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<document id="378D08C1391C3FE286620D550304F0E5" ID-DOI="10.5070/P940454153" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913559" ID-ZooBank="58312615-0833-432E-BF5D-3DFFBF361AAA" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1712169471054" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Burrow, Carole Jan, Murphy, Michael &amp; Turner, Susan" docDate="2023" docId="B21CD55BFFD3FFED59D68E7FFC472324" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.4.1-32.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (1975)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940454153" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.1:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Gomphonchus sandelensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="4E25AD23FFDEFFE0596C8867FF9B270C" masterDocTitle="Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1717597860775" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="93E18976A275E09B082E0D51F0163E19">Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED59D68E7FFD4D213E" box="[186,726,1559,1586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED59D68E7FFD4D213E" blockId="13.[146,766,1559,1621]" box="[186,726,1559,1586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="6142D321FFD3FFED59D68E7FFD4D213E" allCaps="true" box="[186,726,1559,1586]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD3FFED59D68E7FFD4D213E" authority="(PANDER, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="PANDER" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[186,726,1559,1586]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphonchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandelensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED59D68E7FFD97213E" box="[186,524,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">GOMPHONCHUS SANDELENSIS</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED5B718E70FD50213E" author="Pander, C. H." box="[541,715,1559,1586]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25188" refString="Pander, C. H. 1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des silurischen Systems der Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. Obersilurische Fische. 91 pp. Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg." type="book" year="1856">PANDER, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED59FE8E5CFD652159" box="[146,766,1595,1621]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED59FE8E5CFD652159" blockId="13.[146,766,1559,1621]" box="[146,766,1595,1621]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
(
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD3FFED59F68E5CFF462159" box="[154,221,1595,1621]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[112,191,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-277@12.[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U,V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913565/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 3</figureCitation>
S-V; 
<tableCitation id="773751F6FFD3FFED587B8E5CFEE22159" box="[279,377,1595,1621]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[112,179,1869,1893]" captionTargetBox="[120,1534,204,1847]" captionTargetId="graphics-72@5.[112,1519,193,1849]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Distribution of vertebrate and agnathan remains in the Birch Creek Section BCII, northern Roberts Mts. (Přidolí- Lochkovian; bold line indicates probable S/D boundary). Vertebrates are to the left above the upper horizontal line and agnathans are to the right. RP indicates Ross Parke samples. Number of elements: x 1-10, xx 11-50, xxx 51-100, xxxx&gt;100." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="6ECA34C5FFDBFFE5591C8F2AFA2520A9">TABLE 1</tableCitation>
; SUPPL. 1, 
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD3FFED58908E5CFDF72159" box="[508,620,1595,1621]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStartId-0="3.[112,191,1816,1840]" captionStartId-1="7.[112,191,1522,1546]" captionStartId-2="12.[112,191,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox-0="[125,1408,891,1777]" captionTargetBox-1="[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetBox-2="[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetId-0="figure-184@3.[112,1520,891,1798]" captionTargetId-1="figure-320@7.[285,1346,192,1501]" captionTargetId-2="figure-277@12.[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="Figure 1. Birch Creek II section, central Roberts Mountains, Nevada. A. locality map, topographic map showing locations of sections BC II, BC III, WC I, WC IV after Murphy (2016, appendix 1). B. stratigraphic column through the uppermost Silurian– lowermost Devonian (after Klapper and Murphy 1975, fig. 5; scale on left is in feet; X denotes their proposed Silurian–Devo- nian boundary at approx. 567’=172.8 m level); to the right, stratigraphically significant conodont ranges in red, graptolites in blue (see Murphy 2016, fig. 2)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510’) in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U,V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage." captionText-2="Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U,V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913561" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913563" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913565" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10913561/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10913563/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10913565/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIGS. 1–3</figureCitation>
, 11, 12, 13)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED59FC8EE6FDFD2009" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED59FC8EE6FF5B21B3" blockId="13.[112,800,1663,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD3FFED59FC8EE6FDF22190" authority="Pander 1856" authorityName="Pander" authorityYear="1856" box="[144,617,1663,1693]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandelensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED59FC8EE6FE232197" box="[144,440,1663,1693]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Gomphodus sandelensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED58AE8EE6FDF22190" author="Pander, C. H." box="[450,617,1665,1692]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25188" refString="Pander, C. H. 1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des silurischen Systems der Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. Obersilurische Fische. 91 pp. Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg." type="book" year="1856">Pander 1856</bibRefCitation>
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, 76, pl. 6 figs. 15-17.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED59FC8EAFFDFD2009" blockId="13.[112,800,1663,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD3FFED59FC8EAFFDC021ED" authority="Gross 1971" authorityName="Gross" authorityYear="1971" box="[144,603,1734,1764]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphonchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacantiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandelensis">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED59FC8EAFFE5021EE" box="[144,459,1734,1764]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Gomphonchus sandelensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED58A38EA0FDC021ED" author="Gross, W." box="[463,603,1735,1761]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref23439" refString="Gross, W. 1971. Downtonische und Dittonische Acanthodier-Reste des Ostseegebietes. Palaeontographica Abt. A 136: 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1971">Gross 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 53, figs. 19E–G, 20, 21A, 21B, 22A–D, pl. 5.11, 9.15–9.17.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED59FC8F56FA6B27F2" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED59FC8F56FA6B27F2" blockId="13.[112,800,1841,1938]" lastBlockId="13.[832,1521,193,1064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED59FC8F56FE8A2047" bold="true" box="[144,273,1841,1867]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis</emphasis>
—Relatively large 
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD3FFED58818F56FD0D2041" authorityName="GROSS" authorityYear="1971" box="[493,662,1841,1869]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphonchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED58818F56FD0D2041" box="[493,662,1841,1869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Gomphonchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
scales with a smooth crown that extends beyond the base all round, and a high neck with vertical ribbing posteriorly. Scales have durodentine superficially in some of the youngest crown growth lamellae; they lack radial vascular canals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED5A0C8960FB252402" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED5A0C8960FC6E26DD" blockId="13.[832,1521,193,1064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED5A0C8960FBBA262D" bold="true" box="[864,1057,263,289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Type material</emphasis>
—The 
<typeStatus id="E50EDAEFFFD3FFED5D1B896FFB40262E" box="[1143,1243,264,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
scales from the Ohesaare Beds, Ohesaare Cliffs (
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED5DCF894DFADE2649" author="Pander, C. H." box="[1187,1349,298,325]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25188" refString="Pander, C. H. 1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des silurischen Systems der Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. Obersilurische Fische. 91 pp. Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg." type="book" year="1856">Pander 1856</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 6 figs, 15, 16; Ohesaare Formation) and Sandla (
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED5C4D8929FA5F2664" author="Pander, C. H." box="[1313,1476,333,360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25188" refString="Pander, C. H. 1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des silurischen Systems der Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. Obersilurische Fische. 91 pp. Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg." type="book" year="1856">Pander 1856</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 6 fig. 17; lower Kaugatuma or upper Kuressaare Stage), 
<collectingRegion id="F871AAAFFFD3FFED5A2C89F3FC2026A2" box="[832,955,404,430]" country="Estonia" name="Saaremaa" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Saaremaa</collectingRegion>
Island, 
<collectingCountry id="42A224DDFFD3FFED5D4F89F3FB1A26A2" box="[1059,1153,404,430]" name="Estonia" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Estonia</collectingCountry>
(Late Silurian, Přidolí) have been long lost.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED5A0C89BDFB252402" blockId="13.[832,1521,193,1064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED5A0C89BDFBEA26F8" bold="true" box="[864,1137,474,500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Referred specimens</emphasis>
—Scales assigned to this species are rare compared to the number of poracanthodid scales, occurring at various levels from 395’–545’ (
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), including UCR 930-7 (level 395’= 
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) and UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5’= 
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD3FFED5DB78A00FADE258E" box="[1243,1349,615,642]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3119999999999998" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="131.2">131.2 m</quantity>
); AMF 97957, 97958 (level 513’= 
<quantity id="FD4DC9A8FFD3FFED5D488AEDFB1025A9" box="[1060,1163,650,677]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.564" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="156.4">156.4 m</quantity>
), figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED5C728AEDFA5B25A9" author="Parkes, R." box="[1310,1472,650,677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25224" refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW." type="book" year="1995">Parkes (1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 33.1–33.4) and thin sections AMF 97994, 97995 (level 513’= 
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), figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="5E2419BCFFD3FFED5DEB8AB6FAB625E0" author="Parkes, R." box="[1159,1325,721,748]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" refId="ref25224" refString="Parkes, R. 1995. Late Silurian - Early Devonian vertebrate microremains from Nevada and southeastern Australia: biochronology, biogeography and application of novel histological techniques. Unpublished B. Sc. (Hons) thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW." type="book" year="1995">Parkes (1995</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 42.1, 42.2): Roberts Mountains Formation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72AF37C6FFD3FFED5A0C8B70FC472324" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A0A644DFFD3FFED5A0C8B70FC472324" blockId="13.[832,1521,193,1064]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED5A0C8B70FC66243D" bold="true" box="[864,1021,791,817]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Description</emphasis>
—Scales have a smooth flat crown, sometimes with a shallow median sulcus (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD3FFED5C638B5DFA1D2459" box="[1295,1414,826,853]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[112,191,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-277@12.[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U,V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913565/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3S, T</figureCitation>
) or very weak short ridges along the anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="A28E78C8FFD3FFED5CE28B39FCCC2497" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[112,191,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-277@12.[112,1520,272,1460]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U,V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913565" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913565/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3U, V</figureCitation>
); the crown is usually wider and longer than the base. The scales can be difficult to distinguish from those 
<taxonomicName id="FDB51FCEFFD3FFED5CA48BC4FBCC24EE" authorityName="Brotzen" authorityYear="1934" family="Poracanthodidae" genus="Poracanthodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="08C1B85FFFD3FFED5CA48BC4FBCC24EE" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Poracanthodes punctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
scales, which also have a smooth flat crown, with pore openings often only detectable in SEM images.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>