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208 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c99b8956-06ae-4c2a-a6ff-bf1a8f2a176d" ID-PMC="PMC3520147" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-246-69" ID-PubMed="23275752" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-246-69" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 246" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific" checkinTime="1451247891266" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reimer, James Davis, Irei, Yuka & Fujii, Takuma" docDate="2012" docId="6FDA974A9FC3C1FF36DA50760E2173E5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 246: 69-87" docOrigin="ZooKeys 246" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886" docTitle="Neozoanthus uchina Reimer, Irei & Fujii, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="FFD9AC54D763FFC6E06AFF95FFE43C00" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1668154974497" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Irei, Yuka</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>246</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>69</mods:start>
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<mods:end>87</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-246-69</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039072" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBAB21D0-275E-4287-90F4-4928CE1BF05E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FDA974A9FC3C1FF36DA50760E2173E5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBAB21D0-275E-4287-90F4-4928CE1BF05E" class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="72">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 145BTables 23S1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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Synonymy: "
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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sp. okinawa" -
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Galaxea" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="23 - 29" title="Key to field identification of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids (Order Zoantharia: Suborder Brachycnemina) present in Okinawa." url="10.3755/galaxea.12.23" volume="12" year="2010">Reimer 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 25, 27, fig. 8.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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: 986, 989, fig. 4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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: "Japan clade" of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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-
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Material examined.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Holotype, specimen number NSMT-Co1553. Colony of 17 polyps connected by stoloniferous coenenchyme on a rock approximately 4.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.0 cm. Polyps approximately 2.0-4.4 mm in diameter, and approximately 2.0-5.4 mm in height from coenenchyme. Polyps and coenenchyme encrusted with irregularly sized and colored sand grains. There was no noticeable variation between holotype and other specimens. Preserved in 99.5% ethanol. Original label.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Paratypes (all from Japan): Paratype 1. Specimen number USNM 1194728. Collected from Teniya, Nago, Okinawa, at 1 to 2 m by JDR, September 5, 2008. Paratype 2. Specimen number RMNH Coel 40098. Collected from Manza, Onna, Okinawa I., Japan, at 25 m by JDR, 1 September, 2008.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Type locality. Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa Island: Nago City, Teniya,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="26.563831">26.563832°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.14082">128.140822°E</geoCoordinate>
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, in small cracks on reef flat at 1 to 2 m depth, 5 September 2008, J.D. Reimer (JDR) leg.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="73">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="73" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
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material (all from Japan, coll. JDR unless noted): Teniya, Okinawa I., Okinawa, MISE 545, 546, 549 (n=3), 1-2 m 5 September 2008; Yona, Okinawa I., Okinawa, MISE 560, 13 m, coll. JDR and Takuma Fujii (TF), 24 September 2008; Teniya, Okinawa I., Okinawa, MISE 1092, 1093 (n=2), intertidal - 1 m, 1 July 2008; Tinyuhama, Korijima I., Okinawa, MISE 1115, 1116 (n=2), 24 m, 28 December 2008; Omonawa, Tokunoshima I., Kagoshima, MISE 1400, 9 m, 9 March 2010; San, Tokunoshima I., Kagoshima, MISE 1401, 1402 (n=2), 10-12 m, 10 March 2010; Zampa, Okinawa I., Okinawa, MISE 1403, at unknown depth, 29 August 2008 (see also Table 2); Tebiro Beach, Amami-Oshima I., Kagoshima, MISE MO-100, 10 m, coll. Masami Obuchi, 16 March 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="73">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="73">Size: Polyps in situ approximately 2.2-5.1 mm in diameter when open, and approximately 2-8.5 mm in height.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="4" pageNumber="73">
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Morphology:
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.has 32 to 42 (average 38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.0, n=24 polyps on 9 colonies) conical tentacles. Tentacles are usually shorter than the expanded oral
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="74" start="start">disk</pageBreakToken>
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diameter (e.g. 50-80% of oral disk width). Tentacles may be grayish-blue, rust red, or transparent, often with black, white, or fluorescent blue bands or patterning (Figure 4). No bractae are visible, and all specimens were zooxanthellate. Polyps are externally heavily encrusted with sand and other particles of irregular sizes, excepting the oral end, which is free of encrustation and appears a bluish-gray similar to as seen in some
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Zoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species. When fully contracted, the sand free oral end is often not visible, and polyps resemble small balls of sand. Polyps extend well clear of reduced or stoloniferous coenenchyme (Figure 4). Oral disks may be a variety of colors, such as light gray-blue, white, rust or deep wine red. Occasionally, white or light blue dots may be seen on the oral disk in regular circular patterns, and the oral opening (mouth) is often white or cream in color. A
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“skirt”">"skirt"</normalizedToken>
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of different coloration (usually white or lighter coloration than remainder of oral disk) covering up to approximately 90 degrees of the oral disk is often seen in the area of the dorsal directive. Colonies consisted of tens to <100 polyps, connected by stolons with no well-developed coenenchyme.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">Cnidae: Basitrichs and microbasic p-mastigophores (often difficult to distinguish), holotrichs (large and small), spirocysts (see Table S1, Figure 5).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="74" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">
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Differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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Herberts, 1972 and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. with regards to distribution (Ryukyu Archipelago as opposed to Madagascar and southern Great Barrier Reef, respectively), coloration (yellow observed in some
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.), and tentacle count (
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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= 38 to 44 tentacles,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. = average 33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.9 tentacles). The two new
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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tentacle counts are statistically significant (t-test, p<0.001). Often polyps are much taller (to 8.5 mm) than
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (to 3.0 mm), although height ranges overlap (Table 3). The two new
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species mt 16S rDNA sequences differ by three base pairs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.is currently the only partially encrusted zoanthid described from the Ryukyu Archipelago.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="74" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">
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Named for the Okinawan dialect word for Okinawa,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“uchina”">"uchina"</normalizedToken>
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, the prefecture where this species was first found. Noun in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" type="habitat, ecology, and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">Habitat, ecology, and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="74">
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Specimens from the Ryukyu Archipelago were found at depths from the intertidal zone to 25 m. Despite repeated surveys focused on zoanthids, no
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.have been found further north on Yakushima Island or mainland Japan, nor further south in the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands of southern Okinawa, and it may be that this species is limited to a subtropical distribution in the Middle Ryukyu Islands. Additionally, despite surveys, thus far no specimens have been reported from neighboring Taiwan (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="74">Reimer et al. 2011d</bibRefCitation>
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) or the Ogasawara Islands (
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="133 - 144" title="Marine invertebrate diversity in the oceanic Ogasawara Islands: a molecular examination of zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) and their Symbiodinium (Dinophycaea)." url="10.1080/14772000.2011.569034" volume="9" year="2011 b">Reimer et al. 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="5" pageNumber="74">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="74" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., although not found at many locations surveyed, was locally common, particularly at locations that were characterized by strong currents and some sedimentation, with large coarse sand particles scattered over the bottom or rocks. Preference for such environments may be related to its encrustation patterns. Colonies were almost always found in cracks and holes in rocks partially exposed to light, and usually not in locations completely exposed to light. Most colonies were
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="75" start="start">relatively</pageBreakToken>
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small, consisting of tens (not hundreds) of polyps, with polyps spread out and connected by thin stolons (Figure 4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="75" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">This species can close its polyps much more rapidly than species of other zooxanthellate zoanthid genera (Reimer pers. obs).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="75" type="dna sequences">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">DNA Sequences.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">
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Originally listed in Table S1 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. (2011a)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">Cytochrome oxidase subunit I: HM991243-HM991246</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA: HM991227-HM991229</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="75" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in situ. A Partially closed polyps showing lack of encrustation at oral end B Colonies of two different color morphotypes C Close-up of polyps of the same color morphotype as on the left in B) D Polyps showing variation in oral disk color where the dorsal directive is located. Scales approximately 1 cm. A to D images taken by Masaru Mizuyama, September 20, 2010, in the lower intertidal zone at Kamomine, Tokunoshima, Kagoshima, Japan, specimens uncollected E Colony MISE MO-100 in situ on March 16, 2011 at Tebiro Beach, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima, Japan. Image taken by Masami Obuchi.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="75">
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Figure 5. Cnidae of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="75" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="6" pageNumber="75" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. from the tentacles, pharynx, and filaments showing their relative size. Type abbreviations: Sp=spirocysts, H=holotrichs, LH=large holotrichs, SH=small holotrichs, B=basitrichs, SH?=potential small holotrichs, pM=p-mastigophores. Size and frequency data are given in Table S1.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |