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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="21586" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3aa0ff0e-f235-4efb-94f0-15ba44ff5e0d" ID-PMC="PMC7340629" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-944-47" ID-Pensoft-UUID="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" ID-PubMed="32684773" ID-ZooBank="CBF1BE5BD1E5408B8769E8FA935D6C78" ModsDocID="1313-2970-944-47" checkinTime="1593557106400" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wesolowska, Wanda, Azarkina, Galina N. &amp; Wisniewski, Konrad" docDate="2020" docId="EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 944: 47-98" docOrigin="ZooKeys 944" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.49921" docTitle="Pachyballus castaneus Simon 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="530549BF5AD95FF7B321BF51843EAD48" masterDocTitle="A revision of Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae, Ballini) with descriptions of new species" masterLastPageNumber="98" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1732691390065" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="00AFBE879226656CF9A540C356228F8E">A revision of Pachyballus Simon, 1900 and Peplometus Simon, 1900 (Araneae, Salticidae, Ballini) with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="DB2993E39A2A111F67B844E4A5022D6F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0173A68142A1BD96140A9DD521198079">Wesolowska, Wanda</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="518C994ABAEAE8ABBC224996391BD917">Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Taxonomy, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 65, 51 - 148 Wroclaw, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6ABEC77C6A5D88CAA4367A4266D19237">Azarkina, Galina N.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E8D6A465A05E68BAEB571116231247D9">Laboratory of Systematics of Invertebrate Animals, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Street 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5612545D0499BE9C64BA000E07E70296">Wisniewski, Konrad</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="996D243C8F332B2EE8305AA80F968CE5">Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Arciszewskiego 22 b, 76 - 200 Slupsk, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="BF75ACCD54A6803CD6C3C7388AC8E03A">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164844930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EECBB1E078F35A299F509DD3AEBCADF1" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" scope_family="Salticidae" scope_order="Araneae">
<subSubSection id="C266B13E265F0D5EA23F128A22B5BD72" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8E7A3CCD86AA5F3D2860BD6F45A49321" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="1E8D99A44A6F8E324F31E7B69F52E1FD" ID-CoL="4BQ36" LSID="EECBB1E0-78F3-5A29-9F50-9DD3AEBCADF1" authority="Simon, 1900" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">Pachyballus castaneus Simon, 1900</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="4E84A197D3609566FAAADE8FFA4EE164" captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. Some morphological characters of Pachyballus and Peplometus 1 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Gabon), male, ventral abdominal scuta 2 Pach. ornatus (specimen from Tanzania), female, ventral abdominal scuta 3 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Congo), embolus 4 Pepl. biscutellatus (specimen from Ivory Coast), palpal organ in ventral view 5 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Zimbabwe), epigyne with broken embolus in copulatory opening 6 Pach. castaneus, pitted integument of abdomen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427052" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="451C608FBAB0135C1D73A2482109111E" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 18-21</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4F33A1FEA50A54B37230BE71C3DCBB18" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 22-28</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="CD47D3DA662067AAE9129F0D80A6BE7E" captionStart="Figures 129–135" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figures 129 - 135. First leg of male 129 Pachyballus castaneus 130 Peplometus biscutellatus 131, 132 P. chlorophthalmus 133 P. congoensis 134 P. oyo 135 P. nimba 132 retrolateral view, others prolateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures129-135" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427075" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 129</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="84E70E3C5B17178FC4D39D6BC9A58D46" captionStart="Figures 193–198" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figures 193 - 198. Distribution maps of Pachyballus and Peplometus species. 193 circle - Pachyballus caelestis, square - P. castaneus, triangle - P. variegatus 194 P. flavipes 195 circle - P. miniscutulus, square - P. mombasensis, triangle - P. ornatus 196 P. transversus 197 circle - Peplometus biscutellatus, square - P. chlorophthalmus 198 circle - P. nimba, square - P. oyo, triangle - P. congoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures193-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427088" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 193</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6CA9B8B35A36D495D025B483591A7204" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="5B7493B5B8C78FC69FA629C95A69CB9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="1CE64BF32D9E422065E09B6CCBC30612" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">Pachyballus castaneus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="03689B0DCB799BE889723759CD89DEE4" author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="381 - 407" refId="B23" refString="Simon, E, 1900. Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 44: 381 - 407" title="Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae." volume="44" year="1900">Simon 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 400 (♀).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="057EBAC53E62FFB772424E118A5E76D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="neotype">
<paragraph id="8CCA2B4BAD41B5BB1A257C3229323F11" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Neotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1CCB03C19C65AB02A0804BD2BC40429" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
South Africa • ♀; KwaZulu-Natal, Ulundi, Ophathe Game Reserve;
<geoCoordinate id="28AD84E917DD4E66C9BFF4F73469EF14" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.383333">28°23'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6481517EBDB5BD44110D56F296273678" degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.4">31°24'E</geoCoordinate>
; 3.X.2008; C. Haddad leg.; overgrazed savanna, beating shrubs; NCA 2008/4147.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A86FD8A37584769C47BDEA71484F7B07" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="paraneotypes">
<paragraph id="7D1BEE1C4081B8EAB77168E25129B0E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Paraneotypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="726C3549D1E6F7C972701A74A0224AD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">South Africa • 1♀; together with neotype • 1♂ 1♀; the same locality as neotype; 3.X.2008; C. Haddad leg.; overgrazed savanna, beating, shrubs; NCA 2008/4140.</paragraph>
<caption id="D9A6FA33C519733B495A71AB58D1F93E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figures 18–21" startId="F5">
<paragraph id="2766C13CC883842BD97282FFBE99AF74" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="65D0952E77389829B8BFA95BADDBC259" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 18-21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="9106B3836A154972D0039B5E68531948" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="425021286DBA514B236A79FA03D8BB38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A33369D2C8A9D281B799531A752B5C93" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">18</emphasis>
male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="E0373CEEE8E4C756C9996B715F488477" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</emphasis>
male habitus, lateral view
<emphasis id="BCD9E820E7FF39C2B42493A4C00F8F72" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">20</emphasis>
female, habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis id="946F2547644AFD884FECB7C66867E258" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</emphasis>
female, neotype, habitus, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23F74E23F92524C5C6D46BA6B7598295" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7EAD890620C3E0C1E931397DC9CDD71B" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EB4316193B7EBC195F90A7B5CABB8791" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
South Africa • 1♂; the same locality as neotype; 2.X.2008; NCA 2008/4167 • 1♂ 2♀ 8 imm.; the same locality; 500 m a.s.l.; rocky mountainside; NCA 2008/4154 • 3♂ 6 imm.; the same locality; 1.X.2008; NCA 2008/3993 • 1♂ 3 imm.; the same data; NCA 2008/3971 • 1♂; KwaZulu-Natal, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Crocodile Centre;
<geoCoordinate id="53DCD08B0A2B5C71E7CDF13CFBB2EE86" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.35">28°21'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F9AEA369E7AD1840969D47477DB80714" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
; 14.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, wetland,
<taxonomicName id="1ACFE45494888C2C96908D545271DEE7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Breonadia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Breonadia salicina" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salicina">
<emphasis id="F344AD6BC5D5CE66B8651E2990663861" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Breonadia salicina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; NCA 2012/5736 • 2♀; the same locality, St. Lucia;
<geoCoordinate id="A09F07B877551816DBE3E1FFB0C169BC" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.383333">28°23'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="951EBE463CBD77BFD2FED1BF3DE2C609" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
; 13.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, coastal forest,
<taxonomicName id="E535AE97F8FEC323C23B90D29598E44C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Trichilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trichilia dregeana" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dregeana">
<emphasis id="F89005371B7DE5C8C2BDF44A020F236B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Trichilia dregeana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; NCA 2012/4019 and NCA 2012/5737 • 1♀; Lake St. Lucia, Fanies Island;
<geoCoordinate id="E364C79BE6A16D849E317027BBF9E912" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.1">28°06'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="BC1C8D9A6984BBEBC556A06F67374B83" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.45">32°27'E</geoCoordinate>
; 1.VII.1993; F.J. van der Lingen leg.; 200 m from lake campsite, W shore, in dense bush thicket; NMBA 08069 • 1♀; Mkuze, Banghoek Lodge;
<geoCoordinate id="1B7AB22FDCC4883988FD3140840A1F56" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-27.75">27°45'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2FDE22F66DC2F1261E8FAF30119C4CC1" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.133335">32°08'E</geoCoordinate>
; 17.V.2012; J.A. Neetling and C. Luwes leg.; canopy fogging, Bushveld,
<taxonomicName id="CA0F5801B315CD2CB665125727E02A85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia karroo" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karroo">
<emphasis id="6733E3B69094DBEE2FB242D2282ACC80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Acacia karroo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; NCA 2012/3965 • 1♂; Ndumo Game Reserve;
<geoCoordinate id="C6604249C8080B53E784EB5EEF8A7C16" degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-26.916666">26°55'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="B4DBEE3E849F3B743AE2B5E2C192809C" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.316666">32°19'E</geoCoordinate>
; 30.VI.2009; R. Lyle leg.; sand forest, beating foliage; NCA 2009/3660 • 1♀; Sihangwane, Tembe Elephant Park, 40 km from Kosi Bay;
<geoCoordinate id="D257EE5E8DEF40464574CFFDAB35369C" degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="02" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-27.033333">27°02'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="8FE9D939E8E7A0BCDA80E63674B82D2F" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.416668">32°25'E</geoCoordinate>
; 18.XI.1988, R. Harris leg.; NCA 94/828 • 1♀; the same locality; 6.II.2008; R. Lyle and R. Fourie leg.; beating, afromontane forest; NCA 2008/505 • 1♂ 1♀; Hellsgate;
<geoCoordinate id="AD59D316FF449CF7CBF576EBC9E64282" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-28.0">28°00'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D63D9F605A3332FA8640E5EE0A7DAFA0" degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="32.8">32°48'E</geoCoordinate>
; 23.VIII.2004; J. Esterhuizen leg.; NCA 2010/155 and NCA 2010/156 • 1♀; Mpumalanga Prov., Nelspruit, Agricultural College;
<geoCoordinate id="2D545E9BB7A54234394DA2339341DEF4" degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-25.45">25°27'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="ED35FAF1880F5B45CD6C2EB57E01CF15" degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.983334">30°59'E</geoCoordinate>
; 12.XI.1999;
<taxonomicName id="28E2B9AFC9CC0F33EF23BEE7D8998CF7" genus="P." lsidName="P." pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="genus">P.</taxonomicName>
Stephen leg.; beating, citrus; NCA 2000/223 • 1♀; Wildlife College, 10 km from Orpen Gate of Kruger National Park;
<geoCoordinate id="4EC7B5B22D7A53994010140D9619B191" degrees="24" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-24.466667">24°28'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D6F7804BC80A46CAC9A13C69A638EBC4" degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.383333">31°23'E</geoCoordinate>
; 11.X.2000; W. Breytenbach leg.; beating
<taxonomicName id="778EC74E6ADF29679ADB9CF076B98C1F" authorityName="Hiern" authorityYear="1873" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" genus="Euclea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euclea divinorum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="divinorum">
<emphasis id="1D16D15062B5A3EF08D96294FBDA563C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Euclea divinorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; NCA 2003/626 • 1♂; Limpopo Prov., Little Leigh;
<geoCoordinate id="06A9CB96F76949D65AE9FFD0537E9DF1" degrees="22" direction="south" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.933332">22°56'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="28E74087BBC4B6A095BD32F3712F5B2C" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.366667">29°22'E</geoCoordinate>
; 22.XI.2005; B. van der Waal leg.; branch beating, gallery forest; NCA 2009/2232. Zimbabwe • 3♂; Mashonaland; Workman coll.; MCZ • 1♂; Harare;
<geoCoordinate id="A4AC65928C38A05261F7DEEB178BCACE" degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.833334">17°50'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="C8F18C59CBE9B382A4E7E4A3CF978273" degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="31.166666">31°10'E</geoCoordinate>
; 2.III.2012; M. Cumming leg.; suburban garden, dropped from tree; NMZ.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="512D86DF4B64479B54A3CD25EBBE2590" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C225D6B2C9C9BA2A68B77E5940D8914F" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB93CBD62D4A26690E5FD64086E7709C" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
The male is indistinguishable from the males of
<taxonomicName id="1AC7D60041A947C353292AF9BE17AF89" lsidName="P. flavipes" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="098FEAE48DF598FA7F418E4721341F90" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D488DE80A039ED3736EB4DDB8FF22B7F" lsidName="P. mombasensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="mombasensis">
<emphasis id="3E62CF44EF3D0A919F65AF1B87E437EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. mombasensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by body shape and colouration, but its bulb is slightly narrower than in these species and the embolic spiral is tightly convoluted; width of the basal embolic loop equals only a half of tegulum width, whereas in both other species it is as wide as tegulum. The female can be separated from congeners in having copulatory ducts compactly arranged and not forming loose loops (see Fig.
<figureCitation id="80489E0A2624B9C48DCB23C6A98CE3A6" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="32EDD42CDFF9099382AA16E0F07A51E2" doi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figures 22–28" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="A5D7309CA7C97E47181673CC955A8864" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="9412A3B44E97A72CEC1651AA39E74484" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figures 22-28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7C7E62484C1263EB10C7232AA6CB97B3" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="88550C039699AE07A19FDEC831D33E31" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="E5FA96CBB8B3EC45983109EF8CF28BF9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">22</emphasis>
cheliceral dentition
<emphasis id="6B40B2C804F9F4A6AB433565BAFC646C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">23-25</emphasis>
palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe)
<emphasis id="6CA5E4F4EC575128FD1F7ECF7ED9DA2E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">26</emphasis>
palpal organ, lateral view
<emphasis id="B18B58262C0748E916D7163B512B0AB6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">27</emphasis>
epigyne
<emphasis id="8161E11E139D8888A2EF95C7673A8419" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</emphasis>
internal structure of epigyne.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D78DF3D7CB85866F53222B10DAC331C" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="2044A8FC780F47A32331848729D131BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27D6FDE63A2676EF96EC375168A1F188" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="52C2A02EF5803097FA5C6A0AB9A5A320" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Male.</emphasis>
Measurements. Cephalothorax: length 0.9-1.3, width 1.3-1.9, height 0.5-0.6. Eye field: length 0.6-0.7, anterior width 1.1-1.4, posterior width 1.3-1.9. Abdomen: length 1.7-2.2, width 1.8-2.6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9FB2A8389B0B0569B7DD0EB67367AADA" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
General appearance as in Figs
<figureCitation id="314C5C96ED1A385B10A99DE4E61F685A" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="51485962EC32DD0FF7EAF37D30B39570" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
. Small spider with flattened body covered with strongly sclerotised and pitted integument (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CEC599F4686DAF96760CB718E35906D2" captionStart="Figures 1–6" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 6. Some morphological characters of Pachyballus and Peplometus 1 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Gabon), male, ventral abdominal scuta 2 Pach. ornatus (specimen from Tanzania), female, ventral abdominal scuta 3 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Congo), embolus 4 Pepl. biscutellatus (specimen from Ivory Coast), palpal organ in ventral view 5 Pach. flavipes (specimen from Zimbabwe), epigyne with broken embolus in copulatory opening 6 Pach. castaneus, pitted integument of abdomen." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures1-6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427052" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">6</figureCitation>
). Carapace dark brown, eye field on more or less half of carapace, vicinity of eyes black. A few long bristles at anterior eyes. Posterior edge of carapace covered by abdomen. Chelicerae with three teeth on both margins (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD41884D6D57561C555F16415A53A74F" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">22</figureCitation>
). Mouth parts brown, sternum oval, brown, clypeus extremely low. Abdomen dark brown, heart-shaped, as wide as long, dorsal scutum turned back via margins to venter (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2ACB8DCB51666F553E313371C2A31C9B" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
), ventral scuta typical; the anterior one narrow with lateral extensions, posterior trapezoid. Numerous small bumps on sides. Colouration dark brown to black, iridescent, integument clearly pitted, short hairs on edges of carapace, dense bristles near eyes. Spinnerets brown. Legs I the thickest (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DD45C0F86D848AD435E0909369B0A2EE" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">19</figureCitation>
), brown (except yellow tarsi and metatarsi), femur, patella and tibia slightly thickened, tibia slightly flattened dorsally, covered with dense setae ventrally. Tibiae and metatarsi with two pairs of short stout spines ventrally. Other legs yellow, with brownish femora. Pedipalp brown, its structure as in Figs
<figureCitation id="87D5347FE447EAAEA99EE861503652EE" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">23-26</figureCitation>
, slightly narrower than in congeners. Palpal tibia short with single thin straight apophysis, bulb oval, embolus thin, long, spirally coiled on bulb tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32E01BA56BD5B7FDCAE95DFAF7FA33B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="C22170C5C086264308DCA6640B1F30D3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Female.</emphasis>
Cephalothorax: length 0.9-1.4, width 1.2-1.4, height 0.5-0.6. Eye field: length 0.5-0.7, anterior width 0.9-1.1, posterior width 1.2-1.4. Abdomen: length 1.7-2.0, width 1.8-2.1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9DC00AC041BFDBACDEEBD3F9CB104AF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
General appearance as in Figs
<figureCitation id="847C16493DACD6A906B7B7E02C5F1EE9" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7644B88E9BBDF38157F4621324142EC7" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</figureCitation>
. Similar to male, abdomen almost round or oval, but its anterior margin almost straight. Abdominal venter with two scuta as in male (Fig.
<figureCitation id="77DA38A3E91D26B1469C2494F23B2D4E" captionStart="Figures 18–21" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 18 - 21. Pachyballus castaneus 18 male (specimen from South Africa), habitus, dorsal view 19 male habitus, lateral view 20 female, habitus, dorsal view 21 female, neotype, habitus, ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures18-21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427056" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">21</figureCitation>
). All legs and palps dark yellow. Epigyne typical, with horseshoe-shaped anterior depression (Fig.
<figureCitation id="A95A6DA3457B7B47FCF1A2D924BBEB5C" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">27</figureCitation>
). Internal structures relatively simple, copulatory ducts shorter than in congeners, compactly arranged, spermathecae strongly sclerotised (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CAC0578851DFE69983FAE284A4C36CB6" captionStart="Figures 22–28" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 22 - 28. Pachyballus castaneus 22 cheliceral dentition 23 - 25 palpal organ, ventral view (24 specimen from Zimbabwe) 26 palpal organ, lateral view 27 epigyne 28 internal structure of epigyne." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures22-28" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427057" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D2BDB9120E6F0CF14A8106FA604E17F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="AD894147874A251F9FC45D6A0890EB96" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Immature specimens.</emphasis>
Similar to adults, abdomen covered dorsally with one large scutum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9278536C4BEB4301645BA354ED592089" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="A078C480EFB573764902FDAA34AAA885" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9ACCF5813D9D3E4F704EEB0D8D188527" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Known from South Africa and Zimbabwe (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B0A38A295C1055252D7897CF00B40AB3" captionStart="Figures 193–198" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figures 193 - 198. Distribution maps of Pachyballus and Peplometus species. 193 circle - Pachyballus caelestis, square - P. castaneus, triangle - P. variegatus 194 P. flavipes 195 circle - P. miniscutulus, square - P. mombasensis, triangle - P. ornatus 196 P. transversus 197 circle - Peplometus biscutellatus, square - P. chlorophthalmus 198 circle - P. nimba, square - P. oyo, triangle - P. congoensis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures193-198" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427088" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">193</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="335E9BDAD989703AE7CC5EB0BD94BFC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="designation of neotype">
<paragraph id="00ABB0D37D7A9CC2DF5EED87803BB188" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Designation of neotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2EBFF00AC4748A36AD13794ACB6FC1F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="8F48D0B07BC3B3C1F0E0648F386B3AE3" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus castaneus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castaneus">
<emphasis id="3A55022E21C1B697DD2FA9244044AC6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus castaneus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from Natal (South Africa) on the basis of a single female. The type specimen was lost (the collection manager informed us that the type could not be found in
<normalizedToken id="D3ECBA0C3F74535E13EA093B52670AF7" originalValue="Simon’s">Simon's</normalizedToken>
collection in MNHN). The original description is very superficial (only body size and colouration of legs are mentioned) and insufficient for identification of the species. Colouration of legs varies within different
<taxonomicName id="4887CAC93D9E9A30FDE1EF1FE076EC9D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1900" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Pachyballus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachyballus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4622472FD679BA619274D31BDECFB92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pachyballus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (see Figs
<figureCitation id="7B1C55E1CF45075EF0A4F68BC9253D7D" captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 29 - 35. Pachyballus flavipes 29 male, habitus, dorsal view 30 male, habitus, ventral view 31 male, habitus, lateral view 32, 33 female, habitus, dorsal view 34 female, habitus, ventral view 35 female, habitus, lateral view (29, 30, 32 specimen from Congo 31 specimen from Kenya 33 - 35 specimen from Cameroon)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures29-35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427058" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">32</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="12FC6621ED30E80135E55F16AC70FB32" captionStart="Figures 29–35" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 29 - 35. Pachyballus flavipes 29 male, habitus, dorsal view 30 male, habitus, ventral view 31 male, habitus, lateral view 32, 33 female, habitus, dorsal view 34 female, habitus, ventral view 35 female, habitus, lateral view (29, 30, 32 specimen from Congo 31 specimen from Kenya 33 - 35 specimen from Cameroon)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures29-35" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427058" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">33</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="2B98482AB969CD528485884A5A2ECE3B" captionStart="Figures 104–109" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figures 104 - 109. Pachyballus transversus, female 104 - 106 habitus, dorsal view 107 - 109 epigyne (dissected from specimens visible above) (104, 106 specimens from Congo 105 specimen from Ethiopia)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.944.49921.figures104-109" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/427071" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">104-106</figureCitation>
), so it cannot be used as a taxonomic character. The neotype, a female that originates from the same province as the type, is herein designated to stabilise the nomenclature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3869D6B9EDBE49AE37B795DBF0F9C491" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="1A874CFCC980B0CB7AC9F0F2734E7465" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D39EF543B3D688F624A9733F72BC1EE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">The male of this species is described here for the first time.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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