1048 lines
140 KiB
XML
1048 lines
140 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DCC5E4A10F6F18C138D8DA50D559C329">The history, systematics, and nomenclature of Thalattosuchia (Archosauria: Crocodylomorpha)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="52BCD56172893F9E8C4C64F6C92DED69">Young, Mark T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="462E8189018B9E4041AE05C8CEE2FF69">School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom & LWL-Museum für Naturkunde, Sentruper Strasse 285, 48161 Münster, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C370716A7A47C57935DB6F16BF9AC274">Wilberg, Eric W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="236AA5BDB43CD170D3340E17B4E44A59">Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="C0EC2FD15FFCCFF134F6919EDA87DDB4">Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="90C3B0515370D599CCA274560BC69D86">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, B 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) & Departamento de Diversidade e Ecologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 12, Porto Alegre, 90619 - 900, Brazil & Setor de Paleontologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 40, Porto Alegre, 90619 - 900, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="79FA674F93CA48B008B49CFA14996238">Departamento de Diversidade e Ecologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 12, Porto Alegre, 90619 - 900, Brazil & Setor de Paleontologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 40, Porto Alegre, 90619 - 900, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="13EA2A5CA41DACCC138C23883144CF42">Brignon, Arnaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="73C769A48315EB4002E4D1A338116361">5, Villa Jeanne-d’Arc, 92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5BAAB7B3653BEAA10E7AC798ED5E701D">Sachs, Sven</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3AE9CEBE8821AF3D80B28E17D3C33920">Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D1A3D236C189427124ACAF64D5DFEF00">Abel, Pascal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="27FCD2AB534F2AAA94D84A82627AC347">Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72074 Tübingen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E1C90D97A126D96D7AC8237EB2939400">Foffa, Davide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7215A5B13D7DAEE8CAA2FE5DC7790BB7">Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg 24061, Virginia, USA & School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B 15 2 TT, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E761ABA33D41A1744DD94F09895539CA">Fernández, Marta S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="242FD82D47E71FE0DD603FE2D5F482D4">Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, B 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BD4D26D58CA3ACEF2B5BCE414FAB2946">Vignaud, Patrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9C6FEDAEEBFD8E1B42E03AF933BBC92C">Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Evolution, Paléoécosystèmes et Paléoprimatologie, CNRS UMR 7262, Department of Geosciences, University of Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC3CE25F2A26D6B7100CFAB8F61A7932">School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B027ADAC8683CC44FE8FC05697ECA42B">School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:part id="D391FAFAD40229B68A978D2832A9BF08">
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<mods:date id="F060194656CC97519B6B808EFEE5711F">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">
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<subSubSection id="C363679BFF95731A7A1D0CCA085AFB0B" box="[893,1376,1242,1269]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF95731A7A1D0CCA09AFFB0B" authority="Fraas, 1901" authorityName="Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[893,1173,1242,1269]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thalattosuchia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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Thalattosuchia
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7D7C0CCB09AFFB0B" author="Fraas E" box="[1052,1173,1242,1269]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" pagination="409 - 18" refId="ref51900" refString="Fraas E. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia ng) eine Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 1901; 57: 409 - 18." type="journal article" year="1901">Fraas, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Zoological Code)
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<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF95731A7A4A0D1109ADFAE6" authority="Fraas 1901: 410" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityPageNumber="410" authorityYear="1901" box="[810,1175,1281,1305]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thalattosuchia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7A4A0D110E83FAE6" box="[810,953,1281,1305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Thalattosuchia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7AB00D1109ADFAE6" author="Fraas E" box="[976,1175,1281,1305]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" pagination="409 - 18" refId="ref51900" refString="Fraas E. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia ng) eine Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 1901; 57: 409 - 18." type="journal article" year="1901">Fraas 1901: 410</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, converted clade name (PhyloCode).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC63410FF95731A7A4A0D500E5FFA88" blockId="37.[810,1459,1242,1399]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">RegNum registration number 1012.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C363679BFF9573197D5C0DB40F8FFF38" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="585" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC63410FF95731A7D5C0DB40998FA41" blockId="37.[1084,1186,1444,1470]" box="[1084,1186,1444,1470]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7D5C0DB40998FA41" box="[1084,1186,1444,1470]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Etymology</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9573197A4A0DDB0F8FFF38" blockId="37.[810,1460,1483,1977]" lastBlockId="38.[129,777,144,199]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="585" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">
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‘Sea crocodiles’.
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7AB70DDB090BFA1C" box="[983,1073,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Thalatto-</emphasis>
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is from the classical Ancient Greek (θᾰ́λᾰ́ττᾰ́,
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7AF70DFA0EDEF9FD" box="[919,996,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">thálatta</emphasis>
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) for sea.
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7D300DFA09AEF9FD" box="[1104,1172,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Suchus</emphasis>
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||
is the Neo-Latinized form of the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7AD20E190939F9DE" box="[946,1027,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Soukhos</emphasis>
|
||
(σοῦΧος), which appears to have been the name of an individual tamed crocodile that lived in Arsinoite nome, in Ancient
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF95731A7A910E590915F99E" box="[1009,1071,1609,1633]" name="Egypt" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7D250E580837F99F" author="Larcher P-H" box="[1093,1293,1608,1632]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" refId="ref55648" refString="Larcher P-H. Larcher's notes on Herodotus. Historical and Critical Comments on the History of Herodotus, with a Chronological Table, new edition, Vol. 1. Cooley WB (ed). London: Whittaker & Co, 1844, 490." type="book" year="1844">Larcher 1844: 286</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on Herodotus’ journey through Late Period Ancient
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF95731A7DC60E7809D3F97F" box="[1190,1257,1640,1664]" name="Egypt" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
). ‘Sonchis’ was used to refer to the tamed crocodiles that lived in Arsinoite nome (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7A550EB60EC0F941" author="Larcher P-H" box="[821,1018,1702,1726]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" refId="ref55648" refString="Larcher P-H. Larcher's notes on Herodotus. Historical and Critical Comments on the History of Herodotus, with a Chronological Table, new edition, Vol. 1. Cooley WB (ed). London: Whittaker & Co, 1844, 490." type="book" year="1844">Larcher 1844: 286</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although Larcher also quoted Damascius in stating that the Ancient Egyptians used ‘sonchis’ to refer to a species of crocodile (as two species of crocodile lived in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF95731A7C150EF50889F902" box="[1397,1459,1765,1789]" name="Egypt" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
at that time).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7ADC0F1409AEF8E3" author="Larcher P-H" box="[956,1172,1796,1820]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" refId="ref55648" refString="Larcher P-H. Larcher's notes on Herodotus. Historical and Critical Comments on the History of Herodotus, with a Chronological Table, new edition, Vol. 1. Cooley WB (ed). London: Whittaker & Co, 1844, 490." type="book" year="1844">Larcher (1844: 286)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered Herodotus’ use of ‘champsa’ to be the generic Egyptian term for crocodile. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF95731A7AF10F5309A8F8A4" author="Anonymous" box="[913,1170,1859,1883]" pageId="37" pageNumber="584" pagination="151 - 74" refId="ref48494" refString="Anonymous. Memoir on the Antiquity of the Zodiacs of Esneh and Dendera Part one. The Classical Journal 1821; 24: 151 - 74." type="journal article" year="1821">Anonymous (1821: 160)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that ‘Herodotus must have been a very imperfect master of the Egyptian language. In no instance does he write accurately an Egyptian name’. The suffix -
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF95731A7A120FB10E8BF846" box="[882,945,1953,1977]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="584">suchus</emphasis>
|
||
is today used to refer to crocodiles, crocodylian relatives, or crocodylian analogues. The Neo-Latin suffix -
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197BAF08810FD8FF57" box="[719,738,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">ia</emphasis>
|
||
denotes an abstract noun of feminine grammatical gender.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C363679BFF967319781808F70D85FCC6" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF967319781808F70F28FEFE" blockId="38.[129,778,231,387]" box="[376,530,231,257]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF967319781808F70F28FEFE" box="[376,530,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Geological range</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731979E1091D0F4EFE7C" blockId="38.[129,778,231,387]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) to Early Cretaceous (earliest Aptian) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF967319782B093D0F81FEBB" author="von Huene F & Maubeuge PL" box="[331,699,300,325]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="13 - 7" refId="ref53858" refString="von Huene F, Maubeuge PL. Sur quelques restes de reptiles du Lias de Jeandelaincourt (M. - et-M.). (Zone a Amaltheus Margaritatus). Bulletin de la Societe Geologiques de France, Serie 6 1952; 2: 13 - 7." type="journal article" year="1952">von Huene and Maubeuge 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197BB0093C0E3EFEBB" author="von Huene F & Maubeuge PL" box="[720,772,300,324]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="105 - 9" refId="ref53907" refString="von Huene F, Maubeuge PL. Sur quelques restes de Sauriens du Rhetien et du Jurassique lorain. Bulletin de la Societe Geologiques de France, Serie 6 1954; 4: 105 - 9." type="journal article" year="1954">1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731979E1095C0C26FE9B" author="Gasparini Z" box="[129,284,332,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="23 - 4" refId="ref52181" refString="Gasparini Z. Los reptiles marinos jurasicos de America del Sur. Ameghiniana 1985; 22: 23 - 4." type="journal article" year="1985">Gasparini 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197845095C0CF9FE9B" author="Godefroit P" box="[293,451,332,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="98" refId="ref52607" refString="Godefroit P. Les reptiles marins du Toarcien (Jurassique inferieur) belgo-luxembourgeois. Memoires pour servir a l'Explication des Cartes Geologiques et Minieres de la Belgique 1994; 39: 98." type="journal article" year="1994">Godefroit 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978AC095C0FA2FE9B" author="Gasparini Z & Vignaud P & Chong G" box="[460,664,332,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="657 - 64" refId="ref52296" refString="Gasparini Z, Vignaud P, Chong G. The Jurassic Thalattosuchia (Crocodyliformes) of Chile: a paleobiogeographic approach. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 2000; 171: 657 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 171.6.657" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Gasparini
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B53095D0F60FE9B" box="[563,602,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197BC1095C0DD2FE7C" author="Chiarenza A & Foffa D & Young MT" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="608 - 16" refId="ref50078" refString="Chiarenza A, Foffa D, Young MT et al. The youngest record of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs, with implications for the extinction of Thalattosuchia. Cretaceous Research 2015; 56: 608 - 16." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Chiarenza
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E1097C0D93FE7C" box="[129,169,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197993097B0CA3FE7C" author="Sachs S & Young MT & Hornung J" box="[243,409,363,387]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="104479" refId="ref58635" refString="Sachs S, Young MT, Hornung J. The enigma of Enaliosuchus, and a reassessment of the Early Cretaceous fossil record of Metriorhynchidae. Cretaceous Research 2020; 114: 104479." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Sachs
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197852097C0C60FE7C" box="[306,346,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978C4097B0F59FE7C" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[420,611,363,387]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF967319789C097C0F1EFE7C" box="[508,548,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF967319784809B30F58FE42" blockId="38.[129,778,419,732]" box="[296,610,419,445]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF967319784809B30F58FE42" box="[296,610,419,445]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">PhyloCode phylogenetic definition</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731979E109D90FEFFD23" blockId="38.[129,778,419,732]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
The largest clade within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978B109D90FBAFE1E" box="[465,640,457,481]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylomorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978B109D90FBAFE1E" box="[465,640,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Crocodylomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E109F90F10FDFE" authority="(Jager 1828)" baseAuthorityName="Jager" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[129,554,489,513]" genus="Macrospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bollensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E109F90CB9FDFE" box="[129,387,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Macrospondylus bollensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978C509F90F25FDFE" author="Jager GF" box="[421,543,489,513]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" refId="ref54533" refString="Jager GF. Uber die Fossile Reptilien, welche in Wurttemberg Aufgefunden Worden Sind. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1828, 48." type="book" year="1828">Jäger 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197B1809F90DC2FDDF" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Thalattosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superciliosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B1809F90DC2FDDF" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Thalattosuchus superciliosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Blainville in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978DE0A180FC3FDDF" author="Eudes-Deslongchamps JA" box="[446,761,520,544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" refId="ref51191" refString="Eudes-Deslongchamps JA. de Blainville HMD. Lettres sur les Crocodiles Vivants et Fossiles. Caen: A. Hardel, 1852, 38." type="book" year="1852">Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF967319798B0A370FB8FDC0" authority="Brown, 1933" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1933" box="[235,642,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Protosuchidae" genus="Protosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF967319798B0A370CE5FDC0" box="[235,479,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Protosuchus richardsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978910A380FB8FDC0" author="Brown B" box="[497,642,551,575]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref49311" refString="Brown B. An ancestral crocodile. American Museum Novitates 1933; 683: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1933">Brown, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197BFA0A370CA6FDA0" authority="Woodward, 1896" authorityName="Woodward" authorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" genus="Notosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197BFA0A370DEFFDA1" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Notosuchus terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731979830A570CA6FDA0" author="Woodward AS" box="[227,412,583,607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref60269" refString="Woodward AS. On two Mesozoic crocodilians, Notosuchus (genus novum) and Cynodontosuchus (genum novum) from the red sandstones of the Territory of Neuquen (Argentine Republic). Anales del Museo de La Plata - Serie Paleontologia Argentina 1896; 4: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Woodward, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978D10A570E3EFDA1" authority="Price, 1955" authorityName="Price" authorityYear="1955" box="[433,772,582,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Peirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tormini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978D10A570F42FDA1" box="[433,632,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Peirosaurus tormini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197BE70A570E3EFDA1" author="Price LI" box="[647,772,582,607]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="487 - 98" refId="ref58046" refString="Price LI. Novos crocodilideos dos arenitos da Serie Bauru. Cretaceo do Estado de Minas Gerais. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro 1955; 27: 487 - 98." type="journal article" year="1955">Price, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10A760E3EFD81" authority="Salisbury and Naish, 2011" authorityName="Salisbury and Naish" authorityYear="2011" box="[129,772,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Goniopholididae" genus="Anteophthalmosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hooleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E10A760C8BFD81" box="[129,433,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Anteophthalmosuchus hooleyi</emphasis>
|
||
Salisbury and Naish, 2011
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10A950F5FFD62" authority="Adams et al., 2017" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="2017" box="[129,613,645,669]" genus="Deltasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="motherali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E10A950C5DFD62" box="[129,359,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Deltasuchus motherali</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF967319781C0A950F5FFD62" author="Adams TL & Noto CR & Drumheller S" box="[380,613,645,669]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="1349776" refId="ref48169" refString="Adams TL, Noto CR, Drumheller S. A large neosuchian crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Woodbine Formation of North Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2017; 37: e 1349776. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1349776" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Adams
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978B80A960F2AFD62" box="[472,528,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197B1F0A950CCFFD42" authority="von Meyer, 1841" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1841" class="Reptilia" family="Pholidosauridae" genus="Pholidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schaumburgensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B1F0A950C19FD42" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Pholidosaurus schaumburgensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731978530AB50CCFFD42" author="von Meyer H" box="[307,501,677,701]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" pagination="443 - 5" refId="ref56775" refString="von Meyer H. Pholidosaurus Schaumburgensis, ein Saurus aus dem Sandstein der Wald-Formation Nord-Deutschlands. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie und Petrefactenkunde 1841; 4: 443 - 5." type="journal article" year="1841">von Meyer, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197B6B0AB50C1DFD23" authority="(Thomas, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Reptilia" family="Dyrosauridae" genus="Dyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phosphaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B6B0AB50E33FD42" box="[523,777,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Dyrosaurus phosphaticus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF96731979EB0AD40C26FD23" author="Thomas P" box="[139,284,708,732]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" refId="ref59444" refString="Thomas P. 1893. Description de Quelques Fossiles Nouveaux ou Critiques des Terrains Tertiaires et Secondaires de la Tunisie Recueillis en 1885 et 1886 par M. Philippe Thomas. Exploration Scientifique de la Tunisie. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale." type="book" year="1893">Thomas, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF967319783E0AD40FEBFD23" authority="(Laurenti, 1768)" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[350,721,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF967319783E0AD40F24FD23" box="[350,542,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Crocodylus niloticus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9673197B4E0AD40FFFFD23" author="Laurenti JN" box="[558,709,708,732]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" refId="ref55749" refString="Laurenti JN. Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis Circa venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. Vienna: JTN. de Trattnern, 1768, 214." type="book" year="1768">Laurenti, 1768</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731978080AEC0F18FCEA" blockId="38.[360,546,764,789]" box="[360,546,763,790]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978080AEC0F18FCEA" box="[360,546,763,790]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Reference phylogeny</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731979E10B320D85FCC6" blockId="38.[129,191,803,826]" box="[129,191,802,826]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13422895FF96731979E10B320D83FCC5" box="[129,185,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1185,1209]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,147,1154]" captionTargetId="figure-283@19.[114,1458,144,1157]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 3. The equal weights, no constraints strict consensus topology (C0). Length = 4164, CI = 0.303, RI = 0.831, RC = 0.251, HI = 0.697, number of most parsimonious cladograms hit the hold limit.Phylogeny pruned to highlight Thalattosuchia (see Supporting Information, Appendix S2, Fig. S1 for the entire topology). A, Crocodylomorpha; B, Crocodyliformes; C, Thalattosuchia; D, Neothalattosuchia; E, Teleosauridae; F, Teleosaurinae; G, Aeolodontini; H, Machimosauridae; I, Machimosaurinae; J, Machimosaurini; K, Euthalattosuchia; L, Metriorhynchidae; M, Metriorhynchinae; N, Rhacheosaurini; O, Geosaurinae; P, Geosaurini. Green lines highlight non-neothalattosuchian thalattosuchians, orange lines highlight teleosauroid thalattosuchians, and blue lines highlight metriorhynchoid thalattosuchians.Images from PhyloPics.org, with the teleosauroid by Scott Hartman, and the metriorhynchid by Dmitry Bogdanov (vectorized by T. Michael Keesey), the only change made was to their colouration, and their license is: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11241251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11241251/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C363679BFF96731878410B490CA4FDA1" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="586" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731978410B490F53FC8C" blockId="38.[289,617,857,883]" box="[289,617,857,883]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978410B490F53FC8C" box="[289,617,857,883]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">PhyloCode diagnostic apomorphies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731979E10B900CE4F8FA" blockId="38.[129,778,896,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
Crocodylomorphs with the following unique combination of characters (11): loss of planar skull table morphology (reversal to non-crocodyliform and non-hallopodid condition) (185.0); lack of longitudinal groove on the squamosal (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979D40BED0C72FBEA" box="[180,328,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Hylaeochampsidae" genus="Iharkutosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979D40BED0C72FBEA" box="[180,328,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Iharkutosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reversal from the crocodyliform condition) (250.0); temporal bars oblique and anteriorly convergent, giving the skull roof a trapezoidal outline in dorsal view (shared with Dyrosauroidea, paralligatorids, and numerous other acquisitions within Notosuchia and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978CD0C6B0F27FB6C" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1988" box="[429,541,1147,1171]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neosuchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Neosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (255: 1); paroccipital process with a proportionally robust, thickened lateral/ventrolateral edge (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978DE0CA90E3CFB2E" authority=", Tethysuchia" authorityName="Tethysuchia" box="[446,774,1209,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Goniopholididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Goniopholididae, Tethysuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10CC90C18FB0E" box="[129,290,1241,1265]" family="Paralligatoridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Paralligatoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978220CC90CE6FB0E" box="[322,476,1241,1265]" family="Bernissartiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bernissartiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF967319789D0CC90FFBFB0E" baseAuthorityName="Williston" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[509,705,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Hylaeochampsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylaeochampsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10CE80C07FAEF" box="[129,317,1272,1296]" family="Allodaposuchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Allodaposuchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (416: 1); large region of the exoccipitals exposed ventral to the paroccipital processes (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10D260C2CFAB1" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1934" box="[129,278,1334,1358]" class="Reptilia" family="Protosuchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protosuchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978240D260CCEFAB1" box="[324,500,1334,1358]" family="Notochampsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notochampsidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197B430D260F8EFAB1" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1924" box="[547,692,1334,1358]" class="Reptilia" family="Notosuchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notosuchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10D460C19FA91" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1968" box="[129,291,1366,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphagesauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sphagesauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (433: 1); proötic exposed in dorsal view within the supratemporal fossa (reversal to the non-crocodyliform condition) (443.0); lack of contact between the laterosphenoid and quadrate (reversal to non-crocodyliform and non-hallopodid condition) (470.0); quadrate anteroventral process free of bony attachment along its anteromedial surface, but contacts the pterygoid ventrally (472.2); tympanic membrane fossa restricted to the posterolateral corner of the skull (477.1); retroarticular process is triangular in shape (shared with the notosuchian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10E600C9FF977" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2006" box="[129,421,1648,1672]" class="Reptilia" genus="Araripesuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsangatsangana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E10E600C9FF977" box="[129,421,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Araripesuchus tsangatsangana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the goniopholidid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197B0D0E600FE7F977" box="[621,733,1648,1672]" class="Reptilia" family="Goniopholididae" genus="Sunosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B0D0E600FE7F977" box="[621,733,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Sunosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pholidosaurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978400E9F0CAFF958" authorityName="de Broin & Taquet" authorityYear="1966" box="[288,405,1679,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Sarcosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978400E9F0CAFF958" box="[288,405,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Sarcosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978AA0E800F76F958" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1904" box="[458,588,1680,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Terminonaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978AA0E800F76F958" box="[458,588,1680,1703]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Terminonaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the paralligatorid
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979E10EBE0C2BF939" box="[129,273,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Kansajasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978460EBE0CFAF939" box="[294,448,1710,1734]" family="Bernissartiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bernissartiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731978B40EBE0F63F939" box="[468,601,1710,1734]" class="Reptilia" family="Susisuchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neosuchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Susisuchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197BC20EBE0E38F939" authorityName=", Haeckel" authorityYear="1895" box="[674,770,1710,1734]" class="Crocodylia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eusuchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Eusuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (571: 0); absence of laminar presacral hypapophyses (optimization of character unclear) (688.0).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731978510F350F63F8C0" blockId="38.[129,778,1829,1985]" box="[305,601,1829,1855]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731978510F350F63F8C0" box="[305,601,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Potentially diagnostic characters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF96731979E10F5B09C5FF38" blockId="38.[129,778,1829,1985]" lastBlockId="38.[825,1475,144,1985]" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
The following 46 characters are diagnostic for
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197B3A0F5B0D91F87C" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Plagiophthalmosu chus</emphasis>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979A70F7B0C4DF87C" box="[199,375,1899,1923]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="582" parvOrder="Neothalattosuchia" phylum="Chordata" rank="parvOrder">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF96731979A70F7B0C4DF87C" box="[199,375,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Neothalattosuchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but cannot be scored for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197BE20F7B0E3EF87C" authorityName="Wilberg, Godoy, Griffiths, Turner & Benson" authorityYear="2023" box="[642,772,1899,1923]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Turnersuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197BE20F7B0E3EF87C" box="[642,772,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Turnersuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore all, or a subset thereof, could be diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF96731979E10FB90C23F83E" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,281,1961,1985]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, without more complete specimens from the pre-Toarcian, these characters could also define the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197CC108800985FF38" authority="+ Neothalattosuchia" authorityName="Neothalattosuchia" class="Phycisphaerae" genus="Pla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Planctomycetota" rank="species" species="giophthalmosuchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197CC108800EC8FF38" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Pla giophthalmosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
+
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197D6F08BF0985FF38" box="[1039,1215,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Neothalattosuchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9673187A3508DF0CA4FDA1" blockId="38.[825,1475,144,1985]" lastBlockId="39.[113,763,144,606]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="586" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">
|
||
Maxilla conspicuously ornamented with pits and grooves (18.3); anteroposterior elongation (36.1) and sub-horizontal orientation of the pituitary fossa chamber (37.1); enlargement of the cerebral carotid and orbital vasculature canals (43.1); hypertrophy of the transverse dural venous sinuses (44.2); stapedial-temporoorbital vasculature canals enlarged (45.1); dorsal alveolar canals posteriorly start off being medial to the maxillary alveoli, and shift to a dorsomedial position (48.1); internal antorbital sinus diverticula do not invade the maxilla surrounding the posterior alveoli (i.e. the cavity is a simple tube) (50.1); the palatal processes of the maxillae are apneumatic (53.0); pharyngotympanic diverticula reduced and largely confluent (66.2); subtympanic portion of the infundibular diverticulum cavity reduced/confluent with the pharyngotympanic sinus (68.2); absenceofsubtympanicforamina(sharedwithearly diverging crocodylomorphs and dyrosaurids) (70.0); absence of cavities for the quadrate diverticula (72.0) along with the absence of foramina aërum (73.0); otoccipital diverticula restricted to the ventral half of the otoccipital (78.1); proötic diverticula reduced (81.1); absence of intertympanic diverticula cavities (84.0); presence of intranarial fossa (111.1); premaxilla contributes less than 25% of total rostrum length (reversal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197D9E0B700881FC87" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1278,1467,864,888]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (120.0); premaxilla and nasals not in contact in dorsal view (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197AA50B8F096BFC48" authorityName="Mones" authorityYear="1980" box="[965,1105,927,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Pholidosauridae" genus="Meridiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197AA50B8F096BFC48" box="[965,1105,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Meridiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197DE80B8F09E2FC48" box="[1160,1240,927,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Gavialidae" genus="Gavialis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197DE80B8F09E2FC48" box="[1160,1240,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Gavialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (134.1–3); nasal anterior margins terminate posterior to the third maxillary alveoli (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197AAF0BCE0943FC09" box="[975,1145,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Pholidosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pholidosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (136.0); anterior margins of the nasals are triangular, with the lateral margins being strongly confluent anteriorly (shared with Notosuchia) (137.0); maxillae ventral margins are straight (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197C760C2C0884FBAB" box="[1302,1470,1084,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Pholidosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pholidosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197A590C4B0EFFFB8C" baseAuthorityName="de Stefano" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[825,965,1115,1139]" class="Reptilia" family="Dyrosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dyrosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Gavialoidea) (146.0); antorbital cavity closer to the alveolar margin than to the orbit, or equidistant (177.1); frontoparietal fossa forms a ‘flat platform’ on the dorsal surface of the frontal (reversal to non-crocodyliform and non-hallopodid condition) (191.1); postorbital is longer than the squamosal (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197AA90CE80975FAEF" authorityName="Haughton" authorityYear="1915" box="[969,1103,1272,1296]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197AA90CE80975FAEF" box="[969,1103,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Sphenosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197DEA0CE80822FAEF" authorityName="Pol, Rauhut, Lecuona, Leardi, Xu & Clark" authorityYear="2013" box="[1162,1304,1272,1296]" genus="Almadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197DEA0CE80822FAEF" box="[1162,1304,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Almadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (240.1); postorbital forms at least 50% of the supratemporal bar (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197A590D260E85FAB1" authorityName="Haughton" authorityYear="1915" box="[825,959,1334,1358]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197A590D260E85FAB1" box="[825,959,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Sphenosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197AB20D26095AFAB1" authorityName="Pol, Rauhut, Lecuona, Leardi, Xu & Clark" authorityYear="2013" box="[978,1120,1334,1358]" genus="Almadasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197AB20D26095AFAB1" box="[978,1120,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Almadasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, most European goniopholidids, some dyrosaurids, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197D490D46098DFA91" box="[1065,1207,1366,1390]" class="Crocodylia" family="Crocodylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eusuchia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crocodylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (241.1); upper temporal bar ventrally displaced relative to the intertemporal bar, coincident with the horizontal plane, and rotated, with the dorsal surface exposed laterally and the ventral surface medially (257.1); absence of palpebrals (264.0); lateral surface of the postorbital bar only formed by the postorbital, with the jugal exposed on the medial surface of the bar (315.1); in the postorbital bar, the postorbital is lateral to the jugal (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197C670E21088DF9B6" box="[1287,1463,1585,1609]" class="Reptilia" family="Peirosauridae" genus="Mahajangasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197C670E21088DF9B6" box="[1287,1463,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Mahajangasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (316.2); dorsal end of the postorbital bar broadens dorsally, being continuous with the dorsal part of the postorbital (reversal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197A330E9F092AF958" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[851,1040,1679,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (318.0); anterior border of the suborbital fenestra forms a sharp angle, forming a notch (339.1); presence of paired longitudinal palatal grooves on the maxillae and palatines (356.1); increase in size of the carotid foramina (reversal in the unnamed Chinese teleosauroid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197DE10F1C0886F8DB" box="[1153,1468,1804,1828]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Indosinosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="potamosiamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197DE10F1C0886F8DB" box="[1153,1468,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Indosinosuchus potamosiamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9673197A0B0F3B0955F8BC" authorityName="Young, Hua, Steel, Foffa, Brusatte, Thüring, Mateus, Ruiz-Omeñaca, Havlik, Lepage & Andrade" authorityYear="2015" box="[875,1135,1835,1859]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Machimosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="38" pageNumber="585" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buffetauti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9673197A0B0F3B0955F8BC" box="[875,1135,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="585">Machimosaurus buffetauti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (428.1); cranioquadrate canal enclosed by the squamosal laterally, quadrate ventrally, and the exoccipital medially, posteriorly and partly ventrally (482.1); squamosal descending process at least partially separates the cranioquadrate canal and the external auditory meatus (483.1); presence of a coronoid process on the surangular (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318791108A00DE4FF38" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1846" box="[113,222,176,199]" class="Crocodylia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Tomistoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eusuchia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318791108A00DE4FF38" box="[113,222,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Tomistoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318784108BF0C8FFF38" box="[289,437,175,199]" class="Reptilia" family="Hylaeochampsidae" genus="Iharkutosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318784108BF0C8FFF38" box="[289,437,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Iharkutosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, process often overlooked in teleosauroids) (546.1); retroarticular process divided into medial and lateral portions (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878A208FE0F77FEF9" baseAuthorityName="de Stefano" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[450,589,238,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Dyrosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dyrosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187B1E08FE0FC9FEF9" box="[638,755,238,262]" class="Crocodylia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Crocodylia</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (572.1); diastema between the fourth and fifth dentary alveoli (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318799C093D0C4BFEBA" authorityName="de Broin & Taquet" authorityYear="1966" box="[252,369,301,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Sarcosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318799C093D0C4BFEBA" box="[252,369,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Sarcosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; reversal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187892093D0F5DFEBA" box="[498,615,301,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Dakosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187892093D0F5DFEBA" box="[498,615,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Dakosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187BE3093D0FC0FEBA" box="[643,762,301,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Plesiosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187BE3093D0FC0FEBA" box="[643,762,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Plesiosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subclade) (622.1); transverse processes of sacral vertebra 1 are arched lateroventrally (729.1); ‘fan’-shaped coracoids (741.1– 2); forelimbs (humerus + ulna + metacarpal III) are between 20–35% of total trunk (presacral vertebra minus the atlas-axis) length (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318782309D90CA9FE1E" box="[323,403,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Gavialidae" genus="Gavialis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318782309D90CA9FE1E" box="[323,403,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Gavialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878A709D90F5DFE1E" box="[455,615,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Hylaeochampsidae" genus="Pietraroiasuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878A709D90F5DFE1E" box="[455,615,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Pietraroiasuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (750.3); sigmoidal femur forming a shallow ‘S’-shape (811.1); fourth trochanter ridge absent, instead a flattened rugose area is present (819.0); no appendicular osteoderms (character poorly sampled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879EB0A560C07FDA1" box="[139,317,582,606]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodyliformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Crocodyliformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (867.0).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C363679BFF97731778190A9D093AFDE0" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731878190A9D0CC8FD58" blockId="39.[113,762,653,777]" box="[377,498,653,679]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878190A9D0CC8FD58" box="[377,498,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Composition</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731879110AA30FD2FCF6" blockId="39.[113,762,653,777]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
The early diverging taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878100AA30F6EFD34" authorityName="Wilberg, Godoy, Griffiths, Turner & Benson" authorityYear="2023" box="[368,596,691,715]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Turnersuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hingleyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878100AA30F6EFD34" box="[368,596,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Turnersuchus hingleyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187BE80AA30C67FD15" genus="Plagiophthalmosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187BE80AA30C67FD15" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Plagiophthalmosuchus gracilirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the subclade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187B2A0AC20FC0FD15" box="[586,762,722,746]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" parvOrder="Neothalattosuchia" phylum="Chordata" rank="parvOrder">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187B2A0AC20FC0FD15" box="[586,762,722,746]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Neothalattosuchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which is composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318783F0AE10CD5FCF6" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[351,495,753,777]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Teleosauroidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318783F0AE10CD5FCF6" box="[351,495,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Teleosauroidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187B7F0AE10FEDFCF6" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[543,727,753,777]" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metriorhynchoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187B7F0AE10FEDFCF6" box="[543,727,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Metriorhynchoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731878E30B3D0CD3FCB8" blockId="39.[113,763,813,1063]" box="[387,489,813,839]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878E30B3D0CD3FCB8" box="[387,489,813,839]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731879110B430CBDFBD8" blockId="39.[113,763,813,1063]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879110B430DDFFC94" box="[113,229,851,875]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Authorship:</emphasis>
|
||
The nomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318780F0B430F3EFC94" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[367,516,851,875]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187BA40B430D81FC75" author="Fraas E" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="409 - 18" refId="ref51900" refString="Fraas E. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia ng) eine Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 1901; 57: 409 - 18." type="journal article" year="1901">Fraas (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731879950B620C41FC75" author="Fraas E" box="[245,379,882,906]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="409 - 18" refId="ref51900" refString="Fraas E. Die Meerkrokodile (Thalattosuchia ng) eine Sauriergruppe der Juraformation. Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 1901; 57: 409 - 18." type="journal article" year="1901">Fraas (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the nominal authority of the clade under both nomenclatural codes (note, when higher clades are written in italics, we are referring to the PhyloCode variant). As
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879F30BC00C12FC17" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[147,296,976,1000]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is above the family-group, only Articles 1–4, 7–10, 11.1–11.3, 14, 27, 28, and 32.5.2.5 of the Zoological Code apply (as per Article 1.2.2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731879110C590FE1FA08" blockId="39.[113,763,1096,1527]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879110C590C9EFB9F" box="[113,420,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Prior phylogenetic definition:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731878D70C580FC0FB9F" author="Young MT & Andrade MB" box="[439,762,1096,1120]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="551 - 85" refId="ref60527" refString="Young MT, Andrade MB. What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009; 157: 551 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Young and Andrade (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
defined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879B20C770C5BFB80" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[210,353,1127,1151]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thalattosuchia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879B20C770C5BFB80" box="[210,353,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Thalattosuchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the most inclusive clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879890C970FF9FB60" authority="(Lamouroux, 1820)" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[233,707,1159,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Teleosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cadomensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879890C970CE2FB60" box="[233,472,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Teleosaurus cadomensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731878940C970F82FB60" author="Lamouroux JVF" box="[500,696,1159,1183]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="160 - 4" refId="ref55568" refString="Lamouroux JVF. Sur le crocodile fossile trouve dans les carrieres du bourg d'Allemagne, a un quart de lieue de Cean. Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques 1820; 3: 160 - 4." type="journal article" year="1820">Lamouroux, 1820</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879110CB60F2DFB41" authority="von Meyer, 1832" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1832" box="[113,535,1190,1214]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Metriorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879110CB60C5DFB41" box="[113,359,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Metriorhynchus geoffroyii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF977318780C0CB60F2DFB41" author="von Meyer H" box="[364,535,1190,1214]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" refId="ref56694" refString="von Meyer H. Palaeologica zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Geschopfe. Frankfurt am Main: Siegmund Schmerber, 1832, 560." type="book" year="1832">von Meyer, 1832</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187B100CB60FC0FB41" authorityName=", Lydekker" authorityYear="1887" box="[624,762,1190,1214]" class="Reptilia" family="Pholidosauridae" genus="Pholidosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187B100CB60FC0FB41" box="[624,762,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Pholidosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318791B0CD50C2FFB22" box="[123,277,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">chaumburgensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF977318787B0CD60CF2FB22" author="von Meyer H" box="[283,456,1221,1246]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="443 - 5" refId="ref56775" refString="von Meyer H. Pholidosaurus Schaumburgensis, ein Saurus aus dem Sandstein der Wald-Formation Nord-Deutschlands. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie und Petrefactenkunde 1841; 4: 443 - 5." type="journal article" year="1841">von Meyer, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878B40CD50D9FFB02" authority="Owen, 1842" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1842" class="Reptilia" family="Goniopholididae" genus="Goniopholis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878B40CD50F8AFB22" box="[468,688,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Goniopholis crassidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187BD60CD50D9FFB02" author="Owen R" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="60 - 204" refId="ref57495" refString="Owen R. Report on British fossils reptiles, Part 2. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11 th meeting, Plymouth 1842; 1841: 60 - 204." type="journal article" year="1842">Owen, 1842</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879B30CF50F44FB02" authority="(Thomas, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[211,638,1253,1277]" class="Reptilia" family="Dyrosauridae" genus="Dyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phosphaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879B30CF50CF3FB02" box="[211,457,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Dyrosaurus phosphaticus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731878BD0CF50F48FB02" author="Thomas P" box="[477,626,1253,1277]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" refId="ref59444" refString="Thomas P. 1893. Description de Quelques Fossiles Nouveaux ou Critiques des Terrains Tertiaires et Secondaires de la Tunisie Recueillis en 1885 et 1886 par M. Philippe Thomas. Exploration Scientifique de la Tunisie. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale." type="book" year="1893">Thomas, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note, here the internal specifiers for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878E00D140F35FAE3" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[384,527,1284,1308]" class="Reptilia" genus="Thalattosuchia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878E00D140F35FAE3" box="[384,527,1284,1308]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Thalattosuchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the external specifier for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731879B20D330CB9FAC4" box="[210,387,1315,1339]" class="Reptilia" family="Goniopholididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Goniopholididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were changed from
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C28AB2FF9773187B3F0D340FB7FAC3" box="[607,653,1316,1340]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species to species that are better preserved and more accessible to workers. We have also expanded the number of external specifiers to include a protosuchid, a eunotosuchian, a peirosaurid (sebecian), a paluxysuchid, and an extant representative. This ensures that our intended definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878E40DD00F23FA27" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[388,537,1472,1496]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not ‘favour’ one phylogenetic positional hypothesis of the clade over another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731879110E080C7AF8B4" blockId="39.[113,763,1560,1867]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879110E080C1DF9CF" box="[113,295,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Typological errors:</emphasis>
|
||
The nomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878CB0E080F7AF9CF" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[427,576,1560,1584]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is frequently misspelt. The most common typological error is the ‘double l’ instead of the ‘double t’, i.e. ‘Thallatosuchia’/ ‘thallatosuchian’ (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731879110E670C00F970" author="De Beer G" box="[113,314,1655,1679]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" refId="ref50475" refString="De Beer G. Vertebrate Zoology; an Introduction to the Comparative Anatomy, Embryology, and Evolution of Chordate Animals. New York: Macmillan and Company, 1928, 505." type="book" year="1928">De Beer 1928: 488</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is followed by using both the ‘double l’ and the ‘double t’, i.e. ‘Thallattosuchia’/ ‘thallattosuchian’ (note these appear in recent papers where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318788D0EA50FB8F932" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[493,642,1717,1741]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is correctly spelt, so appear to be typological errors). A less common typological error is ‘Thalassosuchia’, where the stem
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187B040EE40F83F8F3" box="[612,697,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Thalasso</emphasis>
|
||
- from Laconian Greek is used, e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731878F30F040FA8F8D4" author="van de Wiele C" box="[403,658,1811,1835]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="97 - 116" refId="ref59753" refString="van de Wiele C. L'adaptation des reptiles et des mammiferes a la vie marine, par le professeur Dr E Fraas. Annales de la Societe royale zoologique et malacologique de Belgique 1905; 40: 97 - 116." type="journal article" year="1905">van de Wiele (1905: 102</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 108) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF97731879110F230C01F8B4" author="Sauvage H-E" box="[113,315,1842,1867]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="48 - 9" refId="ref58789" refString="Sauvage H-E. Reptiles, amphibiens et poissons. Revue Critique de Paleozoologie 1916; 20: 48 - 9." type="journal article" year="1916">Sauvage (1916: 48)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF97731879110F7C086DFE7C" blockId="39.[113,763,1900,1986]" lastBlockId="39.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731879110F7C0DE5F87C" box="[113,223,1900,1923]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
Thalattosuchians are remarkably diagnostic. Unfortunately,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF977318786F0F9B0CCEF85C" authorityName="Wilberg, Godoy, Griffiths, Turner & Benson" authorityYear="2023" box="[271,500,1931,1955]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Turnersuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hingleyae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF977318786F0F9B0CCEF85C" box="[271,500,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Turnersuchus hingleyae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be scored for 46 characters that also unite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF97731878FA0FBA0FC0F83D" box="[410,762,1962,1986]" genus="Plagiophthalmosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF97731878FA0FBA0FC0F83D" box="[410,762,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Plagiophthalmosuchus gracilirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other thalattosuchians (due to the incomplete preservation of its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C28AB2FF9773187AFB08BF0EC7FF38" box="[923,1021,175,199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Of the 11 characters that can be scored for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A2D08DE0EF5FF19" authorityName="Wilberg, Godoy, Griffiths, Turner & Benson" authorityYear="2023" box="[845,975,206,230]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Turnersuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187A2D08DE0EF5FF19" box="[845,975,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Turnersuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nine are cranial, one is from the lower jaw, and one is vertebral. Of the 46 characters that cannot be scored for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A4A091D0E96FEDA" authorityName="Wilberg, Godoy, Griffiths, Turner & Benson" authorityYear="2023" box="[810,940,269,293]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Turnersuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187A4A091D0E96FEDA" box="[810,940,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Turnersuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 37 are from the cranium, three are from the lower jaw, and only six are from the postcranial skeleton (one vertebral character, one pelvic girdle character, one forelimb character, two hindlimb characters, and an osteoderm character).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9773187A25099A09C7FD43" blockId="39.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
When we look at the external cranial characters, they relate to the extensive modification to the supratemporal and postorbital bars, the temporal region, the braincase, and the loss of the palpebrals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13422895FF9773187AAD09F8092FFDFF" box="[973,1045,488,512]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="41.[113,178,1673,1697]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,147,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-6@41.[114,1458,144,1645]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figure 17. Comparative plate of thalattosuchian skulls in lateral view.A, non-neothalattosuchian Plagiophthalmosuchus gracilirostris, paratype NHMUK PV OR 15500; B, the teleosaurid teleosauroid Mystriosaurus laurillardi, referred specimen NHMUK PV OR 14781 (holotype of Steneosaurus brevior); C, the early diverging metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus, referred specimen NHMUK PV OR 32599; D the metriorhynchid ‘Metriorhynchus’ brachyrhynchus, referred specimen NHMUK PV R 3804 (holotype of ‘Met’. cultridens). Highlighting that only teleosauroids had dorsolaterally oriented orbits (convergent with extant crocodylians), and that orbit size dramatically increased within Metriorhynchoidea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11241279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11241279/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are also numerous internal cranial characters, as thalattosuchians have remarkably apneumatic braincases and rostra, and many hypertrophied vascular canals (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13422895FF9773187A3B0A560E9CFDA1" box="[859,934,582,606]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="42.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[169,1433,152,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-6@42.[166,1437,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 18. Comparative plate of extant crocodylian and thalattosuchian internal braincase anatomy.The extant gavialid Gavialis gangeticus, referred specimen UF-herp-118998, in lateral view (A) and in occipital view (B). The non-neothalattosuchian Plagiophthalmosuchus cf. gracilirostris, NHMUK PV OR 33095, in lateral view (C) and in occipital view (D). The early diverging metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus, referred specimen NHMUK PV OR 32599, in lateral view (E) and in occipital view (F). The rhacheosaurin metriorhynchid Cricosaurus araucanensis, holotype MLP 72-IV-7-1, in lateral view (G) and in occipital view (H). All scale bars equal 5 cm. Highlighting the reduction" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11241281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11241281/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Figs 18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13422895FF9773187AD20A560EF6FDA1" box="[946,972,582,606]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="44.[129,194,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,156,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-7@44.[129,1473,143,1623]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 19. Comparative plate of extant crocodylian and thalattosuchian internal rostral anatomy (A–G in dorsal view and H–I in lateral view).A, extant gavialid Gavialis gangeticus, referred specimen UF-herp-118998; B, non-neothalattosuchian Plagiophthalmosuchus gracilirostris, paratype NHMUK PV OR 15500; C, extant gavialid Tomistoma schlegelii, referred specimen USNM 211322; D, early diverging metriorhynchoid Pelagosaurus typus, referred specimen NHMUK PV OR 32599; E, extant crocodylid Crocodylus rhombifer, referred specimen MNB AB50.0171; F, H, rhacheosaurin metriorhynchid Cricosaurus araucanensis, holotype MLP 72-IV-7-1; G, I, geosaurin metriorhynchid Torvoneustes coryphaeus, holotype MJML K1863. All scale bars equal 5 cm. Highlighting how apneumatic thalattosuchian rostra were, that the preorbital fenestrae were decoupled from the paranasal sinus system, and how the enlarged salt glands expanded the posterior nasal cavity in metriorhynchoids. For details on the computed tomography scans and internal descriptions, see: Cowgill et al. 2023. Abbreviations:ant fen, antorbital fenestra; antorb, antorbital sinus of the paranasal sinus system; exp, expansion of the nasal cavity; max, maxillary diverticulum of the paranasal sinus system; max cec, maxillary cecal recess; nc, nasal cavity; pre fen, preorbital fenestra; post, postvestibular sinus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11241283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11241283/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">19</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187ABA0A56083EFDA1" author="Fernandez MS & Herrera Y" box="[986,1284,582,606]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="702 - 14" refId="ref51265" refString="Fernandez MS, Herrera Y. Paranasal sinus system of Geosaurus araucanensis and the homology of the antorbital fenestra of metriorhynchids (Thalattosuchia: Crocodylomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2009; 29: 702 - 14." type="journal article" year="2009">Fernández and Herrera 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187C710A560E64FD81" author="Fernandez MS & Carabajal AP & Gasparini Z" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="369 - 77" refId="ref51342" refString="Fernandez MS, Carabajal AP, Gasparini Z et al. A metriorhynchid crocodyliform braincase from northern Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2011; 31: 369 - 77." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Fernández
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187CE30A570897FDA1" box="[1411,1453,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187A0B0A760903FD81" author="Herrera Y & Fernandez MS & Gasparini Z" box="[875,1081,614,638]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="331 - 40" refId="ref53236" refString="Herrera Y, Fernandez MS, Gasparini Z. The snout of Cricosaurus araucanensis: a case study in novel anatomy of the nasal region of metriorhynchids. Lethaia 2013 a; 46: 331 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / let. 12011" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Herrera
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187AA20A760ED6FD81" box="[962,1004,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187D4E0A760903FD81" author="Osi A & Young MT & Galacz A" box="[1070,1081,614,638]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="4668" refId="ref57436" refString="Osi A, Young MT, Galacz A et al. A new large-bodied thalattosuchian crocodyliform from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Hungary, with further evidence of the mosaic acquisition of marine adaptations in Metriorhynchoidea. PeerJ 2018; 6: e 4668. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 4668" type="journal article" year="2018">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2018,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187DE70A760874FD81" author="Brusatte SL & Muir A & Young MT" box="[1159,1358,614,638]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="1511 - 30" refId="ref49329" refString="Brusatte SL, Muir A, Young MT, et al. The braincase and neurosensory anatomy of an Early Jurassic marine crocodylomorph: implications for crocodilian sinus evolution and sensory transitions. The Anatomical Record 2016; 299: 1511 - 30." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187D830A760837FD81" box="[1251,1293,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187C3B0A760E47FD62" author="Pierce SE & Williams M & Benton MJ" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="3225" refId="ref57765" refString="Pierce SE, Williams M, Benton MJ. Virtual reconstruction of the endocranial anatomy of the Early Jurassic marine crocodylomorph Pelagosaurus typus (Thalattosuchia). PeerJ 2017; 5: e 3225." type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187CC20A760E06FD62" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187AE90A950972FD62" author="Schwab JA & Young MT & Herrera Y" box="[905,1096,645,669]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="1912062" refId="ref58884" refString="Schwab JA, Young MT, Herrera Y et al. The braincase and inner ear of ' Metriorhynchus ' cf. brachyrhynchus - implications for aquatic sensory adaptations in crocodylomorphs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2021; 41: e 1912062." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Schwab
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187ABE0A960932FD62" box="[990,1032,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187D340A95081AFD62" author="Bowman CIW & Young MT & Schwab JA" box="[1108,1312,645,669]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="2654 - 69" refId="ref49056" refString="Bowman CIW, Young MT, Schwab JA, et al. Rostral neurovasculature indicates sensory trade-offs in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs. The Anatomical Record 2022; 305: 2654 - 69." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Bowman
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187DD60A9609DAFD62" box="[1206,1248,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187C4C0A950E64FD43" author="Cowgill T & Young MT & Schwab JA" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="2583 - 603" refId="ref50356" refString="Cowgill T, Young MT, Schwab JA et al. Paranasal sinus system and upper respiratory tract evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs. The Anatomical Record 2022; 305: 2583 - 603." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Cowgill
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187CE30A960897FD62" box="[1411,1453,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187AA10AB50ED3FD43" box="[961,1001,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187D530AB509D7FD43" author="Young MT & Bowman CIW & Erb A" box="[1075,1261,676,701]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="15353" refId="ref61386" refString="Young MT, Bowman CIW, Erb A et al. Evidence for a novel cranial thermoregulatory pathway in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs. PeerJ 2023 b; 11: e 15353. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 15353" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Young
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187D190AB5099BFD43" box="[1145,1185,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9773187A250AD4082BFB2E" blockId="39.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187A250AD40907FD23" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[837,1085,708,732]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187AC90AD40EE6FD23" box="[937,988,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a specimen from the Hettangian or Sinemurian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9773187D310AF30994FD05" box="[1105,1198,739,762]" name="Morocco" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
that is remarkably similar to many early Toarcian teleosauroids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187DD40B1208B8FCE5" author="Johnson MM & Young MT & Brusatte SL" box="[1204,1410,770,794]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="9808" refId="ref54662" refString="Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL. The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2020 a; 8: e 9808. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9808" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Johnson
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187C6F0B130804FCE5" box="[1295,1342,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As we show below, the specimen shares two characters with our
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A4A0B510EFFFCA6" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[810,965,833,857]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Teleosauroidea">Teleosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
diagnosis, which supports Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187C4A0B52086BFCA6" box="[1322,1361,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.’s systematization (the other characters cannot be scored due to preservation). This, therefore, extends the confirmed geological range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A2B0B8F0ED2FC48" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[843,1000,927,951]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Teleosauroidea">Teleosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187D4A0B8F09FBFC48" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[1066,1217,927,951]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, into the Hettangian– Sinemurian. As such, the teleosauroid–metriorhynchoid split is far older than previously thought, occurring either within the first 5 million years of the Jurassic or during the Late Triassic. This also makes the hypothesis that thalattosuchians are noncrocodyliforms more plausible (for more details, see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187C000C2B0E51FB8C" author="Wilberg EW" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="621 - 37" refId="ref59841" refString="Wilberg EW. What's in an outgroup? The impact of outgroup choice on the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia (Crocodylomorpha) and the origin of Crocodyliformes. Systematic Biology 2015 b; 64: 621 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 020" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Wilberg 2015
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187A3E0C4B0E51FB8C" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[862,875,1115,1139]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187A830C4C092CFB8C" box="[995,1046,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023)—as this hypothesis requires thalattosuchians to have been present in the middle Norian (the age of the oldest known protosuchid crocodyliforms; e.g. see Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187AED0CA90E8FFB2E" box="[909,949,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019 and the references therein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9773187A250CC8083AF978" blockId="39.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187A250CC80910FB0F" author="Wilberg EW & Godoy PL & Griffiths EF" box="[837,1066,1240,1264]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="2161909" refId="ref60020" refString="Wilberg EW, Godoy PL, Griffiths EF et al. A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, UK and implications for the origin and evolution of the group. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023; 42: e 2161909." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187AC20CC90EF5FB0F" box="[930,975,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented two Bayesian time-scaling analyses to estimate the origination time for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187D8C0CE708B9FAF0" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[1260,1411,1271,1295]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one based on the phylogenetic dataset from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187DAE0D070889FAD0" author="Herrera Y & Aiglstorfer M & Bronzati M" box="[1230,1459,1303,1327]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="145 - 67" refId="ref53533" refString="Herrera Y, Aiglstorfer M, Bronzati M. A new species of Cricosaurus (Thalattosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) fromsouthernGermany: thefirst three-dimensionally preserved Cricosaurus skull from the Solnhofen Archipelago. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2021 a; 19: 145 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2021.1883138" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Herrera
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187C460D07086BFAD0" box="[1318,1361,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2021a)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and another a modification of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187DE80D26085AFAB1" author="Wilberg EW & Turner AH & Brochu CA" box="[1160,1376,1334,1358]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref59935" refString="Wilberg EW, Turner AH, Brochu CA. Evolutionary structure and timing of major habitat shifts in Crocodylomorpha. Scientific Reports 2019; 9: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187D800D270833FAB1" box="[1248,1289,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
dataset. The 95% highest posterior density (HPD) for the Herrera
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187CE30D460897FA92" box="[1411,1453,1365,1389]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. analysis spanned the Norian to Pliensbachian, with the median age within the Sinemurian, while the 95% HPD for the Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187A4A0DA40E6CFA34" box="[810,854,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. dataset spanned the Norian to Hettangian, with the median age within the Norian. Given that the newly discovered teleosauroid from the Hettangian–Sinemurian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187C440DE20E64F9D6" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187CE00DE30897F9F5" box="[1408,1453,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was not included in either dataset, origination-time estimates that include the Sinemurian and Pliensbachian can be rejected. This only strengthens a Late Triassic, and Norian in particular, origination time for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187D040E7F09C6F978" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[1124,1276,1647,1671]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF9773177A250E9F0DE1FEFA" blockId="39.[810,1460,144,1985]" lastBlockId="40.[129,778,144,1985]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="587" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">
|
||
The presence of teleosauroids prior to the Toarcian should not come as a surprise, as by the early Toarcian there had been an extensive diversification of this clade. With the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A4A0EFD0E82F8FA" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[810,952,1773,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Teleosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A8D0EFD099FF8FA" box="[1005,1189,1773,1797]" family="Machimosauridae" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" rank="family">Machimosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
having had occurred, and within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A160F1C093EF8DB" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[886,1028,1804,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Teleosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187DC30F1C080BF8DB" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[1187,1329,1804,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Teleosaurinae">Teleosaurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was already distinct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187AEC0F3B0964F8BC" author="Johnson MM & Young MT & Brusatte SL" box="[908,1118,1835,1859]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="9808" refId="ref54662" refString="Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL. The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2020 a; 8: e 9808. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9808" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Johnson
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187A880F3C0928F8BC" box="[1000,1042,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187D850F3B08B8F8BC" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[1253,1410,1835,1859]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Teleosauroidea">Teleosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its major subclades must have been present in the Pliensbachian, and by extension
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9773187A9B0F7A09FFF87D" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1019,1221,1898,1922]" pageId="39" pageNumber="582" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metriorhynchoidea">Metriorhynchoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, if our phylogenetic analyses are correct, and the Moroccan specimen from the Hettangian–Sinemurian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9773187DEC0FB80873F83E" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[1164,1353,1960,1985]" pageId="39" pageNumber="586" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9773187D830FB90830F83F" box="[1251,1290,1960,1984]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="586">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is indeed an early diverging machimosaurid, then the origination times of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779E108BF0C26FF38" authorityName="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1831" box="[129,284,175,199]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Teleosauroidea">Teleosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF987317783008BF0F22FF38" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[336,536,175,199]" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metriorhynchoidea">Metriorhynchoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
could go back into the Triassic [supporting the time-scaling analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B1E08DF0DF1FEF9" author="Wilberg EW & Godoy PL & Griffiths EF" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="2161909" refId="ref60020" refString="Wilberg EW, Godoy PL, Griffiths EF et al. A new early diverging thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Dorset, UK and implications for the origin and evolution of the group. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023; 42: e 2161909." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Wilberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177BB808DF0E39FF18" box="[728,771,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF98731779FC091D0C6DFC28" blockId="40.[129,778,144,1985]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779FC091D0DFDFEDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779FC091D0DFDFEDA" box="[156,199,269,293]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Our" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Our</location>
|
||
limited understanding of the origins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9873177B15091D0E30FEDA" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[629,778,269,293]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mirrored by our poor understanding of their extinction.
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779E1095C0C35FE9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779E1095C0C35FE9B" box="[129,271,332,356]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Teleosauroids" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Teleosauroids</location>
|
||
are clearly present in the
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF9873177B77095C0FA0FE9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF9873177B77095C0FA0FE9B" box="[535,666,332,356]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Late Jurassic" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Late Jurassic</location>
|
||
, with both teleosaurids and machimosaurids known from the
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF9873177BC3097B0C79FE5D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF9873177BC3097B0C79FE5D" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Tithonian of Western Europe" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Tithonian of Western Europe</location>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF987317781C099B0F74FE5C" author="Johnson MM & Young MT & Brusatte SL" box="[380,590,395,419]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="9808" refId="ref54662" refString="Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL. The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2020 a; 8: e 9808. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9808" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Johnson
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778B8099B0F32FE5C" box="[472,520,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B23099B0F74FE5C" author="Young MT & Brignon A & Sachs S" box="[579,590,395,419]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="510 - 53" refId="ref61294" refString="Young MT, Brignon A, Sachs S et al. Cutting the Gordian knot: a historical and taxonomic revision of the Jurassic crocodylomorph Metriorhynchus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2021; 192: 510 - 53." type="journal article" year="2021">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Young and Sachs 2021).
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779B109BA0C15FE3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779B109BA0C15FE3E" box="[209,303,426,449]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="However" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">However</location>
|
||
, our knowledge of teleosauroids outside of
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779E109DA0DF6FE1E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779E109DA0DF6FE1E" box="[129,204,458,481]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Europe" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Europe</location>
|
||
remains limited, particularly near the end of the Jurassic.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D7FFF99FF98731779E109F90C27FDFE" box="[129,285,489,513]" count="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" type="generic">Two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
are used as evidence that teleosauroids continued into the
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779B80A180CB1FDDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779B80A180CB1FDDF" box="[216,395,520,544]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Early Cretaceous" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Early Cretaceous</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731778F60A180E33FDDF" authority="Fanti et al., 2016" authorityName="Fanti" authorityYear="2016" box="[406,777,520,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Machimosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778F60A180F6CFDDF" box="[406,598,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Machimosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B3E0A180E33FDDF" author="Fanti F & Miyashita T & Cantelli L" box="[606,777,520,544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref51216" refString="Fanti F, Miyashita T, Cantelli L et al. The largest thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) supports teleosaurid survival across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Cretaceous Research 2016; 61: 263 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.11.011" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Fanti
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177BF90A190FF9FDDF" box="[665,707,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731779BD0A370C6DFDC0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731779BD0A370C6DFDC0" box="[221,343,551,575]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Hauterivian" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Hauterivian</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF98731778150A370CF9FDC0" box="[373,451,551,575]" name="Tunisia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and an indeterminate specimen from the late
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF98731778660A560C4BFDA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF98731778660A560C4BFDA1" box="[262,369,582,606]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="Barremian" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Barremian</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF98731778EF0A560CCCFDA1" box="[399,502,582,606]" name="Colombia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B640A570F8EFDA0" author="Cortes D & Larsson HCE & Maxwell EE" box="[516,692,582,607]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="365 - 79" refId="ref50271" refString="Cortes D, Larsson HCE, Maxwell EE et al. An Early Cretaceous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Colombia. Ameghiniana 2019; 56: 365 - 79." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Cortés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B2E0A570F4CFDA1" box="[590,630,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8EA662CBFF9873177BAA0A560E30FDA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D08506FF9573177A1D0CCA093AFDE0:8EA662CBFF9873177BAA0A560E30FDA1" box="[714,778,582,606]" country="Tunisia" county="With" municipality="Early Cretaceous" name="While" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">While</location>
|
||
there is disagreement over the exact age of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9873177B270A760E33FD81" box="[583,777,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Machimosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B270A760E33FD81" box="[583,777,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Machimosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731779EB0A950C7AFD62" author="Cortes D & Larsson HCE & Maxwell EE" box="[139,320,645,669]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="365 - 79" refId="ref50271" refString="Cortes D, Larsson HCE, Maxwell EE et al. An Early Cretaceous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Colombia. Ameghiniana 2019; 56: 365 - 79." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Cortés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779B60A960C3AFD62" box="[214,256,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF987317782C0A950F3EFD62" author="Martin JE & Suteethorn S & Lauprasert K" box="[332,516,645,669]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="1549059" refId="ref56461" refString="Martin JE, Suteethorn S, Lauprasert K et al. A new freshwater teleosaurid from the Jurassic of northeastern Thailand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2019; 38: e 1549059. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0272463 4.2018. 1549059" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Martin
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778FA0A960CFEFD62" box="[410,452,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Young and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177BE40A950FC3FD62" author="Sachs S & Young MT & Abel P" box="[644,761,645,669]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="24" refId="ref58669" refString="Sachs S, Young MT, Abel P et al. A new species of Cricosaurus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) based a remarkably wellpreserved skeleton from the Upper Jurassic of Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 2021; 24: a 24." type="journal article" year="2021">Sachs 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the specimen described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731778FC0AB50F50FD42" author="Cortes D & Larsson HCE & Maxwell EE" box="[412,618,676,701]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="365 - 79" refId="ref50271" refString="Cortes D, Larsson HCE, Maxwell EE et al. An Early Cretaceous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Colombia. Ameghiniana 2019; 56: 365 - 79." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Cortés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778890AB50F29FD43" box="[489,531,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does appear to be evidence of teleosauroid survival into the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA2AE6AFF9873177B390AD40E33FD23" box="[601,777,708,732]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Early Cretaceous</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(Young and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF987317799F0AF30C49FD04" author="Sachs S & Young MT & Abel P" box="[255,371,739,763]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="24" refId="ref58669" refString="Sachs S, Young MT, Abel P et al. A new species of Cricosaurus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) based a remarkably wellpreserved skeleton from the Upper Jurassic of Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica 2021; 24: a 24." type="journal article" year="2021">Sachs 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A74C9CFF98731778EA0AF30C84FD04" box="[394,446,739,763]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">With</collectingCounty>
|
||
a body length estimate of
|
||
<quantity id="4C8199F5FF9873177BAF0AF30E30FD04" box="[719,778,739,763]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" unit="m" value="9.6">
|
||
<elevation id="0054D323FF9873177BAF0AF30E30FD04" box="[719,778,739,763]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" unit="m" value="9.6">9.6 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731779EB0B130C07FCE4" author="Cortes D & Larsson HCE & Maxwell EE" box="[139,317,770,795]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="365 - 79" refId="ref50271" refString="Cortes D, Larsson HCE, Maxwell EE et al. An Early Cretaceous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Colombia. Ameghiniana 2019; 56: 365 - 79." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Cortés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779B50B130DC4FCE5" box="[213,254,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Barremian teleosauroid is by far the largest known thalattosuchian and rivals the giant pholidosaurid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779E10B510C66FCA6" authorityName="de Broin & Taquet" authorityYear="1966" box="[129,348,833,857]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Sarcosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779E10B510C66FCA6" box="[129,348,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Sarcosuchus imperator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in length (for the revised body length of the latter, see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731778790B700CDAFC86" author="O'Brien HD & Lynch LM & Vliet D" box="[281,480,864,889]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" refId="ref57316" refString="O'Brien HD, Lynch LM, Vliet D et al. Crocodylian head width allometry and phylogenetic prediction of body size in extinct crocodyliforms. Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) 2019; 1: obz 006. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / iob / obz 006" type="book" year="2019">
|
||
O’Brien
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778140B710CA5FC87" box="[372,415,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This specimen is an excellent example of how the Eurocentrism of thalattosuchian palaeobiology limits our understanding of thalattosuchian diversity and geological range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF98731779FC0BCE0CBBF9B6" blockId="40.[129,778,144,1985]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">
|
||
When and why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF987317782C0BCE0F3CFC09" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[332,518,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
became extinct also remains elusive. The youngest known metriorhynchid fossil is an isolated tooth crown from the earliest Aptian of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BDFAF2FF9873177B190C0C0F8BFBCB" box="[633,689,1052,1076]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Sicily</collectingRegion>
|
||
referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779FD0C2C0C13FBAB" box="[157,297,1084,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Plesiosuchina">Plesiosuchina</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet. by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731778F30C2C0FBEFBAB" author="Chiarenza A & Foffa D & Young MT" box="[403,644,1084,1108]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="608 - 16" refId="ref50078" refString="Chiarenza A, Foffa D, Young MT et al. The youngest record of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs, with implications for the extinction of Thalattosuchia. Cretaceous Research 2015; 56: 608 - 16." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Chiarenza
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B620C2C0F17FBAB" box="[514,557,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The referral of this tooth crown to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731778160C4B0F38FB8C" box="[374,514,1115,1139]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Plesiosuchina">Plesiosuchina</taxonomicName>
|
||
was disputed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177BDF0C4B0C39FB6D" author="Fischer V & Arkhangelsky MS & Stenshin IM" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="150552" refId="ref51690" refString="Fischer V, Arkhangelsky MS, Stenshin IM et al. Peculiar macrophagous adaptations in a new Cretaceous pliosaurid. Royal Society Open Science 2015; 2: 150552. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 150552" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Fischer
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779E10C6B0D91FB6D" box="[129,171,1146,1170]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who used a superficial similarity-based approach to suggest the tooth crown could belong to a brachauchenine pliosaurid. However, as pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B790CA90FE6FB2E" author="Sachs S & Young MT & Hornung J" box="[537,732,1209,1233]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="104479" refId="ref58635" refString="Sachs S, Young MT, Hornung J. The enigma of Enaliosuchus, and a reassessment of the Early Cretaceous fossil record of Metriorhynchidae. Cretaceous Research 2020; 114: 104479." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Sachs
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B3A0CAA0FBEFB2E" box="[602,644,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the list of apomorphies
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731778370CC80F75FB0F" author="Chiarenza A & Foffa D & Young MT" box="[343,591,1240,1264]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="608 - 16" refId="ref50078" refString="Chiarenza A, Foffa D, Young MT et al. The youngest record of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs, with implications for the extinction of Thalattosuchia. Cretaceous Research 2015; 56: 608 - 16." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Chiarenza
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778A90CC90CCFFB0F" box="[457,501,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used to refer the tooth crown to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF987317784F0CE80CD1FAEF" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[303,491,1272,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF9873177B4B0CE80F8DFAEF" box="[555,695,1272,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Plesiosuchina">Plesiosuchina</taxonomicName>
|
||
in particular, was never addressed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731778A30D070FAEFAD0" author="Fischer V & Arkhangelsky MS & Stenshin IM" box="[451,660,1303,1327]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="150552" refId="ref51690" refString="Fischer V, Arkhangelsky MS, Stenshin IM et al. Peculiar macrophagous adaptations in a new Cretaceous pliosaurid. Royal Society Open Science 2015; 2: 150552. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 150552" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Fischer
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B740D080F04FAD0" box="[532,574,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Moreover,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731779E10D260C6AFAB1" author="Sachs S & Young MT & Hornung J" box="[129,336,1334,1358]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="104479" refId="ref58635" refString="Sachs S, Young MT, Hornung J. The enigma of Enaliosuchus, and a reassessment of the Early Cretaceous fossil record of Metriorhynchidae. Cretaceous Research 2020; 114: 104479." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Sachs
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779A50D270DCEFAB1" box="[197,244,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that ‘
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B620D260FD8FAB1" author="Fischer V & Arkhangelsky MS & Stenshin IM" box="[514,738,1334,1358]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="150552" refId="ref51690" refString="Fischer V, Arkhangelsky MS, Stenshin IM et al. Peculiar macrophagous adaptations in a new Cretaceous pliosaurid. Royal Society Open Science 2015; 2: 150552. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 150552" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Fischer
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177B380D270FBDFAB1" box="[600,647,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
inadvertently strengthened the referral of the Sicilian tooth to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779C10D650C17FA72" box="[161,301,1397,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Plesiosuchina">Plesiosuchina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as Cretaceous pliosaurids did not seem to evolve the apomorphies seen in metriorhynchids), not the reverse’. Therefore, this specimen remains the youngest known metriorhynchid, and thalattosuchian. However, our understanding of post-Valanginian metriorhynchids remains exceptionally poor and we cannot make any definitive inferences on their diversity or biology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC63410FF98731779FC0E41093AFDE0" blockId="40.[129,778,144,1985]" lastBlockId="40.[825,1476,143,543]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">
|
||
In spite of the recent discoveries of thalattosuchians outside of Europe (or particularly the Western European countries of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF98731779E10E9F0DDBF958" box="[129,225,1679,1703]" name="Germany" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF987317798E0E9F0C0FF959" box="[238,309,1679,1702]" name="France" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF98731778FC0E9F0CFFF958" box="[412,453,1679,1703]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
) in the earliest Jurassic and in the post-Valanginian Early Cretaceous (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177B330EBE0E3EF939" author="Fanti F & Miyashita T & Cantelli L" box="[595,772,1710,1734]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref51216" refString="Fanti F, Miyashita T, Cantelli L et al. The largest thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) supports teleosaurid survival across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Cretaceous Research 2016; 61: 263 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.11.011" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Fanti
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177BF20EBF0F85F939" box="[658,703,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF98731779E10EDE0C04F919" author="Cortes D & Larsson HCE & Maxwell EE" box="[129,318,1741,1766]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="365 - 79" refId="ref50271" refString="Cortes D, Larsson HCE, Maxwell EE et al. An Early Cretaceous teleosauroid (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from Colombia. Ameghiniana 2019; 56: 365 - 79." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Cortés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731779AF0EDE0DC1F91A" box="[207,251,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF987317782C0EDD0F2DF919" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[332,535,1741,1766]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
|
||
Hicham
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF98731778C80EDE0CEEF91A" box="[424,468,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) our understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779E10EFD0C2CF8FA" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,278,1773,1797]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains Eurocentric. We caution workers from making grand palaeobiological or biogeographical hypotheses for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C794F93FF98731779C60F3B0C07F8BC" authorityName="sensu Fraas" authorityYear="1901" box="[166,317,1835,1859]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Thalattosuchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="40" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Thalattosuchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, given we do not know when the clade may have originated (or where) and when the clades that survived into the Cretaceous may have become extinct (or where). The thalattosuchian fossil record outside of Western Europe, and Europe itself, is still patchy and poorly sampled—although
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9873177A59089F0E4BFF58" box="[825,881,143,167]" name="Chile" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9873177AD2089F092DFF58" box="[946,1047,143,167]" name="Argentina" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
are increasingly becoming better sampled (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177AC308BF097EFF38" author="Gasparini ZB" box="[931,1092,175,199]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="423 - 31" refId="ref52112" refString="Gasparini ZB. Revision de '? Purranisaurus potens ' Rusconi, 1948 (Crocodila, Thalattosuchia) Los Thalattosuchia como un nuevo infraorden de los Crocodilia. Actas del congreso Geologica Argentino 1973; 3: 423 - 31." type="journal article" year="1973">Gasparini 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D3208BF09BCFF38" author="Gasparini ZB" box="[1106,1158,175,199]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="97 - 103" refId="ref52153" refString="Gasparini ZB. Un nuevo cocodrilo marino (Crocodylia, Metriorhynchidae) del Caloviano del norte de Chile. Ameghiniana 1980; 17: 97 - 103." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DF508BF09F3FF38" author="Gasparini Z" box="[1173,1225,175,199]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="23 - 4" refId="ref52181" refString="Gasparini Z. Los reptiles marinos jurasicos de America del Sur. Ameghiniana 1985; 22: 23 - 4." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DB708BF0E57FF19" author="Gasparini ZB & Dellape D" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="21" refId="ref52248" refString="Gasparini ZB, Dellape D. Un nuevo cocodrilo marino (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) de la Formacion Vaca Muerta (Jurasico, Tithoniano) de la Provincia de Neuquen (Republica Argentina). Congreso Geologico Chileno 1976; 1: c 1 - c 21." type="journal article" year="1976">Gasparini and Dellapé 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177AE108DE098BFF19" author="Gasparini ZB & Chong G" box="[897,1201,206,230]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="341 - 60" refId="ref52202" refString="Gasparini ZB, Chong G. Metriorhynchus casamiquelai n sp (Crocodilia, Thalattosuchia) a marine crocodile from the Jurassic (Callovian) of Chile, South America. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen 1977; 153: 341 - 60." type="journal article" year="1977">Gasparini and Chong 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DA508DE0E57FEFA" author="Vignaud P & Gasparini ZB" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="245 - 50" refId="ref59633" refString="Vignaud P, Gasparini ZB. New Dakosaurus (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Jurassic of Argentina. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 1996; 2: 245 - 50." type="journal article" year="1996">Vignaud and Gasparini 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177A1908FD0971FEF9" author="Gasparini Z & Vignaud P & Chong G" box="[889,1099,237,262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="657 - 64" refId="ref52296" refString="Gasparini Z, Vignaud P, Chong G. The Jurassic Thalattosuchia (Crocodyliformes) of Chile: a paleobiogeographic approach. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 2000; 171: 657 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 171.6.657" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Gasparini
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177A8208FE0931FEFA" box="[994,1035,237,261]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D3608FD09B0FEFA" author="Gasparini ZB & Pol D & Spalletti LA" box="[1110,1162,237,261]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="70 - 3" refId="ref52343" refString="Gasparini ZB, Pol D, Spalletti LA. An unusual marine crocodyliform from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary of Patagonia. Science 2006; 311: 70 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1120803" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DF508FE09F3FEF9" author="Gasparini ZB & Paulina-Carabajal A & Chong G" box="[1173,1225,238,262]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="335 - 46" refId="ref52384" refString="Gasparini ZB, Paulina-Carabajal A, Chong G. Un nuevo especimen de cocodrilo marino del Jurasico Medio del norte de Chile: revalidacion de Metriorhynchus westermanni (Crocodyliformes: Metriorhynchidae). Revista Geologica de Chile 2008; 35: 335 - 46." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DB508FD0E57FEDA" author="Fernandez MS & Herrera Y" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="702 - 14" refId="ref51265" refString="Fernandez MS, Herrera Y. Paranasal sinus system of Geosaurus araucanensis and the homology of the antorbital fenestra of metriorhynchids (Thalattosuchia: Crocodylomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2009; 29: 702 - 14." type="journal article" year="2009">Fernández and Herrera 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177A1E091D0E88FEDA" author="Fernandez MS & Herrera Y" box="[894,946,269,293]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="2604 - 19" refId="ref51304" refString="Fernandez MS, Herrera Y. Active airflow of the paranasal sinuses in extinct crocodyliforms: evidence from a natural cast of the thalattosuchian Dakosaurus andiniensis. The Anatomical Record 2022; 305: 2604 - 19." type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177AA3091D09ABFEDA" author="Herrera Y & Fernandez MS & Varela JA" box="[963,1169,269,293]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="657 - 67" refId="ref53200" refString="Herrera Y, Fernandez MS, Varela JA. Morfologia del miembro anterior de Geosaurus araucanensis Gasparini y Dellape, 1976 (Crocodyliformes: Thalattosuchia). Ameghiniana 2009; 46: 657 - 67." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Herrera
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177D7E091D0976FEDA" box="[1054,1100,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177DC2091D09DBFEDA" author="Herrera Y & Fernandez MS & Gasparini Z" box="[1186,1249,269,293]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="331 - 40" refId="ref53236" refString="Herrera Y, Fernandez MS, Gasparini Z. The snout of Cricosaurus araucanensis: a case study in novel anatomy of the nasal region of metriorhynchids. Lethaia 2013 a; 46: 331 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / let. 12011" type="journal article" year="2013">2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–c, 2015, 2021b,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177CC1091D0932FEBB" author="Pol D & Gasparini Z" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="163 - 97" refId="ref57950" refString="Pol D, Gasparini Z. Skull anatomy of Dakosaurus andiniensis (Thalattosuchia: Crocodylomorpha) and the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 163 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201908002605" type="journal article" year="2009">Pol and Gasparini 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D76093C09C2FEBB" author="Fernandez MS & Carabajal AP & Gasparini Z" box="[1046,1272,300,324]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="369 - 77" refId="ref51342" refString="Fernandez MS, Carabajal AP, Gasparini Z et al. A metriorhynchid crocodyliform braincase from northern Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2011; 31: 369 - 77." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Fernández
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177DEA093D098CFEBB" box="[1162,1206,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177C66093C0800FEBB" author="Fernandez MS & Herrera Y & Vennari VV" box="[1286,1338,300,324]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="658 - 73" refId="ref51373" refString="Fernandez MS, Herrera Y, Vennari VV et al. Marine reptiles from the Jurassic / Cretaceous transition at the High Andes, Mendoza, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2019; 92: 658 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2019.03.013" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that thalattosuchians were present in northern Africa, western Europe, and South America by the Sinemurian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177C2B097B092EFE5D" author="von Huene F & Maubeuge PL" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="13 - 7" refId="ref53858" refString="von Huene F, Maubeuge PL. Sur quelques restes de reptiles du Lias de Jeandelaincourt (M. - et-M.). (Zone a Amaltheus Margaritatus). Bulletin de la Societe Geologiques de France, Serie 6 1952; 2: 13 - 7." type="journal article" year="1952">von Huene and Maubeuge 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D44099A0962FE5D" author="von Huene F & Maubeuge PL" box="[1060,1112,394,418]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="105 - 9" refId="ref53907" refString="von Huene F, Maubeuge PL. Sur quelques restes de Sauriens du Rhetien et du Jurassique lorain. Bulletin de la Societe Geologiques de France, Serie 6 1954; 4: 105 - 9." type="journal article" year="1954">1954</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D07099A0833FE5D" author="Gasparini Z" box="[1127,1289,394,418]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="23 - 4" refId="ref52181" refString="Gasparini Z. Los reptiles marinos jurasicos de America del Sur. Ameghiniana 1985; 22: 23 - 4." type="journal article" year="1985">Gasparini 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177A5909B90937FE3E" author="Gasparini Z & Vignaud P & Chong G" box="[825,1037,425,449]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="657 - 64" refId="ref52296" refString="Gasparini Z, Vignaud P, Chong G. The Jurassic Thalattosuchia (Crocodyliformes) of Chile: a paleobiogeographic approach. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 2000; 171: 657 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 171.6.657" type="journal article" year="2000">
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Gasparini
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<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177AC309BA0EF7FE3E" box="[931,973,425,449]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D7A09B909E7FE3E" author="Hicham B & Nehili A & Ouzzaouit LA" box="[1050,1245,425,449]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="104804" refId="ref53643" refString="Hicham B, Nehili A, Ouzzaouit LA et al. Discovery of the teleosauroid crocodylomorph from the early Jurassic of Chaara cave, Middle Atlas of Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2023; 198: 104804." type="journal article" year="2023">
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Hicham
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||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177D1309BA09A6FE3E" box="[1139,1180,425,449]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
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. 2023
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</bibRefCitation>
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), and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9873177C5C09B90847FE3E" box="[1340,1405,425,449]" name="China" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">China</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9873177CE709B90884FE3E" box="[1415,1470,425,449]" name="India" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">India</collectingCountry>
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||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36E7480FF9873177A0509D90EE4FE1E" box="[869,990,457,481]" name="Madagascar" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
by at least the Toarcian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177D8009D90862FE1E" author="Owen R" box="[1248,1368,457,481]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="233" refId="ref57530" refString="Owen R. Note on the crocodilian remains accompanying Dr T L Bell's paper on Kotah. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 1852; 8: 233." type="journal article" year="1852">Owen 1852</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177C0409D90E99FDFF" author="Buffetaut E & Termier G & Termier H" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="313 - 9" refId="ref49731" refString="Buffetaut E, Termier G, Termier H. A teleosaurid (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from the Toarcian of Madagascar and its palaeobiological significance. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 1981; 55: 313 - 9." type="journal article" year="1981">
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||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177A5909F90E59FDFF" box="[825,867,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al</emphasis>
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. 1981
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE849E1FF9873177ACF09F80944FDFF" author="Johnson MM & Young MT & Brusatte SL" box="[943,1150,488,512]" pageId="40" pageNumber="587" pagination="9808" refId="ref54662" refString="Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL. The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2020 a; 8: e 9808. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9808" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Johnson
|
||
<emphasis id="B90DE802FF9873177D6A09F90900FDFF" box="[1034,1082,488,512]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="587">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so much of their fossil record is simply unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |