F94F" box="[1147,1273,1741,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
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||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CD4210AD4885F94F" box="[1147,1273,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">T. tricerata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF97C9FC11744955F8DF" blockId="2.[197,1376,1812,1909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
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“
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97C9E811744D43F880" box="[209,319,1812,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
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<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C9E811744D43F880" bold="true" box="[209,319,1812,1835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">compacta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, [ssp] nov.: 3 Mikindani, Tanganyika, Jan. – May, 1897: Reimer:
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<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD5FF97CD0711754812F886" box="[1086,1134,1813,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">type</typeStatus>
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B.M. Paler than
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CC0911754D1CF8FB" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CC0911754D7EF8FB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
Mabille
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C84F11584DE6F8FB" box="[374,410,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">upf</emphasis>
|
||
spots in cell and space 2 very greatly enlarged (
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B71FFD5FF97CA8D11584F8AF8FB" box="[948,1014,1848,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) and nearly conjoined: no spot in space 9.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97C843113C4DD6F8DF" box="[378,426,1884,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Unh</emphasis>
|
||
brown with dark spots, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CBCD113D4F2AF8DF" box="[756,854,1885,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CBCD113D4F2AF8DF" box="[756,854,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ƥ as in 3. 1 pair from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD5FF97CDB5113D48C0F8DE" box="[1164,1212,1885,1909]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD5FF91C9FC11C44E31FECF" blockId="2.[151,1435,1956,2017]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Both species are shown in figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD5FF97CB6811C54EA5F817" box="[593,729,1957,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD5FF97CB6811C54EA5F817" box="[593,729,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B65FFD5FF97CA8711C44813F817" author="Kielland" box="[958,1135,1956,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) The butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne & London. 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by the male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD5FF97CDC411C44923F817" box="[1277,1375,1956,1980]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from London. It will be noted that the male illustrated here has only a single subapical spot, but there may be two or three. The wings are less irregular in outline than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CA7B16F84FBFFF1B" box="[834,963,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CA7B16F84FBFFF1B" box="[834,963,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">S. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and there is a sexual dimorphism that is wholly lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91C85916DD4DA2FF7F" box="[352,478,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91C85916DD4DA2FF7F" box="[352,478,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">S. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two sexes are united by the overlay of ochreous-brown on much of the hindwing underside – darker in the male. Had a longer series been available to Evans, he would certainly have treated them as distinct species. All material available is from Mikindani and the Rondo Plateau area in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CDA61764497BFEB7" box="[1183,1287,260,284]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, not far from the coast and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91C85817474D88FE94" box="[353,500,295,319]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
border, and close to each other. With the labelling practices of the time it is even possible that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD3FF91C86D172D4DF8FECE" box="[340,388,333,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was from Rondo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF15661CFFD4FF96C9AE11C14F10F85E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[196,1373,204,1904]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD4FF96C9AE11C14F10F85E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1953,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD4FF96C9AE11C14D70F81C" bold="true" box="[151,268,1953,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Top two rows:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD4FF96C88811C14EEEF813" box="[433,658,1953,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD4FF96C88811C14EEEF813" box="[433,658,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Triskelionia compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uppersides & undersides: Ƥ below the 3) – all bred from the Rondo area in Tanzania and in the collection of the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Bottom two rows:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD4FF96CDAF11A14974F87D" box="[1174,1288,1985,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD4FF96CDAF11A14974F87D" box="[1174,1288,1985,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uppersides & undersides: Ƥ below the 3) from the Central African Republic (ABRI).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD3FF91C9FC171048E9FE07" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
In addition to the morphological differences, the genitalia differ sufficiently to validate the species rank of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CCBE17114D78FE07" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CCBE17114D78FE07" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as illustrated in figure 1, but they also show the close affinity of the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD3FF91C9FC17D748FDFCBF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91C84717D94D80FE7B" box="[382,508,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91C84717D94D80FE7B" box="[382,508,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SCC 579 Batalimo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CBC917D74872FE64" box="[752,1038,439,463]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have a less domed tegumen/uncus and a somewhat larger, denticulate gnathos than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CB8217BD4F3DFE5F" box="[699,833,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CB8217BD4F3DFE5F" box="[699,833,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SCC 587 Rondo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CD2217BC48F8FE5F" box="[1051,1156,476,500]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), as well as a longer free uncus. The valves have a different shape: the ventral edge of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CA0514614FC6FDB3" box="[828,954,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CA0514614FC6FDB3" box="[828,954,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evenly curved instead of almost straight. The pointed lower lobe of the valve is more massive than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CA4914454F8BFD97" box="[880,1015,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CA4914454F8BFD97" box="[880,1015,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the dorsal edge of valve is almost straight, until the distal thorn suddenly curves sharply downwards almost to touch the lower lobe; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CC2D142949E6FDCB" box="[1300,1434,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CC2D142949E6FDCB" box="[1300,1434,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsal edge is gently curved, with a shorter, straighter, and more slender distal tooth. Both species have a small harpe on the valve. The saccus of both species consists of a narrow merging of the two vinculum branches, not solidifying into a large, strongly chitinized saccus as in other similar genera of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CD7014D44880FD67" box="[1097,1276,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Celaenorrhinini">Celaenorrhinini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genitalia differ about as much as one might have expected from the morphological differences between the two species. The valves, gnathos, and tegumen/uncus are compatible with some groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CAF3149C4805FCBF" ID-CoL="8ZXLT" box="[970,1145,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CAF3149C4805FCBF" box="[970,1145,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF15661CFFD3FF91C9AE13C34823FA73" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/278055/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[156,1436,831,1431]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD3FF91C9AE13C34823FA73" blockId="4.[151,1436,1443,1497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91C9AE13C34D71FA12" bold="true" box="[151,269,1443,1466]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. The known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CB0813C54ED8FA11" box="[561,676,1445,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CB0813C54ED8FA11" box="[561,676,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red dots) in the main African forest zone and that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CDEE13C5492FFA11" box="[1239,1363,1445,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CDEE13C5492FFA11" box="[1239,1363,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Rondo Plateau in the coastal forest of southeastern Tanzania near the border with Mozambique.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD3FF91C9FC10654E89F97A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1541,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91C9FC10654E18F9B5" bold="true" box="[197,612,1541,1566]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Habitat, habits, and biogeography</emphasis>
|
||
. The species was first collected from Mikindani in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CC2110654900F9B6" box="[1304,1404,1541,1565]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1897 by a Herr Reimer, apparently a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CB0C10494EF3F9EA" box="[565,655,1577,1601]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
colonial civil servant who in addition to other duties collected insects and other organisms, as they were encouraged to do by the authorities in Berlin. Mikindani was at the time an administrative centre on the coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CB0B10114EE5F922" box="[562,665,1649,1673]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, just north of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CA6510114F8CF922" box="[860,1008,1649,1673]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
border. Somehow, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D18836FFD3FF91CDC91011492EF922" box="[1264,1362,1649,1673]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
ended up in the NHM, London where Evans described it. This area would at the time all have been covered with coastal forest (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91C9DC10D94D36F97A" box="[229,330,1721,1745]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
– Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD3FF91C9FC10BD4D7BF85A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1541,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Nairobi decided that an attempt should be made to find this species again after it had not been recorded for more than a hundred years. Ivan Bampton and Colin Congdon went to the general area, where the forest habitat is now degraded to the point where forest in good condition hardly exists. However, it turned out that the host-plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CBFD112A486FF8CA" ID-CoL="33YVT" box="[708,1043,1865,1890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dalbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CBFD112A4FF2F8C9" box="[708,910,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Dalbergia armata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, survives in timber plantations and elsewhere with full canopy cover and three specimens were collected on the wing. A female was found ovipositing on this plant, a forest liana, and further 20 were bred. The early stages are fully described by Cock & Congdon (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CCBF11F34CADF865" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">in press</emphasis>
|
||
). The plant extends from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CB5711D54EAFF866" box="[622,723,1973,1997]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
to KwaZulu
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD3FF91CA4011D54FC5F866" box="[889,953,1973,1997]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD3FF91CD8411D7493DF865" box="[1213,1345,1975,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD3FF91CD8411D7493DF865" box="[1213,1345,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="57">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD2FF90C9FC16F74E8CFE94" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90C85816F94D9CFF1B" box="[353,480,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD2FF90C85816F94D9CFF1B" box="[353,480,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">T. tricerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
covers the main forest zone of western and central Africa, though not reaching the Albertine Rift in the Kivu area or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90CB2E16DC4E12FF7F" box="[535,622,188,212]" name="Uganda" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
as do many other species. There are few or no records from the western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90C9AE16BF4CA8FF5C" box="[151,212,223,247]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">DRC</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90C83016BF4DB8FF5C" box="[265,452,223,247]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Congo Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, or
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90C8D616BF4E41FF5C" box="[495,573,223,247]" name="Gabon" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, areas that have been poorly investigated; we have no doubt that the species will be found there as well. This leaves
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90CB6D17654EA7FEB7" box="[596,731,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Triskelionia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD2FF90CB6D17654EA7FEB7" box="[596,731,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">T. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the very special East African coastal forest isolated from its only congener by a gap of nearly
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B71FFD2FF90CB3717474E04FE94" box="[526,632,295,319]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="km" value="2000.0">2,000 km</quantity>
|
||
(figure 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD53694FFD2FF90C9FC172C4937FE06" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The closest parallel to such a distribution in East Africa seems to be the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90CDBC172D4CAEFE2C" ID-CoL="RWLH" authority="Rogenhofer" authorityName="Rogenhofer" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Catuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sikorana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD2FF90CDBC172D493DFECF" box="[1157,1345,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Catuna sikorana</emphasis>
|
||
Rogenhofer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the coastal forests eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90CB23170F4E02FE2C" box="[538,638,367,391]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90CBB4170F4F55FE2C" ID-CoL="DGC" box="[653,809,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90CA0A170F4FCCFE2C" box="[819,944,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Adoliadini">Adoliadini</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There are four more or less widely distributed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90C9F717F54D5DFE07" ID-CoL="924TL" box="[206,289,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Catuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD2FF90C9F717F54D5DFE07" box="[206,289,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Catuna</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout the main forest zone, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D17FFD2FF90CBED17F54FF2FE06" ID-CoL="69FFN" authority="Drury" authorityName="Drury" box="[724,910,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Catuna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crithea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEA86FFD2FF90CBED17F54F38FE07" box="[724,836,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">C. crithea</emphasis>
|
||
Drury
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaching as far as Kakamega in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D7604FFD2FF90CDC317F5493BFE06" box="[1274,1351,405,429]" name="Kenya" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |