146 lines
15 KiB
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146 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="B508B2726307DF8A6A0F649C01BC09EF" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZooBank="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="ED037264FFFF2E56FC65D1FF1621EE65" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Rhoophilus Mayr 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1701316059099" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="10976CCE962BD908D41DD23BD7876672">
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<mods:title id="861121EC4C88AB2AE0D40F29A62C0D24">Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="72E84554A4544A342C2C6FBD76056BB8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B4C7D10933F652491B9EAF61EFE666D0">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="77D48EB6AD3C959C615D1C5396A51708">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59CCA7BA75EFCF13656465DD63055248">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="867BB175C75D1D505BFDC5565533CA43">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F68254CD8614179AD6453003016B098A">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1F26B044B118CDF7CF1F7C3CE2BF330B">
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<mods:date id="0FA621533B4742168AB01114CB5C966C">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CF3B0972546C04FE0579CF6387BE97DA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5C4208E5E1A74771601E5BD529A1563F">493</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="A5634B55FDE09CBEF2A79FFD42CD9B3D">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="16800CFF875A73FDD447BE69AD6C9274">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DC5426AD88ED840DF209C605153D7AB5" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="468245E08EE06FCAE7E72E98EC838B0B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AB49F9314E9563ED5ACEA3991BEA5539" type="ZooBank">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="ED037264FFFF2E56FC65D1FF1621EE65" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059187" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ED037264FFFF2E56FC65D1FF1621EE65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ED037264FFFF2E56FC65D1FF1621EE65" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection id="1124067A53F7B2D20DCE080AFC4BA8F9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C74CAD308DFA5F48970E36F0CA3914F9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Cynipidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C91BFDFFFE3F7F0D8FCCC8C7CCBBEDFB" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D648B35316BCF4D5A1FADB862F034FD7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="20DA412F177790550346CB6853201BA6" ID-CoL="79BH" ID-ENA="331001" authority="Mayr, 1881" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus Mayr, 1881</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E491CE95FA53E2145EC56DD59A3ED917" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="3EB04C147945259BA12A868B2865C942" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A03560D1B1E54580F61DAAD6A3607C6B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="BF27DB7627E33468B78E3B82626F3E31" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus</taxonomicName>
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is morphologically similar to the Holarctic inquiline genera
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<taxonomicName id="336884A9050CC243E179DE40BCC5D177" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synergus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="F3787B60B7EAF67A2B084520120C5E4A" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saphonecrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Saphonecrus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="3E6CD32CEBC0DF0FC661C41B6520D1B9" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synophrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synophrus</taxonomicName>
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, all of which typically attack oak cynipid galls. The transverse ridges of the mesoscutum, and a mesopleuron sculptured with longitudinal ridges in
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<taxonomicName id="5B32D656734A1B30BBC0C4E247BCEA67" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus</taxonomicName>
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closely resemble characters in several species of the
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<taxonomicName id="E65ED1BD692A4AB4667C73F6DE245D46" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synergus</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="CCEFD5A7CD57C2943F1602C4FFCEDF52" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Saphonecrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Saphonecrus</taxonomicName>
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complex. A sister group relationship between
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<taxonomicName id="741BEBA61F7E06657242FEBCF50F9445" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus</taxonomicName>
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and these three oak inquiline genera was hypothesized by
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<bibRefCitation id="8E1C416A767386D0C4EC3D6F51C2625A" author="Ronquist, F" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="241 - 266" title="Evolution of parasitism among closely related species: Phylogenetic relationships and the origin of inquilinism in gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)." url="10.2307/2410091" volume="48" year="1994">Ronquist (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="0CA1A1FD30F7E94A6ECA574B7B2D0C84" author="Liljeblad, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" pagination="229 - 252" title="A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." url="10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00053.x" volume="23" year="1998">Liljeblad and Ronquist (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1BF6C89C94992511454BDDA66CF4AAFF" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="E158F9A77A6E55E71577E38BE4FE2639" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<pageBreakToken id="1C41CBBE794AFB6B48E1DD7FF58DE893" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3653EAD1661C6E2748CECB5F927F1CD1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="66F7F7FCEF45EAA7378EC58323F9B122" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus</taxonomicName>
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has a closed marginal cell, a character shared with
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<taxonomicName id="363A5C0E98146C89A394E8C308D69E19" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Qwaqwaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Qwaqwaia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Qwaqwaia</taxonomicName>
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. The areolet is triangular as in
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<taxonomicName id="DC20DC0CF4792B502EA3B9F078979905" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phanacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phanacis</taxonomicName>
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, but larger and more distinct, whereas it is elongate rhomboidal in
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<taxonomicName id="257D9A4CE9D4DE2ABBE3B57714370D4A" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Qwaqwaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Qwaqwaia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Qwaqwaia</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="E9AAD53B4493EAB36EFE609BEEDB7EE1" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rhoophilus</taxonomicName>
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lacks an occipital carina as in
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<taxonomicName id="4754BA35B7984B6DF82ADD8D507F060B" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phanacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phanacis</taxonomicName>
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(present in
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<taxonomicName id="0E43AD61D8A13B37AD35948615A33014" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Qwaqwaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Qwaqwaia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Qwaqwaia</taxonomicName>
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), but has tergites 2 and 3 fused, whereas these are free in
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<taxonomicName id="D624868D99B825CDEF8871E42BEFC505" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Phanacis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phanacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phanacis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="42534302BF985D3D5F3B3942ABE2F263" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="426D09D9A2B2B2D02A60882CFFE42BD1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName id="F2A7AC63D51A14635B186D900F7B5AE7" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus loewi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loewi">Rhoophilus loewi</taxonomicName>
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(South Africa). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C4BA7A02ECA01CE65B34B58E90F628CC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="ED2F4650F86DF32647346914640B53A6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B0CEECDD4E0A00FC2A11B53FB069CCE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">South Africa: Western, Eastern and Northern Cape Provinces.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="52884B875F3878CA64E641C9B27486E2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="94CD38D272407CD6D95206497B917C94" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<pageBreakToken id="CEE4A7B4B96C122884B88DA4D7BA9DBA" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">Biology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="934BDA1EC5EA566B184690BAE05A2FF1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Inquiline forming secondary cells in galls induced by
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<taxonomicName id="B34E67FDCAA77248C68E84CF604CBFD4" class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Scyrotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scyrotis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scyrotis</taxonomicName>
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moths (
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<taxonomicName id="230767FA121EB4DA5A3DC867E316B164" family="Cecidosidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="family">Cecidosidae</taxonomicName>
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) on
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<taxonomicName id="BF4EAB92290B3BB51A905D98032725E8" family="Platytroctidae" genus="Searsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Searsia" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Searsia</taxonomicName>
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(formerly
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<taxonomicName id="002FADD59E14D14A755B3DB38E60F7E5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus" order="Sapindales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhus</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<taxonomicName id="BA4524D5CDB59025207CFB4C3919C59D" family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Cynipoidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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) shrubs and trees. The larval cells expand into the hollow interior of the host gall resulting in death of the gall inducing moth larva (
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<bibRefCitation id="518BBA8237AB0F631BEBFC5276CE72C9" author="van Noort, S" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="153 - 172" title="Biology of Rhoophilusloewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall wasps." url="10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00719.x" volume="90" year="2007">van Noort et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="02A83874C55DF9428E2F413BF54E5D79" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="species richness">
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<paragraph id="19233A81D15E542B80C1C926EFC80F56" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species richness.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FAF7A03862E71205A96D5D0DC9B5C1D1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="6021B507D54B082D9D44F0BC13C7A31C" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Rhoophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhoophilus loewi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loewi">Rhoophilus loewi</taxonomicName>
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Mayr, 1881 (South Africa)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |