176 lines
24 KiB
XML
176 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="ED081D7C28E2DB2115DF55132FAE20D8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5285.1.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7935864" ID-ZooBank="50042611-FB61-444D-A80D-BDF50271768B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1684131226391" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lee, Justin L., Chandramouli, S. R. & Bauer, Aaron M." docDate="2023" docId="185787E2FFA3A457FF303A4CBDE8FC34" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5285.1.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5285 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5285.1.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tropidonotus nicobarensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="E46EFF9AFFA1A453FFA73D4DB94CFFB5" masterDocTitle="Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)" masterLastPageNumber="148" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1684256574824" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C7D4F7A6E9DC6535BDB71FDE88F10AB6">Tropidonotus nicobarensis Sclater, 1891 is a junior synonym of Thamnophis saurita (Linnaeus, 1766) (Squamata: Serpentes: Natricinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DB19EBE833DED3C1B763F3603138FF63">Lee, Justin L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F7BB83CD6864BBC0D0F99D72F66128A8">Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 USA. & justinllee @ verizon. net; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9782 - 8503 & Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013 USA Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India. findthesnakeman @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0626 - 0527</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="608EAB2DA1949B7227602EA84D30E463" type="email">justinllee@verizon.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D239E2F7BD25128464CA95727D2F61D5">Bauer, Aaron M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8DBB1C39F6587A5A09FFDD982F9A3FDA">Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085 USA. & aaron. bauer @ villanova. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6839 - 8025</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F0CFA84E6377A9127DCEE96310B1AE00" type="email">aaron.bauer@villanova.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA3A451FF303A4CBBE3F8AE" bold="true" box="[151,687,1792,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="135">
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Redescription of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA3A451FECA3A4DBBE3F8AE" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[365,687,1792,1819]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA3A451FECA3A4DBBE3F8AE" bold="true" box="[365,687,1792,1819]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="135">Tropidonotus nicobarensis</emphasis>
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The
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(ZSI 8895) of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA3A451FE7D3A04BA48F8D6" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[474,772,1865,1891]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA3A451FE7D3A04BA48F8D6" box="[474,772,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="135">Tropidonotus nicobarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an unsexed juvenile specimen in fair condition, with an incomplete tail and partially damaged upper jaws (
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<figureCitation id="08C52A71FFA3A451FD713A20BA7AF832" box="[726,822,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,648,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-252@3.[151,1436,630,1802]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Historical images of (a) William Lutley Sclater (1863–1944), the author of the description of Tropidonotus nicobarensis; (b) Frederik Adolph de Röepstorff (1842–1883), alleged collector of its type specimen; and (c–f), the original lithographic illustrations of Tropidonotus nicobarensis (Sclater 1891a, pl. 6, figs 5). Images of (a) from Grant (1945), (b) from illustration published in newspaper The Graphic, 17 May 1884, author unknown, and (c–f) illustrated by S. C. Mondul in Sclater (1891a: pl. 6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7936044/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="135">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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). The right maxilla had earlier been dissected out, the incision leaving a blemish in the skin around the temporal region. SVL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA3A451FC6E3ADCBD66F81E" box="[969,1066,1937,1963]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="164.0">164 mm</quantity>
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, TailL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA3A451FBDD3ADCBD86F81E" box="[1146,1226,1937,1963]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="61.0">61 mm</quantity>
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(
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA3A451FB7D3ADCBC76F81E" box="[1242,1338,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="225.0">225 mm</quantity>
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TotalL), HeadL 11.0 mm, HeadW 5.0 mm, SnoutL
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA3A451FDCA3AF8BB88F87A" box="[621,708,1973,1999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
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, EyeD
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<quantity id="57069B11FFA3A451FCB23AF8BA21F87A" box="[789,877,1973,1999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
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; TailL/TotalL 0.407, HeadL/
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<geoCoordinate id="F5CA5033FFA3A451FB0C3AF8BDB3F87A" box="[1195,1279,1973,1999]" degrees="2.20" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="135" precision="555" value="-2.2">W 2.20</geoCoordinate>
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, EyeD/HeadL 0.43, EyeD/SnoutL 0.92. Head large and distinct from the neck, ovoid, longer than wide, wider than head depth; eyes large with round pupils, slightly smaller than half the length of the head and shorter than snout; nostrils round and oriented laterally. Rostral barely visible from above; internasals paired and wider than long, small and subtriangular, narrower anteriorly; prefrontals paired and wider than long, pentagonal, suture dividing the two scales less than half the length of the frontal; muzzle length/frontal length ratio 0.510; frontal large, longer than wide, hexagonal and shield-shaped; anterior and posterior sutures of frontal all angled, border with supraoculars convex; parietals paired, longer than wide and subhexagonal; length of each parietal twice as long as frontal. Loreal scale 1/1 and moderately sized, slightly longer than wide and subtrapezoidal; preoculars 1/1, vertically elongate; postoculars 3/3, lowest postocular smallest; supralabials 8/7, with the 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FD093CDFBBF7FE15" attach="left" box="[686,699,402,416]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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and 5
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FCA73CDFBA41FE15" attach="left" box="[768,781,402,416]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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scales in contact with the orbit on the left side, and the 3
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FA283CDFBCD1FE15" attach="none" box="[1423,1437,402,416]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">rd</superScript>
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and 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FF743CFBB9ACFE71" attach="left" box="[211,224,438,452]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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scales in contact on the right side; 5
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FDCA3CFBBB36FE71" attach="left" box="[621,634,438,452]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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or 6
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FD0C3CFBBBF4FE71" attach="left" box="[683,696,438,452]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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supralabial largest and trapezoidal-shaped; temporal scale formula 1+2/1+2 on either side, with the anterior scale broad and subrectangular; infralabials 10/10, with first 1–5 scales in contact with the anterior chin shields and the 4
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<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA2A450FD063CB3BBE2FDB9" attach="left" box="[673,686,510,524]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">th</superScript>
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scale being the largest. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, in 19–19–17 rows, ventrals 160 (vs. 162 fide
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FDA63F6EBBE8FD88" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[513,676,547,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater, 1891a</bibRefCitation>
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), extending onto flanks; cloacal plate undivided; subcaudals paired, 88 under the incomplete tail (vs. 119 fide
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FDCC3F0ABA41FDD4" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[619,781,583,609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater, 1891a</bibRefCitation>
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; 120 fide
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FCDB3F0ABD4EFDD4" author="Smith, M. A." box="[892,1026,583,609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" refId="ref12233" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. The Secretary of State for India, London, xii + 583 pp., folding map." type="book" year="1943">Smith 1943</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C481667CFFA2A450FF3F3A69B86BF879" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7936044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7936044/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" startId="3.[152,255,1828,1852]" targetBox="[157,1428,648,1800]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA2A450FF3F3A69B86BF879" blockId="3.[151,1436,1828,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA2A450FF3F3A69B851F889" bold="true" box="[152,285,1828,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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Historical images of (a) William Lutley Sclater (1863–1944), the author of the description of
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA2A450FAB13A69B854F8D5" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA2A450FAB13A69B854F8D5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">Tropidonotus nicobarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; (b) Frederik Adolph de Röepstorff (1842–1883), alleged collector of its type specimen; and (c–f), the original lithographic illustrations of
|
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<taxonomicName id="57FE4D77FFA2A450FE153A21BB8CF831" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[434,704,1900,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nicobarensis">
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA2A450FE153A21BB8CF831" box="[434,704,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">Tropidonotus nicobarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FD6A3A21BA10F831" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[717,860,1900,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater 1891a</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 6, figs 5). Images of (a) from
|
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FB113A21BC70F831" author="Grant, C. H. B." box="[1206,1340,1900,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="136" pagination="115 - 121" refId="ref9721" refString="Grant, C. H. B. (1945) William Lutley Sclater, 1864 - 1944. The Ibis, 87, 115 - 121, pl. 1. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 1945. tb 01364. x" type="journal article" year="1945">Grant (1945)</bibRefCitation>
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, (b) from illustration published in newspaper
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<emphasis id="A28AEAE6FFA2A450FE5B3ADDBB30F81D" box="[508,636,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="136">The Graphic</emphasis>
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, 17 May 1884, author unknown, and (c–f) illustrated by S. C. Mondul in
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<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA2A450FAF13ADDB9ADF879" author="Sclater, W. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="136" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater (1891a</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 6).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="904136F4FFA5A457FF603DDABAB1FE3C" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">
|
||
After more than 130 years of preservation, the dorsum is brown overall with a distinct light brown vertebral stripe around 1.0–1.5 dorsal scales wide edged with dark brown, extending from the posterior suture of the parietals to the tail tip; on each flank a small light lateral stripe around 0.5 dorsal scales wide present on the 3
|
||
<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FAA93D93BC50FF59" attach="left" box="[1294,1308,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">rd</superScript>
|
||
to 4
|
||
<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FAF73D93BC11FF59" attach="left" box="[1360,1373,222,236]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
|
||
scale row, starting at the nape near the border of the last supralabial and ending at the start of the tail. The coloration of the head is similar to the dorsum, but the preocular has a small tannish spot bordered by dark brown; supralabial region slightly lighter than temporal region and adjacent upper portions of head. Ventral surface creamy-brown, immaculate, much lighter than dorsum and slightly lighter than dorsal stripes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904136F4FFA5A457FF603CDEBDE8FC34" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">
|
||
According to past authors, the dorsal and ventral coloration of the specimen was much more vibrant.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FAE93CDEB9A2FE64" author="Sclater, W. L." pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater (1891a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the dorsum as “bluish olive” and the snout and lateral portions of the head “yellowish” with a “dark streak” behind the eye.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FDA83C96BBEBFE40" author="Smith, M. A." box="[527,679,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" refId="ref12233" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. The Secretary of State for India, London, xii + 583 pp., folding map." type="book" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the dorsum was Greenish olive above, with 3 light, black edged stripes, but erroneously reported the lateral stripes on the second and third dorsal scale rows, whereas our examination confirms their presence on the third and fourth rows.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FCD83F6EBD5FFD88" author="Smith, M. A." box="[895,1043,547,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" refId="ref12233" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. The Secretary of State for India, London, xii + 583 pp., folding map." type="book" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also denoted the presence of small black spots edged along the lateral stripes, and the presence of two white spots on either side of the parietal suture. Neither characteristic is visible in current photographs of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F458856FFA5A457FC9E3F26BAD3FD30" box="[825,927,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Discrepancies in the number of ventral scales are probably indicative of different counting procedures, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FC9F3FC2BABCFD1C" author="Dowling, H. G." box="[824,1008,654,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="97 - 99" refId="ref9516" refString="Dowling, H. G. (1951) A proposed standard system of counting ventrals in snakes. British Journal of Herpetology, 1, 97 - 99." type="journal article" year="1951">Dowling (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’s method was not used during the 19
|
||
<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FA373FC3BCD1FD29" attach="right" box="[1424,1437,654,668]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
|
||
and mid 20
|
||
<superScript id="678B9BBCFFA5A457FEB33FFFB86DFD75" attach="left" box="[276,289,690,704]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="137">th</superScript>
|
||
century. Furthermore, the number of subcaudals is lower than past reports, but because the tail appears to be broken, it is possible this could be the result of damage since the specimen was last examined. Contrasting the conditions reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FE3A3FB6BB06FCA0" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[413,586,763,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="230 - 250" refId="ref12142" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891 a) Notes on a collection of snakes in the Indian Museum, with descriptions of several new species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 60, 230 - 250, pl. 6." type="journal article" year="1891">Sclater (1891a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and agreeing with subsequent revisers, we confirm that the cloacal plate is undivided. The right maxilla was probably dissected out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FC943E52BAB1FC8C" author="Annandale, N." box="[819,1021,798,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="173 - 176" refId="ref7858" refString="Annandale, N. (1905) Additions to the collections of Oriental snakes in the Indian Museum. Part 2. Specimens from the Andamans and Nicobars. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, 1, 173 - 176." type="journal article" year="1905">Annandale (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
because in-text he mentioned that he removed the bone to examine the dentition.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FD273E0EBA06FCE8" author="Annandale, N." box="[640,842,834,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="173 - 176" refId="ref7858" refString="Annandale, N. (1905) Additions to the collections of Oriental snakes in the Indian Museum. Part 2. Specimens from the Andamans and Nicobars. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, 1, 173 - 176." type="journal article" year="1905">Annandale (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a maxillary tooth count of 24, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46F4B05FFA5A457FACF3E0EB9AEFC34" author="Wall, F." pageId="4" pageNumber="137" pagination="598 - 632" refId="ref12806" refString="Wall, F. (1923) A hand-list of the snakes of the Indian Empire. Part II. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 29, 598 - 632." type="journal article" year="1923">Wall (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
counted 25 teeth. Both authors noted that the teeth are gradually enlarged posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |