453 lines
58 KiB
XML
453 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="0F86D9988CF40A414A181D1C80512530" ID-ISSN="11755334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629795302061" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fautin, D. G." docDate="2012" docId="E75C8796FFC637342998FB5293F3FC6B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03375p080.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3375" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Actinoscyphia groendyki Fautin 2012, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="1B65FFEEFFC83725290FFFE89319FFCF" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1699112864787" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B12D6AD9C151A6B3DE5B371CAE4A21AE">Taxonomy and distribution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from deep water of the northeastern Pacific</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2010AEF603487E76CF31AB9A35C60B5B">Fautin, D. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6E13EBE69294A675E0ACECD94642842A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B4AA7DEE70C4DA579C7915546D3CDA10">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2A5E54066A210B73750D536A674C29E7">2012-07-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6B7A1F7CC5830EFCB3E4DD07E9F05C33">3375</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFC6372B2998FB529112FB1B" box="[151,523,1210,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B2998FB529112FB1B" blockId="14.[151,559,1210,1269]" box="[151,523,1210,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<heading id="340281ECFFC6372B2998FB529112FB1B" bold="true" box="[151,523,1210,1236]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC6372B2998FB529112FB1B" bold="true" box="[151,523,1210,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFC6372B2998FB5292D8FB1B" ID-CoL="64PND" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,449,1210,1236]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC6372B2998FB5292D8FB1B" bold="true" box="[151,449,1210,1236]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFC6372B28C6FB529112FB1B" box="[457,523,1210,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFC6372A2998FB3590BFF9C2" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B2998FB359136FB3A" blockId="14.[151,559,1210,1269]" box="[151,559,1245,1269]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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(
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC6372B2991FB35922CFB3A" box="[158,309,1245,1269]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStart-3="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,681,704]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1353,1376]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,1768,1791]" captionStartId-3="19.[151,250,1487,1510]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1435,177,665]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetBox-2="[250,1337,1021,1745]" captionTargetBox-3="[154,1431,193,1463]" captionTargetId-0="figure-472@15.[152,1436,177,665]" captionTargetId-1="figure-317@16.[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetId-2="figure-386@17.[250,1337,1021,1747]" captionTargetId-3="figure-546@19.[151,1436,193,1465]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Specimens of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. Specimen attached to sponge spicules on left (SBMNH 522590); specimen with tentacles visible on right (SBMNH 144408)." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. a. Mesenteries of cycles 2–5 with diffuse retractor muscles (R); b. distal portion of mesogleal sphincter muscle (for illustration of variation of sphincter muscles see Fautin [1984]) (S); c. cross section of tentacle with endodermal circular musculature (C) and ectodermal longitudinal musculature with little mesogleal involvement (L)." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Cnidae of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp.; distribution and dimensions in Table 2. a. Gracile spirocyst; b. robust spirocyst; c. basitrich; d. basitrich; e. holotrich; f. basitrich; g. microbasic p-mastigophore; h. basitrich; i. basitrich; j. microbasic p-mastigophore." captionText-3="FIGURE 12. Distribution of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. from the Southern and northeastern Pacific Ocean." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figures 9–12</figureCitation>
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, Table 2, Appendix 5)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B2998FACD9050FA02" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC6372B2998FACD929FFAF1" bold="true" box="[151,390,1317,1342]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">Body form and size.</emphasis>
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Exposed mesoglea of specimens light grey to tan; some with dingy grey ectoderm sloughing off. Mesoglea thick throughout column, to
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2B8DFAA191DDFAAE" box="[642,708,1353,1377]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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at proximal end of specimen
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2D13FAA19775FAAE" box="[1052,1132,1353,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
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long. Column smooth and stiff; tapers from distal end. Margin contracted so column covers most tentacles. Oral disc in nearly all specimens examined folded in half perpendicular to long axis, giving animals Venus flytrap posture (
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC6372B2DA5FA799617FA66" box="[1194,1294,1425,1449]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,681,704]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,177,665]" captionTargetId="figure-472@15.[152,1436,177,665]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Specimens of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. Specimen attached to sponge spicules on left (SBMNH 522590); specimen with tentacles visible on right (SBMNH 144408)." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). Pedal disc elongate; long axis in same direction as long axis of oral disc.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B29C8FA319261F9DA" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Column
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2826FA31928DFA3E" box="[297,404,1497,1521]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="9.0">9–42 mm</quantity>
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long; long axis of pedal disc approximately same length as long axis of oral disc, typically longer than column.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B29C8F9C9922BF906" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC6372B29C8F9C9925EF9F5" bold="true" box="[199,327,1569,1594]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">Pedal disc.</emphasis>
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Pedal disc tan or light brown; most specimens with metallic brown chitinous material, inferred to be secreted by animal, closely associated with pedal disc. Most elongate, from
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2D2CF9AD97A3F992" box="[1059,1210,1605,1629]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" metricValueMax="13.4" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="69.0" valueMax="134.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 134 mm</quantity>
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; in large specimens pedal disc wrapped around or appears to have been wrapped around cylindrical object such as worm tube or group of sponge spicules (
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC6372B2877F96592C2F96A" box="[376,475,1677,1701]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,681,704]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,177,665]" captionTargetId="figure-472@15.[152,1436,177,665]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Specimens of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. Specimen attached to sponge spicules on left (SBMNH 522590); specimen with tentacles visible on right (SBMNH 144408)." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). In small specimens (about
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2A2CF965906BF96A" box="[803,882,1677,1701]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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column length) pedal disc small, concave, holds bolus of mud.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B29C8F93D9291F8DE" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC6372B29C8F93D92F9F922" bold="true" box="[199,480,1749,1774]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">Oral disc and tentacles.</emphasis>
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Oral disc tan or salmon, oval, radially furrowed along mesenterial insertion; folds in half, hiding tentacles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B29C8F8F59731F896" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mouth circular, approximately 1/4 oral disc diameter; with raised lips. Slightly darker than oral disc, or deep purple; tan or light brown radial stripe typically at oral end of each siphonoglyph.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC6372B29C8F88D9682F86E" blockId="14.[151,1436,1317,1953]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Tentacles slightly lighter in color than oral disc, smooth; tapered (
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2AA1F88D9715F8B2" box="[942,1036,1893,1917]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 mm</quantity>
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at widest part of base to
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B2C25F88D9682F8B2" box="[1322,1435,1893,1917]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.1">0.1–1 mm</quantity>
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at tip),
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC6372B29E4F861924EF86E" box="[235,343,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="1.0">1–12 mm</quantity>
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long, all thickened aborally with mesoglea. Most specimens with 120–149 tentacles (one small
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="3B8A6608FFC7372A2998FD4191EAFD10" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[151,250,681,704]" targetBox="[152,1435,177,665]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A2998FD4191EAFD10" blockId="15.[151,1436,681,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A2998FD41920CFD0F" bold="true" box="[151,277,681,704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFC7372A28BDFD4291B7FD0F" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[434,686,682,704]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A28BDFD4291B7FD0F" box="[434,686,682,704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFC7372A2BB8FD4391E9FD0F" box="[695,752,683,704]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Specimen attached to sponge spicules on left (SBMNH 522590); specimen with tentacles visible on right (SBMNH 144408).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8FCCD93CFFC4A" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A29C8FCCD92B8FCF2" bold="true" box="[199,417,805,829]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
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Actinopharynx deep purple, very long, longitudinally sulcate. Each of two symmetrical siphonoglyphs attached to pair of directive mesenteries; directive plane perpendicular to long axis of oral and pedal discs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8FC7993C0FB06" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Mesenteries thin, typically arrayed in five cycles (specimens about
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<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2AC1FC799706FC66" box="[974,1055,913,937]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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column length possess only four cycles); develop distally. All mesenteries with filaments; those of only first cycle complete, stomata absent. Mesenteries of first cycle sterile; mesenteries of second cycle rarely fertile; all younger mesenteries may be fertile. Mesenteries of youngest cycle regularly arrayed; all pairs do not develop simultaneously: one pair flanking a pair of preceding cycle develops on side nearer older pair of mesenteries (i.e. 115544
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A2D63FBC99791FBF6" bold="true" box="[1132,1160,1057,1081]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">55</emphasis>
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33
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A2DABFBC997D9FBF6" bold="true" box="[1188,1216,1057,1081]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">55</emphasis>
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445522, bolded 5s represent where late-developing pairs will presumably appear, although absent in specimens examined) (
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC7372A2C5EFBAD93DAFB4E" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1353,1376]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-317@16.[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. a. Mesenteries of cycles 2–5 with diffuse retractor muscles (R); b. distal portion of mesogleal sphincter muscle (for illustration of variation of sphincter muscles see Fautin [1984]) (S); c. cross section of tentacle with endodermal circular musculature (C) and ectodermal longitudinal musculature with little mesogleal involvement (L)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 10a</figureCitation>
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). Pattern holds for fourth cycle mesenteries; in
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<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2BECFB829067FB4E" box="[739,894,1129,1153]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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both pairs flanked those of third cycle in some places, and only one pair had developed in others. Retractor muscles very weak and short; parietobasilar muscles weak.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8FB3D905CFAB2" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle weak, moderately long (to approximately 1/3 column length), with many alveoli, slightly striated transversely in some specimens (
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC7372A2A2FFB1190B8FADE" box="[800,929,1273,1297]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1353,1376]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-317@16.[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. a. Mesenteries of cycles 2–5 with diffuse retractor muscles (R); b. distal portion of mesogleal sphincter muscle (for illustration of variation of sphincter muscles see Fautin [1984]) (S); c. cross section of tentacle with endodermal circular musculature (C) and ectodermal longitudinal musculature with little mesogleal involvement (L)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 10b</figureCitation>
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), or distinctively striated only near proximal end. Situated in middle of mesoglea distally where broadest, occupies approximately half mesoglea width; tapers and approaches endoderm proximally. Alveoli pigmented, giving sphincter muscle tan color. Distal alveoli small and may be spaced apart or clumped; proximal alveoli larger.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8FA6192ADFA0A" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Longitudinal muscles of tentacles mostly ectodermal with little mesogleal involvement, circular muscles endodermal (
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<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC7372A2826FA4592B1FA0A" box="[297,424,1453,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1353,1376]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetId="figure-317@16.[151,1436,181,1336]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. a. Mesenteries of cycles 2–5 with diffuse retractor muscles (R); b. distal portion of mesogleal sphincter muscle (for illustration of variation of sphincter muscles see Fautin [1984]) (S); c. cross section of tentacle with endodermal circular musculature (C) and ectodermal longitudinal musculature with little mesogleal involvement (L)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 10c</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8FA3890BFF9C2" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A29C8FA38923AFA26" bold="true" box="[199,291,1488,1513]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">Cnidae.</emphasis>
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Gracile and robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, microbasic
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<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A2D5DFA3A9779FA26" box="[1106,1120,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">p</emphasis>
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-mastigophores. Sizes and distribution of cnidae given in Table 2; cnidae illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC7372A2A3AFA1D90BAF9C2" box="[821,931,1525,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1768,1791]" captionTargetBox="[250,1337,1021,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-386@17.[250,1337,1021,1747]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Cnidae of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp.; distribution and dimensions in Table 2. a. Gracile spirocyst; b. robust spirocyst; c. basitrich; d. basitrich; e. holotrich; f. basitrich; g. microbasic p-mastigophore; h. basitrich; i. basitrich; j. microbasic p-mastigophore." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 11</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFC7372A29C8F9F1962FF8E3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8F9F1900BF9B6" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A29C8F9F19294F9FE" bold="true" box="[199,397,1560,1585]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">Type specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A2897F9F1900BF9B6" collectingDate="1971-02-19" collectionCode="SBMNH" elevation="2770" latitude="44.99" longLatPrecision="680" longitude="-126.66" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="SBMNH 149661" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B04E8822FFC7372A2897F9F1911DF9FE" box="[408,516,1561,1585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A2B1DF9F191C1F9FE" box="[530,728,1561,1585]" collectionCode="SBMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">SBMNH 149661</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2A58F9F190FEF9FE" box="[855,999,1561,1585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2A58F9F190FEF9FE" box="[855,999,1561,1585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">19-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2D3BF9F19784F9FE" box="[1076,1181,1561,1585]" degrees="44.99" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="44.99">44.99° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2DA7F9F1963FF9FE" box="[1192,1318,1561,1585]" degrees="126.66" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.66">126.66° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2C3AF9F19681F9FE" box="[1333,1432,1561,1585]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2C3AF9F19681F9FE" box="[1333,1432,1561,1585]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">2,770 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Column length
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2849F9D59281F99B" box="[326,408,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="34.0">34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, oral disc folded 30 x
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2B99F9D591F1F99B" box="[662,744,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and elongate pedal disc
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2D0AF9D59741F99B" box="[1029,1112,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Fourth cycle of mesenteries developed, fifth cycle partially developed; 149 tentacles.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8F96D962FF8E3" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A29C8F96D9652F953" box="[199,1355,1669,1693]" collectingDate="1971-02-19" collectionCode="SBMNH" elevation="2770" latitude="44.99" longLatPrecision="680" longitude="-126.66" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="SBMNH 149662" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B04E8822FFC7372A29C8F96D9221F952" box="[199,312,1669,1693]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A284AF96D9110F952" box="[325,521,1669,1693]" collectionCode="SBMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">SBMNH 149662</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2B19F96D9183F952" box="[534,666,1669,1693]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2A19F96D90BFF952" box="[790,934,1669,1693]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2A19F96D90BFF952" box="[790,934,1669,1693]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">19-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2AE0F96D974EF953" box="[1007,1111,1669,1693]" degrees="44.99" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="44.99">44.99° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2D6FF96D97C4F953" box="[1120,1245,1669,1693]" degrees="126.66" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.66">126.66° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2DE5F96D9652F953" box="[1258,1355,1669,1693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2DE5F96D9652F953" box="[1258,1355,1669,1693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">2,770 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A2C56F96D9755F90E" collectingDate="1971-02-19" collectionCode="KUIZ" elevation="2770" latitude="44.99" longLatPrecision="680" longitude="-126.66" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="KUIZ 003350" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A2C56F96D93F7F90E" collectionCode="KUIZ" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">KUIZ 003350</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A29F2F941929AF90E" box="[253,387,1705,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2B0AF941918CF90E" box="[517,661,1705,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2B0AF941918CF90E" box="[517,661,1705,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-19">19-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2BECF9419054F90E" box="[739,845,1705,1729]" degrees="44.99" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="44.99">44.99° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2A56F94190C1F90E" box="[857,984,1705,1729]" degrees="126.66" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.66">126.66° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2AE7F9419755F90E" box="[1000,1100,1705,1729]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2AE7F9419755F90E" box="[1000,1100,1705,1729]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2770.0">2,770 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A2D53F942902FF92B" collectingDate="1971-02-18" collectionCode="KUIZ" elevation="2710" latitude="45.29" longLatPrecision="678" longitude="-126.47" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="KUIZ 003351" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A2D53F9429618F90E" box="[1116,1281,1705,1729]" collectionCode="KUIZ" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">KUIZ 003351</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2C1EF941968EF90E" box="[1297,1431,1705,1729]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A280BF925928DF92A" box="[260,404,1741,1765]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A280BF925928DF92A" box="[260,404,1741,1765]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">18-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A28D2F925915DF92B" box="[477,580,1741,1765]" degrees="45.29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="45.29">45.29° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2B42F92591D0F92B" box="[589,713,1741,1765]" degrees="126.47" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.47">126.47° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2BDAF925902FF92B" box="[725,822,1741,1765]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2BDAF925902FF92B" box="[725,822,1741,1765]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">2,710 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A2A4CF9259135F8C6" collectingDate="1971-02-18" collectionCode="USNM" elevation="2710" latitude="45.29" longLatPrecision="678" longitude="-126.47" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 1149362" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A2A4CF9259718F92A" box="[835,1025,1741,1765]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM 1149362</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2D02F9259788F92A" box="[1037,1169,1741,1765]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2C04F9259682F92A" box="[1291,1435,1741,1765]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2C04F9259682F92A" box="[1291,1435,1741,1765]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">18-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A29DAF9199225F8C6" box="[213,316,1777,1801]" degrees="45.29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="45.29">45.29° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A284BF91992D9F8C6" box="[324,448,1777,1801]" degrees="126.47" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.47">126.47° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A28C3F9199135F8C6" box="[460,556,1777,1801]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A28C3F9199135F8C6" box="[460,556,1777,1801]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">2,710 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A2B37F91993EFF8E3" collectingDate="1971-02-18" collectionCode="CAS" elevation="2710" latitude="45.29" longLatPrecision="678" longitude="-126.47" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="CAS 184531" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A2B37F91991D4F8C6" box="[568,717,1777,1801]" collectionCode="CAS" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">CAS 184531</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2BD5F9199044F8C6" box="[730,861,1777,1801]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2AD9F919977FF8C6" box="[982,1126,1777,1801]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2AD9F919977FF8C6" box="[982,1126,1777,1801]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">18-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2DA2F919960DF8C6" box="[1197,1300,1777,1801]" degrees="45.29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="45.29">45.29° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2C12F9199681F8C6" box="[1309,1432,1777,1801]" degrees="126.47" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.47">126.47° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2998F8FD93EFF8E3" box="[151,246,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2998F8FD93EFF8E3" box="[151,246,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">2,710 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DF9D3CDDFFC7372A280EF8FD962BF8E3" box="[257,1330,1813,1837]" collectingDate="1971-02-18" collectionCode="RBCM" elevation="2710" latitude="45.29" longLatPrecision="678" longitude="-126.47" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="RBCM 010-00571, 001" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A280EF8FD92CEF8E2" box="[257,471,1813,1837]" collectionCode="RBCM" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">RBCM 010-00571</specimenCode>
|
||
-
|
||
<specimenCode id="3F539EFBFFC7372A28D1F8FD9111F8E2" box="[478,520,1813,1837]" collectionCode="RBCM" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">001</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFC7372A2B1BF8FD918FF8E2" box="[532,662,1813,1837]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="1B4B1040FFC7372A2A02F8FD9087F8E2" box="[781,926,1813,1837]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0B0FE9A8FFC7372A2A02F8FD9087F8E2" box="[781,926,1813,1837]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1971-02-18">18-Feb-1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
from
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2AEEF8FD975EF8E3" box="[993,1095,1813,1837]" degrees="45.29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="45.29">45.29° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0AC15047FFC7372A2D41F8FD97D1F8E3" box="[1102,1224,1813,1837]" degrees="126.47" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="555" value="-126.47">126.47° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2DDCF8FD962BF8E3" box="[1235,1330,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E4D8D1B3FFC7372A2DDCF8FD962BF8E3" box="[1235,1330,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.71" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2710.0">2,710 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFC7372A29C8F8D1974BF89E" box="[199,1106,1849,1873]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8F8D1974BF89E" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" box="[199,1106,1849,1873]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A29C8F8D19254F89E" bold="true" box="[199,333,1849,1873]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named in honor of Eash-Loucks’ late grandfather, James Groendyk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFC7373429C8F8B49778FD03" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFC7372A29C8F8B490BBF856" blockId="15.[151,1436,805,1945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A29C8F8B49279F8BA" bold="true" box="[199,352,1884,1909]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFC7372A2867F8B59164F8BA" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[360,637,1885,1909]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFC7372A2867F8B59164F8BA" box="[360,637,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFC7372A2B8AF8B591D8F8BB" box="[645,705,1885,1908]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs in both the Southern and northeastern Pacific oceans and has been collected from depths of at least
|
||
<quantity id="A80D9B65FFC7372A2B62F869900FF856" box="[621,790,1921,1945]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2275" metricValueMax="3.819" metricValueMin="0.636" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2227.5" valueMax="3819.0" valueMin="636.0">636 to 3,819 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F7CE2A05FFC7372A2A2BF869908CF856" box="[804,917,1921,1945]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1487,1510]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,193,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-546@19.[151,1436,193,1465]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distribution of Actinoscyphia groendyki n. sp. from the Southern and northeastern Pacific Ocean." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3B8A6608FFD837352998FAA19672FA52" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,250,1353,1376]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1336]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD837352998FAA19672FA52" blockId="16.[151,1436,1353,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD837352998FAA19206FAAF" bold="true" box="[151,287,1353,1376]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD83735282BFAA29107FAAF" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[292,542,1354,1376]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD83735282BFAA29107FAAF" box="[292,542,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFD837352B2BFAA29143FA90" box="[548,602,1354,1375]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
a. Mesenteries of cycles 2–5 with diffuse retractor muscles (R); b. distal portion of mesogleal sphincter muscle (for illustration of variation of sphincter muscles see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD837352AC2FA809741FAB1" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[973,1112,1384,1406]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin [1984]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (S); c. cross section of tentacle with endodermal circular musculature (C) and ectodermal longitudinal musculature with little mesogleal involvement (L).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD8373529C8FA0A97A1F944" blockId="16.[151,1436,1506,1927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD8373529C8FA0A92A4FA34" bold="true" box="[199,445,1506,1531]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
We re-examined some of the
|
||
<specimenCount id="79F3FD09FFD837352A00FA0B90BEFA34" box="[783,935,1507,1531]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">18 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from the Southern Ocean that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD837352C0DFA0B9685FA34" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[1282,1436,1507,1531]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD837352853F9EF9027F9D0" authority="(McMurrich, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[348,830,1543,1567]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD837352853F9EF914FF9D0" box="[348,598,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actinoscyphia plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD837352B68F9EF902FF9D0" author="McMurrich, J. P." box="[615,822,1543,1567]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="119 - 216" refId="ref25148" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1893) Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887 - 1888. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16 (930), 119 - 216." type="journal article" year="1893">McMurrich, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Features of specimens from the northeastern Pacific conform to what she reported except that 1) the microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD837352A43F9C49043F98C" box="[844,858,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores of the actinopharynx and the large basitrichs of the mesenterial filaments are smaller, and 2) mesenteries of the first cycle are always sterile whereas Fautin reported that only the directives and some mesenteries of the youngest cycle are sterile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD8373529C8F9709685F848" blockId="16.[151,1436,1506,1927]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In the actinopharynx of specimens
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD837352B5AF97F91F6F960" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[597,751,1687,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined, we found small microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD837352DA2F97097A2F960" box="[1197,1211,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores (the smallest was 26.1 x 4.0 µm), which fall within the same size range as those of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD837352DCAF953964CF91C" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[1221,1365,1723,1747]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD837352DCAF953964CF91C" box="[1221,1365,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFD837352C51F9539685F91D" box="[1374,1436,1723,1746]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Therefore, the only difference we found between specimens from the northeastern Pacific and Southern oceans was the size of large basitrichs in the mesenterial filaments, whose lengths overlaps by 1 µm. However, these nematocysts were not found in all specimens from the Southern Ocean, so they may be contaminants from the actinopharynx. We conclude that the specimens from the northeastern Pacific, as well as those examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD837352C5BF8A393FAF848" author="Fautin, D. G." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, constitute a single species. In specimens from both localities, all mesenteries of the first cycle were sterile,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD837352998F87B93FAF83C" blockId="16.[151,1436,1939,2035]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
as were those of the second cycle in most specimens. Thus these specimens clearly fall within the original diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD83735282AF85F92DDF800" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1920" box="[293,452,1975,1999]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD83735282AF85F92DDF800" box="[293,452,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Actinoscyphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD8373528E2F85F91D9F800" author="Stephenson, T. A." box="[493,704,1975,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="425 - 574" refId="ref26017" refString="Stephenson, T. A. (1920) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part I. -- Forms with acontia and forms with a mesogloeal sphincter. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 64 (256), 425 - 574." type="journal article" year="1920">Stephenson (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which includes the first cycle of mesenteries being complete and sterile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FF7F90A3FF38" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Some features of the specimens we examined from the northeastern Pacific and those identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD937342C5BFF7F93F8FF1B" author="Fautin, D. G." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342801FF54929AFF1B" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[270,387,188,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342801FF54929AFF1B" box="[270,387,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342B8FFF549065FF1B" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[640,892,188,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342B8FFF549065FF1B" box="[640,892,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as originally described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD937342DB1FF549681FF1B" author="McMurrich, J. P." box="[1214,1432,188,212]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="119 - 216" refId="ref25148" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1893) Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887 - 1888. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16 (930), 119 - 216." type="journal article" year="1893">McMurrich (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; therefore, we also examined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B04E8822FFD937342B0CFF37917CFF38" box="[515,613,223,247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342B85FF0891E2FF37" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[650,763,224,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342B85FF0891E2FF37" box="[650,763,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 17789).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FEEC9088FE48" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
USNM 17789 has 235 tentacles (a small portion of the margin, about 1/15, including tentacles was removed). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD93734281FFECF92FEFEF0" author="McMurrich, J. P." box="[272,487,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="119 - 216" refId="ref25148" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1893) Report on the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887 - 1888. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 16 (930), 119 - 216." type="journal article" year="1893">McMurrich (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the species as having only 96 tentacles. The number of tentacles we observed corresponds to the number of mesenteries in the specimen, because the fifth cycle was fully developed and some members of the sixth cycle of mesenteries were observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FE7C9672FD90" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The number of tentacles and mesenteries of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B04E8822FFD937342A07FE7C9073FE63" box="[776,874,404,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342A95FE7C9709FE63" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[922,1040,404,428]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342A95FE7C9709FE63" box="[922,1040,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distinguish that species from the northeastern Pacific specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342B20FE5091D7FE1F" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1920" box="[559,718,440,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342B20FE5091D7FE1F" box="[559,718,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and those reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD937342AE4FE5F9794FE00" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[1003,1165,439,463]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref24118" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1984) More Antarctic and Subantarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series, 41, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1984">Fautin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Additionally, the new species is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD9373428FFFE34917CFE3B" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[496,613,476,500]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD9373428FFFE34917CFE3B" box="[496,613,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the length and shape of the sphincter muscle (short and distinctly transversely striated throughout its entire length in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342BE1FDE8907AFDD7" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[750,867,512,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342BE1FDE8907AFDD7" box="[750,867,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), thickness of the mesoglea (much thinner in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342C8BFDE893F0FDF3" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342C8BFDE893F0FDF3" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), oral stomata in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD9373428BDFDCC913DFDF3" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[434,548,548,572]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD9373428BDFDCC913DFDF3" box="[434,548,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and cnidae (most notably the lack of holotrichs in the tentacles of
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342C2DFDCC9685FDF3" box="[1314,1436,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342C2DFDCC9681FDF3" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1314,1432,548,572]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">A. plebeia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although this may be due to the condition of the specimen) (Table 2) (see Dichotomous key of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342DB3FDA09643FDAF" authorityName="Stephenson" authorityYear="1920" box="[1212,1370,584,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342DB3FDA09643FDAF" box="[1212,1370,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FD849778FD03" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD93734283FFD849150FD4B" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[304,585,620,644]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD93734283FFD849150FD4B" box="[304,585,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFD937342B5BFD84918CFD4C" box="[596,661,620,643]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs in both the Southern and northeastern Pacific Oceans, we consider it likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD93734289DFD7891B0FD67" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[402,681,656,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD93734289DFD7891B0FD67" box="[402,681,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFD937342BBDFD7891F6FD68" box="[690,751,656,679]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean as well. This also means that the analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0B644B71FFD9373428B0FD5C91DDFD03" author="Rodriguez, E. & Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. & Gili, J. M." box="[447,708,692,716]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1876 - 1904" refId="ref25705" refString="Rodriguez, E., Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. & Gili, J. M. (2007) Biogeography of Antarctic sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): what do they tell us about the origin of the Antarctic benthic fauna? Deep-Sea Research Part II, 54, 1876 - 1904." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Rodríguez
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342B34FD5D916AFD03" box="[571,627,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD937342BFCFD5C907DFD03" baseAuthorityName="McMurrich" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[755,868,692,716]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plebeia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD937342BFCFD5C907DFD03" box="[755,868,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. plebeia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must be reconsidered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFD9373429C8FD3F9168FD20" box="[199,625,727,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FD3F9168FD20" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" box="[199,625,727,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD9373429C8FD3F92A9FD3F" bold="true" box="[199,432,727,752]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
See Appendix 5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="27EF650BFFD9373429C8FD1393F3FC6B" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F4A3680FFD9373429C8FD1393F3FC6B" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD9373429C8FD1392CCFCDB" bold="true" box="[199,469,763,788]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8F54D03FFD9373428EBFD149018FCDB" authority="Fautin, 2012" authorityName="Fautin" authorityYear="2012" box="[484,769,764,788]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actinoscyphiidae" genus="Actinoscyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groendyki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D81EA92FFD9373428EBFD149018FCDB" box="[484,769,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Actinoscyphia groendyki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="46B257E9FFD937342A1FFD14904DFCDC" box="[784,852,764,787]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be distinguished from its congeners by its combination of: elongate pedal disc; oval oral disc; to about 150 tentacles that are thickened aborally; five cycles of mesenteries (to 144 mesenteries at limbus), of which six pairs are complete and the first and typically the second cycle are sterile; absence of stomata; moderately long mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle with pigmented alveoli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |