225 lines
24 KiB
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225 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="820628CF73DE55E6CD2C8CE306C44F66">Sea snakes (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) in their westernmost extent: an updated and illustrated checklist and key to the species in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2137BE8AE62D161A1BAFBFA8094D0023">Rezaie-Atagholipour, Mohsen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FC7872DACD8F3CFA463CB710A79ECD59">Ghezellou, Parviz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8716462B34DCCC79EA21DEC7D3D1141D">Hesni, Majid Askari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07F58DC44901B179F5580426E3899F99">Dakhteh, Seyyed Mohammad Hashem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BBFFF15A385492E49DD8C1FC090EA0C">Ahmadian, Hooman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D81927FDFE069B7171FDE62B127E62C3">Vidal, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DFD4D415CEBFCA1DE5A9BC2FE1573910">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A1F33809D11972B7835FA27C595D1E9E">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D54CB5E14000F741C867F980AB2B9637" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="381DDEFC4E08356960C85F66312F2C45">622</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="195C7E67F1AC51C00294F23B01B76F81">129</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="72DD43CAEE3BF81909AD7BAB7784E80C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D5DDDFA3FA7E5D2BD6305FD3D4FE0356" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.622.9939</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2115B881044447A12DB5CF97C54A3998" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-622-129</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EB918A27CF175259196D6B4F09AD8232" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127887397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB918A27CF175259196D6B4F09AD8232" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB918A27CF175259196D6B4F09AD8232" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
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<subSubSection id="16EF0EC1871D6FBD9AA6E348582C5A7C" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="452E5904749017791BAB4CD7F6E69FFB" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">Taxon classification Animalia Squamata Elapidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E97648FD7DBACA49DE14867DFE6BE8DC" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="85DCA64F73D08B75ECD84C7F57EEC4F0" pageId="11" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="F8EDF88F882D6E36C6C512F040E56580" ID-CoL="3N8BL" LSID="Common names: English – Pelagic Sea Snake, Yellow-bellied Sea Snake; Farsi – Mâr-e daryâï-ye shekam zard" authority="Linnaeus, 1766" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 3h, 4f, 12, 13
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3600FB2BFA98A562DC90A3A2E9432938" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="830DCCD4554B2F43EBFCBF0D54031C15" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
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||
<taxonomicName id="22051FA1363D0FF1AC962E029720AF74" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Anguis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anguis platura" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platura">
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<pageBreakToken id="081C4891726EFE32F68E51620EFD9F98" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" start="start">Anguis</pageBreakToken>
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platura
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</taxonomicName>
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Linnaeus, 1766: 391.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="659C9852E856540EF330B323867E06B2" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
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<taxonomicName id="B878B70EC1AEEFFB14CA5D241005C41F" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrus platurus" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Hydrus platurus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="03D5B99639EBCE66527AF33BE282515D" author="Werner, F" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 20" title="Ueber eine sammlung von Reptilien aus Persien, Mesopotamien und Arabien." url="10.5962/bhl.part.26910" volume="45" year="1895">Werner 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 18. -Boulenger 1897: 468.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FBB9D0D30FF5FB6EF63958B3E9B0ED02" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
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<taxonomicName id="E82C08B4841109BB4ECC5EFC89C13711" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Pelamis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelamis platurus" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Pelamis platurus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="00F5207A19E79D6AE6F9E7614796447E" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
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<normalizedToken id="00510B3D3F21F200E4B066D9B1C26C91" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
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||
1939
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 23. -
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<bibRefCitation id="BE4FD23FB85E84B6348BDB1F3A6031B1" author="Corkill, NL" journalOrPublisher="The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="475 - 506" title="The snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra." volume="62" year="1965">Corkill and Cochrane 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 495. -
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<bibRefCitation id="77D8D961D32AABC319947E7257CF6D56" author="Leviton, AE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Science" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" pagination="157 - 192" title="Survey of the reptiles of the Sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi, Arabian Peninsula, part II, systematic account of the collection of reptiles made in the Sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi by John Gasperetti." volume="35" year="1967">Leviton and Anderson 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 188. -
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<bibRefCitation id="0F186989EEEE425221999A1C857401BC" author="Gallagher, MD" journalOrPublisher="Published by the author, Bahrain" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="The amphibians and reptiles of Bahrain." year="1971">Gallagher 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 31. -
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<bibRefCitation id="679C13F4DC03A12993853B10D84220C4" author="Eissa, SM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kuwait University" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="123 - 146" title="Record of certain reptilian species found in Kuwait." volume="2" year="1975">Eissa and El-Assy 1975</bibRefCitation>
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: 129. -
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<bibRefCitation id="FC2848B032901DF8456A3E4E6DCED1FF" author="Joger, U" journalOrPublisher="Verlag, Wiesbaden" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="The venomous snakes of the Near and Middle East. L. R." year="1984">Joger 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 30. -
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<bibRefCitation id="7850E64F443AE0EF2B1FC5B159A3A4FD" author="Leviton, AE" editor="Anderson, J" journalOrPublisher="Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Introduction: John Anderson (1833 - 1900) a zoologist in the Victorian period; checklist of the amphibian and reptiles of the Arabian Peninsula; Bibliography of John Anderson." volumeTitle="Herpetology of Arabia" year="1984">Leviton and Aldrich 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: XXIV. -
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<bibRefCitation id="13555D10105B910EFCA9BAAED3AFDCD7" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">Gasperetti 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 323. -
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: 192. -
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<bibRefCitation id="47170D5ADBC232D4BD60244B7BABD8AC" author="Latifi, M" journalOrPublisher="DOE, Tehran" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Snakes of Iran, 3 th edition." year="2000">Latifi 2000</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D6809B73B65A738CAF0AE451FD98B13" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">Baldwin and Gardner 2005</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="E85C237390BDE2E65A79E2AE98CEC7FC" author="Firouz, E" journalOrPublisher="IB Tauris" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="The complete fauna of Iran" year="2005">Firouz 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 109. -
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: 163. -
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<bibRefCitation id="BBB0D3337815A81529909EA5E55003D9" author="Rastegar-Pouyani, N" journalOrPublisher="Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics" pageId="28" pageNumber="157" pagination="7 - 30" title="Annotated checklist of amphibians and reptiles of Iran." volume="4" year="2008">Rastegar-Pouyani et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 20. -
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<bibRefCitation id="476DA32DB6600B0DB5F33E018E62B8AD" author="Safaei, M" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly of Marine Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="37 - 49" title="Identification and distribution of sea snakes (Serpents: Hydrophiidae) in the coastal waters of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman." volume="1" year="2009">Safaei and Esmaili 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 45. -
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<bibRefCitation id="DE99AABF6519D340B31772FCBE7300B4" author="Soorae, PS" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Conservation and Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="529 - 536" title="An overview and checklist of the native and alien herpetofauna of the United Arab Emirates." volume="5" year="2010">Soorae et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 535.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="9A2BB61E8F37198182CD7926FFB2FB3C" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
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<taxonomicName id="602AB967DA461A4E81FCB0367929B969" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Hydrophis platurus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation id="E0395709F36F56C829897B087C74A7D8" author="Kamali, K" journalOrPublisher="Iranshenasi, Tehran" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="A field guide for reptiles and amphibian of Iran." year="2013">Kamali 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 241. -
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<bibRefCitation id="4E09D515906168B4BEFCB171B6E3E7CF" author="Safaei-Mahroo, B" journalOrPublisher="Asian Herpetological Research" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="257 - 290" title="The herpetofauna of Iran: checklist of taxonomy, distribution and conservation status." url="10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.140062" volume="6" year="2015">Safaei-Mahroo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 282.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="378F4A69DFE1192AD211647EA531D0A0" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="12" pageNumber="141" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D3B8BDD8A9625B39A1765645D5F96547" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="49C4501D88734A5EF0760DBC72E5C36F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="12" pageNumber="141">
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Gulf of Oman: 1 specimen, Jask and Ras-Meydani, depth 18-50m [(ZMSBUK.HD.26), TL 401, SVL 352, HL 25, HW 10.1, GL 17.7, SNL 3.4, NEL 4.7, ND 34, GBD 38, NSL 10, NSR 39, BSR 46], October and November 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour; 2 specimens, Beris and Pasa-Bandar, depth 20-40m [(ZMSBUK.HD.12), TL 611, SVL 551, HL 34.5, HW 13, GL 22.2, SNL 4.7, NEL 6, ND 27, GBD 63, NSL 9, NV 333; (ZMSBUK.HD.23), TL 690, SVL
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<pageBreakToken id="33043A831226668F4CC1A17920BB9339" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" start="start">618</pageBreakToken>
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, HL 35.8, HW 17.9, GL 29.7, SNL 5, NEL 6.8, ND 52, GBD 72, NSL 9, NSR 56, BSR 58, NV 330], August 2013, collector: M. Rezaie-Atagholipour.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5BFD0F065B083507AA15FE6D3E7B3E40" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="41D17EE72AAADAB670B48F96709D22C5" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="09042CB269C585755BB66B99A5533818" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
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Head narrow; snout elongate (Figures 12-13); 9-10 supralabials, second touches prefrontal scale, four and fifth separated from eye by suboculars or contact eye (Figures 12a, 13a); body short, not stout (Figure 13d); 330-333 small ventral scales [265-367 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EA924EB797EAB8DEC4256D5DFEEBD933" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8E6F82174E88ECA2CA2B96AC0FBEBAD2" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
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||
1939
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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)], more or less indistinguishable from adjacent scales at mid-body (Figure 4f).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="545D270155CBD3E935F2DC8F513EAA87" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="coloration">
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<paragraph id="39E595AF5118642F6BC18B271F3AD000" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Coloration.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52644AD41EED1BE70E838CD14578E839" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">This species has a unique color pattern making it distinguishable from other sea snakes; dorsal half of head and body black, dark green or dark brown, ventral half of head and body yellow, a markedly sharp contrast between dorsal and ventral portions; tail yellow in ventral portion, spotted or barred in dorsal portion (Figure 13d); sometimes with pale dorsal color.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="412C5CBED1D87F97D5EAED57BEEA81E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="E56747B6586DA077E6A70AFA30A1007B" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Size.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E269C33F178788E8B8C79BF299D24EC" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Mean TL 567 mm, maximum 690 mm (n = 3); [n = 5, mean TL 449 mm, maximum 565 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0FBFE08442B7BD76A67294AF43BAAFC7" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2FBB8C5774713B5D8D9A43CAF04A0A08" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1939
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F78B6AE5DF2E3EE675FD220D92AED162" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="5AEA39184A1525DD8D2EAF800E1B5D4F" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">General distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7EA50A5DC34DA99219D08B32E3B1F5FB" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Indo-Pacific, from east and south of Africa to the west coast of Americas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3A340F36A730F0CD6B07EDBDE6FA586" author="Heatwole, H" journalOrPublisher="Krieger Publishing Company, Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Sea snakes, 2 th edition." year="1999">Heatwole 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="05EB4FFF8582087146B4B1CF4FE898CD" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="iucn red list category">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B01BAEAF80FC91115B856EF28AEF1A9" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">IUCN Red List Category.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C97EB37380E6316BC4D0B9E2CC0E55F" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Least concern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0C8D61CA4D3943F7C3440C9A71189C4A" author="Hecht, MK" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" title="Red List of Threatened Species version 2016 - 1" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1F4708A1A7FEE494440EA5DA8F4887B1" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="795CAA05DD0B020C82F082503C2C22DA" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ED90D2319268F447C010C0AC2EAE5449" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="13" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="782CA0602B25F72F9C4DF20983A4E435" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Hydrophis platurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguishable from other species in the region by having a unique color pattern (see above).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EC7105B3D7CD8EDA4AE86D15D409428" class="Squamata" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydrophis platurus" pageId="13" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platurus">Hydrophis platurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been known as the only planktonic tetrapod, spending a considerable portion of its life floating at the depth of 20-50 m, but preying on fish at the sea surface by float-and-wait feeding strategy, passively drifting with surface and subsurface marine currents. It has consequently the widest distribution of all squamatan reptiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B6ED7456054D8BF029F83DB108AA7FFE" author="Cook, TR" journalOrPublisher="Animal Behaviour" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="113 - 123" title="Why does the only ' planktonic tetrapod' dive? Determinates of diving behaviour in a marine ectotherm." url="10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.018" volume="98" year="2014">Cook and Brischoux 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="185329AC642242A6E7852E8EB55557EC" author="Hecht, MK" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="27" pageNumber="156" pagination="387 - 396" title="Distribution of the yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamisplaturus, and its significance in relation to the fossil record." volume="30" year="1974">Hecht et al. 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DDBD5232B1772227743F223841C66217" author="Sheehy, III CM" journalOrPublisher="Integrative and Comparative Biology" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="321 - 330" title="Preliminary insights into the phylogeography of the yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamisplaturus." url="10.1093/icb/ics088" volume="52" year="2012">Sheehy III et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). None of the specimens collected in this project were
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="60B73A345C03531B6D0D8A0B4E35CE66" pageId="14" pageNumber="143" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the Persian Gulf, although there are records from the Persian Gulf (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE9769DB222FAF332EBD0C2B128D2942" author="Eissa, SM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kuwait University" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" pagination="123 - 146" title="Record of certain reptilian species found in Kuwait." volume="2" year="1975">Eissa and El-Assy 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="006D8A3BC826E2270EFC99AD3C2A6544" author="Gallagher, MD" journalOrPublisher="Published by the author, Bahrain" pageId="26" pageNumber="155" title="The amphibians and reptiles of Bahrain." year="1971">Gallagher 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C44F5E1A870F95A0525AABDE49CF620" author="Soorae, PS" journalOrPublisher="Zoology in the Middle East" pageId="29" pageNumber="158" pagination="109 - 110" title="Records of sea snakes (subfamily Hydrophiinae) from the coastal waters of the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates." url="10.1080/09397140.2006.10638191" volume="39" year="2006">Soorae et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2CBAB9C7EC2B77425FE105AF0E8BB1BC" author="Volsoe, H" editor="Jessen, K" journalOrPublisher="Copenhagen" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="9 - 45" title="The sea snakes of the Iranian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, with a summary of the biology of the sea snakes." volumeTitle="Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran" year="1939">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="67906F0887049AE34BDED2EB367D213E" originalValue="Volsøe">Volsoe</normalizedToken>
|
||
1939
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5BEB0BC877CE3F776499B60A55A26C82" author="Werner, F" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="159" pagination="13 - 20" title="Ueber eine sammlung von Reptilien aus Persien, Mesopotamien und Arabien." url="10.5962/bhl.part.26910" volume="45" year="1895">Werner 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |