361 lines
51 KiB
XML
361 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="518134082CF14B26E5F84FFF8F9002C1">A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="57D5E19BB15D16684B6A3A756E5F8262">Marek, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="08F127B509301397C77EC9FC082B9EC4">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="54B7C428187CEBE74502975716452572">Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9CEF553A2660C239A74CDBF96026159D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="71DFF595D44BC291E2F4142A2EAC3E64">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="942503C66E189EF9F222085ECA3E1AA8">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C23090BACF23D431A9D76AEB56AE66FB">241</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="22DBF083254235C70B954602A03D8A45" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8A25E6F49BEE49CE5E2521C9AC5DCCE2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037901" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A25E6F49BEE49CE5E2521C9AC5DCCE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A25E6F49BEE49CE5E2521C9AC5DCCE2" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" scope_class="Diplopoda" scope_family="Siphonorhinidae" scope_order="Siphonophorida">
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<subSubSection id="48A43FAF1FAA730D88EB5C7E5CDEF1AB" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A93DD0D0DD3F881B48D3FAC5F9627CE7" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="C70E66EDE1AD89B553AB59722DD8A26F" ID-CoL="3PG9L" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Illacme_plenipes" authority="Cook & Loomis, 1928" authorityName="Cook & Loomis" authorityYear="1928" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes Cook & Loomis, 1928</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="908FB45B88077751AFA0D4677D26AFBB" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9D3987F593CD0DE4C98F0599B02D1395" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="D0A0588E668900509E30B9BC0E538FAD" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="BF6EC26E168918459547FEAF52DBB6BD" author="Cook, OF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 26" title="Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California." volume="72" year="1928">Cook and Loomis 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: 12.
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<bibRefCitation id="CD7A6A99A06B49CA63E4D2F8902D054A" author="Chamberlin, RV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 236" title="Checklist of the millipeds of North America." url="10.5479/si.03629236.212" volume="212" year="1958">Chamberlin and Hoffman 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 189;
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<bibRefCitation id="70A5E711BC354BCF331706770C714F34" author="Buckett, JS" journalOrPublisher="Simmons Publishing Co., Davis, California" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" title="Annotated list of Diplopoda of California." year="1964">Buckett 1964</bibRefCitation>
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: 29;
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<bibRefCitation id="1CA77B2E76ACB20E1A19DD9FB4D50527" author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Myriapodologica" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="21 - 33" title="The milliped order Siphonophorida in the United States and northern Mexico." volume="4" year="1996 b">Shelley 1996b</bibRefCitation>
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: 23;
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<bibRefCitation id="FCCCD50303D88542B0E744503C95EEDB" author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="1799 - 1814" title="A description of Siphonophora portoricensis Brandt (Diplopoda: Siphonophorida: Siphonophoridae), with a catalogue of ordinal representatives in the New World." url="10.1080/00222939600771051" volume="30" year="1996 a">Shelley 1996a</bibRefCitation>
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: 1808;
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<bibRefCitation id="E0AD38DE7FBE96B0C04C9D393CA8372A" author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" title="Checklist of millipeds of North and Middle America." year="1999">Hoffman 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: 195;
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<bibRefCitation id="00DBC7DC92500C0C546E7AD8E92EE6F6" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Jeekel 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 46;
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<bibRefCitation id="8076CE8D2B8EE0A3B6BECF0831892BE9" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Shelley and Hoffman 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 221;
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<bibRefCitation id="D0C748ABCCDC58EA14645E26602E0802" author="Marek, PE" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="707 - 707" title="Rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal." url="10.1038/441707a" volume="441" year="2006">Marek and Bond 2006</bibRefCitation>
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: 707;
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<bibRefCitation id="5BBC06EF148EA552D62182C68F2C46FF" author="Read, H" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="543 - 556" title="The order Siphonophorida - A taxonomist's nightmare? Lessons from a Brazilian collection." volume="81" year="2009">Read and Enghoff 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 554;
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<bibRefCitation id="1A6823EA80A5317EEEA28F04865ED691" author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="39 - 47" title="Rediscovery, redescription, and illustrations of the milliped, Mitocybe auriportae Cook and Loomis, 1928 (Colobognatha: Platydesmida: Andrognathidae)." volume="2475" year="2010">Shelley 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 45;
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<bibRefCitation id="FC6EB5039DC15CBEA445585ED85FDE6B" author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 134" title="Atlas of myriapod biogeography. I. Indigenous ordinal and supra-ordinal distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on taxon origins and ages, and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class." volume="0158" year="2011">Shelley and Golovatch 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 26.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4564E47B174A98EB9B55BB2C53253523" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="4523E18C5DC52C9225BC22A419560EE6" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1018539ED868156E1D22627CF9530301" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
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Type specimens: ♂ holotype (USNM), 1♂, 3♀ paratypes (FSCA) and 3♀ paratypes (VMNH)-from United States, California, San Benito County,
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<pageBreakToken id="1C7B3D8AD6D9C841CC896F11D6F2C53F" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
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"near divide between Salinas and San Juan Bautista" [an imprecise location probably on the north side of the Gabilan Range on San Juan Grade Road or Old Stage Road in a radius of 4 km around the coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="1581EA5C07EAE57D17C7EAC4D9F684A5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.83137">36.831371°N</geoCoordinate>
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, -
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<geoCoordinate id="C86F9E2C1153222477D2147C9220CF87" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-121.562805">121.562808°W</geoCoordinate>
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], 27.xi.1926 (Coll. O.F. Cook). Non-type specimens: California, San Benito County: 1♂ (SPC000924), 2♀ (SPC000930, -931), Gabilan Range, San Juan Bautista, 29.xi.2005 (Colls: P. and R. Marek); 3♂ (SPC000932, -933, -934), 1 juvenile (SPC000935), loc. ibid., 8.xii.2005, (Coll: J. Bond). 2♀ (SPC001187, MIL0020), Gabilan Range, San Juan Bautista, 16.xii.2007, 13:00 (Colls: P. and R. Marek).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="158D59B5FBED662003C9727C6B0D7CB6" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8831BD6832BEEAC38B045F3275F6C5CF" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="955322F602A8497ED85BDAD34DC23251" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">(See generic diagnosis.)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3E214841B505F7FB1840C425C03664E5" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F50E23E4027261C03E8B05DACBBB0D3E" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">Description of holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="89B5C50511FA6147E83DD0CFD807B849" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="10" pageNumber="87">
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(♂) USNM TYPE NO. 976 - Counts and measurements: p = 143. a = 2. l = 562. (143 + 2 + T). HW = 0.30. HL = 0.34. ISW = 0.20. AW = [antennae missing]. CW = 0.42. W1 = 0.53. W2 = 0.55. W3 = 0.55. L1 = 0.20. L2 = 0.20. L3 = 0.18. H1 = 0.31. H2 = 0.30. H3 = 0.33. AS1 = 0.45. A5W = 0.05. P5W =
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<pageBreakToken id="21B80B3AE07F7E7974BB1CDDA9763C25" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" start="start">0.04</pageBreakToken>
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. BL = 28.16. Head pear-shaped, tapered anteriorly to round point at a 160° angle anterior from antennal sockets; occipital area posterior from antennal sockets gradually curved medially towards neck (Figs 2, 3, Mb-805574-note: all SEMs herein are images of specimen #SPC000932, not the holotype). Head pilose, covered with long, slender setae (Fig. 2, Mb-805577). Mouthparts (gnathochilarium, mandibles) and labrum tightly appressed, tapered anteriorly to round point (Fig. 3, Mb-805586). Gnathochilarium elements (stipes, promentum, etc.) indistinguishably fused, tightly appressed to the ventral surface of the head, leaving a small opening anteriorly. Lateral opening apparent between gnathochilarium and head capsule (Fig. 2a, Mb-805587). Mandibles thin, stylet-like, with heavily calcified apices (viewed dorsally through translucent head capsule at 400
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<normalizedToken id="67B0C99E00511B307CBC0E90B09A9146" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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with a compound microscope). Labrum with triangular tooth-lined orifice (Fig. 7a, b; Mb-805580). Denticulate shelf-like carina, projecting dorsally from labrum-epistome margin (Fig. 8a, b; Mb-805588). Gnathochilarium, mandible and head capsule noticeably separate at base, 1/3 head length distally from mandibular joint (Fig. 2a, Mb-805589). Antennae sub-geniculate, elbowed between antennomeres 3, 4, comprising 7 antennomeres (Fig. 3, Mb-805578). Antennae massive distally; antennomeres 5, 6 enlarged (Fig. 3, Mb-805579). Five sensillum types: 4 apical cones (AS) oriented in a trapezoidal cluster on 7th antennomere, with longitudinally grooved outer surface and apical circular invagination (Fig. 13, Mb-805590). Chaetiform sensilla (CS) widely spaced on antennomeres 1-7, each sensillum with 2 or 3 barbules (Fig. 14a, Mb-805591). Trichoid sensilla (TS) oriented apically encircling antennomeres 1-7, lacking barbules (Fig. 14b, Mb-805592). Small basiconic sensilla (Bs2) in clusters of 7 or 8; in slight depressions oriented apical dorsally (retrolaterally) on antennomeres 5 and 6; smooth, finger-shaped, 1/2 length of chaetiform sensillum (Fig. 4, Mb-805593). Spiniform basiconic sensilla (Bs3) in cluster of 5, oriented apical dorsally on 7th antennomere; tips facing apical cones (on longitudinal axis with Bs2 on antennomeres 5, 6); each sensillum with 2 barbules (Fig. 13b, Mb-805594). Antennae extend posteriorly to middle of 3rd tergite. Relative antennomere lengths 6>2>5>3>4>1>7. Segments:Collum not covering head, with straight cephalic edge, gradually tapering laterally (Fig. 2b, Mb-805595). Collum with carina present on anterolateral margin, appearing scaly (Fig. 15, Mb-805596). Carina repeated serially on lateral tergal and pleural margins (absent from telson). Lateral tergal and pleural carinae jagged, pronounced on midbody segments (Fig. 16a, Mb-805597). Lateral margin of collum round. Tergites: Metazonites rectangular, 3
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<normalizedToken id="DED91B96EAE6EDABF5119E4B8D201DDC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long, slightly convex (Fig. 17, Mb-805598). Paranota absent. Metazonite dorsal surface pilose, covered with long, slender setae (Fig. 2, Mb-805599). Tergal setae hollow, cavity diameter 1/8 that of setae diameter; tipped with silk-like exudate, tangled, appearing adhered to neighboring setae (Fig. 18, Mb-805600). (NB: Tergal silk-like exudate observed in scanning electron micrographs, and by the observation of fine strands issuing from the metaterga of live individuals, viewed while magnified at 80
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<normalizedToken id="D426636D68897BA6E676F05651F43B9D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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with a stereomicroscope. Silk stickiness was indicated by increased adherence of soil particles after handling and live observation of the
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<normalizedToken id="5587BA52C4BBDBB9C0F22E7626DB0526" originalValue="millipede’s">millipede's</normalizedToken>
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coiled body becoming stuck together.) Metazonite posterior margin (limbus) lined with posteriorly projecting anchor-shaped spikes and a row of conical
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<pageBreakToken id="63946381854AEF6C1B783D3A24205CF6" pageId="12" pageNumber="89" start="start">spikes</pageBreakToken>
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just dorsal to anchor-shaped spikes (Fig. 17a, Mb-805601). Anchor-shaped spikes alternating in size (large, small) along row. Ozopores oriented dorsally, located near limbus, absent from tergites 1 - 3 and telson. Ozopores elevated slightly (porosteles absent), with 2 stout posteriorly projecting spines and encircled by 13 - 15 robust setae (Fig. 19, Mb-805602). 3 or 4 stout flat tubercles opposite ozopore near anterior margin, lunate arrangement encircling ozopore (Fig. 17b, Mb-805603). Posterior tergites more convex, covered with a greater density of long, slender
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<normalizedToken id="5725B1BA66251365A27638CB40ACE871" originalValue="“silk”">"silk"</normalizedToken>
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-exuding setae (Fig. 20, Mb-805604). Lunate-arranged tubercles opposite ozopores on posterior metazonites: conical and spiked, not flat. Apodous segments lacking sterna, pleurites contiguous in midline. Apodous tergites densely setose, covered with unevenly distributed spikes (Fig. 21, Mb-805605). Telson densely covered with irregularly oriented and unevenly distributed stout spines; posterior margin lined with variably-shaped posterodorsally oriented anchor-shaped spikes. Tergal tubercles and spikes: consistently projecting posteriorly, occasionally posterodorsally. Prozonite highly sculptured, with 5 rows of discoidal flat tubercles; anterior 3 rows staggered and posterior 2 rows aligned (Fig. 22, Mb-805606). Pleurites quadrate, flat, with jagged scaly lateral, posterior and medial margins (Fig. 16, Mb-805609). Pleurite medial margin broad, with scaly carina (Fig. 16b, Mb-805610). Left and right pleurites plate-like, comprising 4/5's of ventral segment space. Left and right pleurites broadly overlapping sternite, covering spiracles (Fig. 23, Mb-805612). Sternites free, separate from pleurites; heart-shaped, wider anteriorly. Sternal surface with broad, jagged scales. Medial sternal ridge projecting ventrally, with spiracles and legs oriented ventrally (Fig. 24, Mb-805614). Spiracles circular, orifice open; oriented dorsally above legs (Fig. 25, Mb-805615). Anterior and posterior sternites separate. Tergites, pleurites and sternites separated by arthrodial membrane (Fig. 20, Mb-805616). Arthrodial membrane between tergites and pleurites wider posteriorly. Telson pilose, covered with long, slender posteriorly recurved setae (Fig. 20, Mb-805628). Paraprocts semihemispherical, anterior margins slightly scaly. Epiproct absent. Hypoproct small, one-eighth area of paraproct, with row of posterior projecting setae. Legs: six subequally shaped podomeres, with coxa slightly shorter and tarsus slightly longer. Legs with sparse setae, appearing similar to trichoid sensilla, with 2 or 3 barbules. Coxae nearly contiguous medially, separated by thin sternal ridge. Large posteroventral D-shaped opening for eversible sac (Fig. 26, Mb-805618). Eversible sacs membranous, bulging slightly from opening (Fig. 24b, Mb-805620). Pregonopodal tarsus with stout bifurcate claw; dorsal subdivision thicker, more arcuate (Fig. 27, Mb-805621). Postgonopodal tarsus with two separate claws, co-terminal on tarsal apex; dorsal claw thick and arcuate, ventral claw thin and setiform (Fig. 16c, Mb-805623). 2nd leg pair with posteriorly oriented coxal gonapophyses; rounded, protuberant, one-third length of prefemur. Gonopods: 9th, 10th leg pairs modified into gonopods, each comprising 6 podomeres (Fig 6a, b). Anterior gonopod thick, more robust than posterior gonopod (Fig. 10, Mb-805583, Fig. 6b). Anterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6) shovel-shaped; in repose cupped sheath-like around flagelliform posterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6, Fig. 11, Mb-805584). Posterior gonopodal podomere 6 divided, comprising a bundle of 3 stylus-shaped articles (Fig. 5, Mb-805627, Fig 6a). 2 dors
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<pageBreakToken id="3866F75308DA98860313957233948788" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" start="start">al-most</pageBreakToken>
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, longest articles of P6 laminate distally, recurved laterally, denticulate posterior margins, appearance similar to a chicken foot in rigor mortis (Fig. 12, Mb-805585, Fig 6a). Ventral-most, shortest article of P6 acuminate distally, spike-like. Thin ridge-shaped sterna present between left and right gonopods, thicker between anterior gonopods.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C99FFABEC2DF88E59EE8BBF36C5CBECA" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
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<paragraph id="9FB706A4746EB027D820972D3C1F1919" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Figure 8. Lateral (right) view of antennal and cephalic apices (♂). a Scanning electron micrograph: arrow, denticulate shelf-like carina, projecting dorsally from labrum-epistome margin. Scale bar 0.1 mm b Line drawing: top arrow, shelf-like carina; middle arrow, triangular tooth-lined orifice; bottom arrow, gnathochilarium. Scale bar 0.01 mm.</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<caption id="06CEABFD9368CA7DC7224244BD876A61" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E3EAD377C10C0180288C65D84D4F815" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38278AAC7DE0F4E9C884F570FA2453F3" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
♀ with 170 segments and 662 legs (specimen # SPC000931). Top inset, 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EED0C5756A5A099B6150CADB013307FE" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnified view of posterior segments with corkscrew-shaped metenteron visible through cuticle; bottom inset, 3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6332993FC7415D503B1B58782798122F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
magnified illustration of corkscrew-shaped metenteron. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6DEA4F23F88745AE87B0F3C51671BAA2" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph id="8E9DC969FE1FAF618C633CEA983D9327" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Figures 10-15. 10 Ventral in situ view of gonopods (♂). Arrow, anterior gonopod thick, more robust than posterior gonopod. Scale bar 0.1 mm 11 Medial view of right gonopods (♂). Arrow, Anterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6) shovel-shaped; in repose cupped sheath-like around flagelliform posterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6). Scale bar 0.05 mm. 12 Oblique (right) view of right posterior gonopodal apex (♂). 2 dorsal-most, longest articles laminate distally and recurved laterally, with denticulate posterior margins appearing claw-like. Scale bar 0.02 mm. 13 Antennomere 7 apex (♂). a Four apical cones (AS) oriented in a trapezoidal cluster on 7th antennomere, with longitudinally grooved outer surface and apical circular invagination b Spiniform basiconic sensilla (Bs3) in cluster of 5, oriented apical dorsally on 7th antennomere; tips facing apical cones (on longitudinal axis with Bs2 on antennomeres 5, 6); each sensillum with 2 barbules. Scale bar 0.02 mm.14 Lateral (right) view of right antenna (♂). a Chaetiform sensilla (CS) widely spaced on antennomeres 1-7, each sensillum with 2 or 3 barbules b Trichoid sensilla (TS) oriented apically encircling antennomeres 1-7, lacking barbules. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 15 Lateral (right) view of head, collum and segments 2, 3 (♂).Arrow, collum with carina present on anterolateral margin, appearing scaly. Carina repeated serially on lateral tergal and pleural margins (absent from telson). Scale bar 0.1 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="CC6FA0052F9ADDEDD766315704FBEC22" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE00EBF3C85D1F3F633079910C2613F1" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Figure 16-21. 16 Ventral view of segments (♂). a Lateral tergal and pleural carinae jagged, pronounced on midbody segments b Pleurite medial margin broad, with scaly carina c Postgonopodal tarsus with thinner claw and without bifurcation, but with stout seta. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 17 Dorsal view of segments (♂). a Metazonite posterior margin (limbus) lined with posteriorly projecting anchor-shaped spikes and a row of conical spikes just dorsal to anchor-shaped spikes b 3 or 4 stout flat tubercles opposite ozopore near anterior margin, lunate arrangement encircling ozopore. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 18 Dorsal view of tergites (♂). Square, tergal setae tipped with silk-like exudate, tangled, appearing adhered to neighboring setae. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 19 Dorsal view of left ozopore (♂).Square, ozopores elevated slightly, with 2 stout posteriorly projecting spines and encircled by 13 - 15 robust setae. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 20 Right lateral view of posterior segments and telson (♂). Arrow, tergites, pleurites and sternites separated by arthrodial membrane. Scale bar 0.4 mm. 21 Oblique (right) ventrolateral view of 2 apodous segments, telson, hypoproct and paraprocts (♂).Apodous segments lacking sterna, pleurites contiguous in midline. Apodous tergites densely setose, covered with unevenly distributed spikes. Scale bar 0.2 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="08B3477F0E1777A65C89CBED210AA893" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<paragraph id="88E87E2A99C1D49013A6E1E7604BBC6E" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Figure 22-27. 22 Lateral view of fifth metatergite and prozonite (♂).Square, prozonite highly sculptured, with 5 rows of discoidal flat tubercles; anterior 3 rows staggered and posterior 2 rows aligned. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 23 Ventral view of mid-length sternites, pleurites and legs (♂).Left and right pleurites broadly overlapping sternite, covering spiracles. Scale bar 0.3 mm. 24 Ventral view of mid-length sternites and leg bases (♂). a Medial sternal ridge projecting ventrally, with spiracles and legs oriented ventrally b Eversible sacs membranous, bulging slightly from opening. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 25 Oblique (right) lateral view of sterna and spiracle (♂). Square, spiracles circular, orifice open; oriented dorsally above legs. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 26Ventral (right) view of legs, with posteroventral eversible sac opening (♂). Arrow, large posteroventral D-shaped opening for eversible sac. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 27 Oblique (right) lateral view of pregonopodal legs (♂).Arrow, pregonopodal tarsus with stout bifurcate claw. Scale bar 0.1 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D384AAD2EDE9A8DAAB8AA041613ECE3" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="999AD00615E70BB6C6F1035179FD87B9" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Description of largest paratype</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E782BAA12EED4358C8F98F7475B01C53" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
(♀) VMNH -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57F43690316EC3FF51DA684C8B3315C8" genus="Counts" lsidName="Counts and subsp. measurement" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" rank="subSpecies" species="and" subSpecies="measurement">Counts and measurement</taxonomicName>
|
||
s: p = 190. a = 2. l = 750. (190 + 2 + T). HW = 0.37. HL = 0.44. ISW = 0.30. AW = antennae missing. CW = 0.44. W1 = 0.58. W2 = 0.58. W3 = 0.57. L1 = 0.23. L2 = 0.21. L3 = 0.23. H1 = 0.46. H2 = 0.44. H3 = 0.48. AS1 = 0.44. BL = 40.40. Anatomical description similar to male holotype. In combination with its measurements, the following structures differ from male holotype. Head triangular, chevron-shaped, tapered anteriorly to round point at a 135° angle anterior from antennal sockets; occipital area posterior from antennal sockets straight, not curved medially towards neck. Cyphopods large, area 1/6 the segmental area in widest cross-section; almond-shaped, bivalvular, narrow apex oriented ventrolaterally. Valves transparent, glassy. Ventral valve thickened and clam-like, with 4 or 5 thick setae; dorsolateral valve thin and flat, with 2 or 3 spines. Oviduct connected posteriorly to cyphopod, opening oriented ventromedially and located between valves. Oviduct tube wrinkled, appearing highly expandable in width, cross-section 1/8 area of cyphopod. Receptacle, suture and operculum absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4C8727DCCE64D4D21960C62C2FED3AC6" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C5C51E2A97E2B3E5AEEE3A6315E3048" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9A125ACC5E969DFC5DC1ABEBF88E5C26" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1FA1D81A0856DE67DDAE00BEC12CC472" author="Cook, OF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 26" title="Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California." volume="72" year="1928">Cook and Loomis (1928)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
named this species "in highest fulfillment of feet". Il =
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D6E5CE8E2A74B325877357428E4619DC" originalValue="“in”">"in"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Latin); acme,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7CFF5D9280EFF5EA70B1CF86A3698C97" originalValue="άκμή">άκμή</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Greek) = "the highest point, or culmination"; pleni =
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A151213540205EE2F0636D6D269CCB8A" originalValue="“full”">"full"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Latin); pes =
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9F0C937BE991F6FBB59FB0C058AFF670" originalValue="“foot”">"foot"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Latin).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5533D13FFD1075255952A4FC195FC8B3" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="87EC6556B6D17F288AB318B83F55D1E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="25A780E31BA1E8008F59F3EC31785667" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="13" pageNumber="90">
|
||
There is negligible variation in coloration among live specimens. (FSCA paratype specimens that have been stored in alcohol for 86 years are dark mahogany brown, which is likely an unnatural color and a result of alcohol preservative, vial stopper and age.) The predominant source of variation between specimens is segment and leg counts (Tables 1-3). Females have between 486-750 legs with a standard deviation of 78, and males between 318-562 legs with a standard deviation of 107. The segments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2A7D0B19AF61E8284D98CBA8665CE8E" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="13" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(males and females) are uniform in length, width and height along
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="4E405EBDD56680C39ED4F647618A7749" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
trunk, and are slightly taller, and more convex, in posterior segments-potentially to accommodate the spiraled metenteron.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A2522BA490D8A03FBB27465265287CCC" ID-Table-UUID="A2522BA490D8A03FBB27465265287CCC" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A2522BA490D8A03FBB27465265287CCC" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<paragraph id="2B6A863AC37EFC66FB6CA5241984FF68" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Table 1. Segment and leg count, head measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3FDE65EEA05E1C4B215095CF2444466B" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<table id="781C05BC6ECC6CF9C1C141C419129023" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<tr id="18303EEC068657466CC97580EE7FDFA3" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<th id="7F7544584B6A503DAE8F84E3D2A6B5BF" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">p</th>
|
||
<th id="A996637C928D1C4C5425B04F8B8A557B" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">l</th>
|
||
<th id="20394EA0CC0796969ED419722122C8EA" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">HW</th>
|
||
<th id="2D2D6911E517683F05F0DBD32CDB119E" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">HL</th>
|
||
<th id="B4D2ACE81070F294706020CBA0433A36" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">ISW</th>
|
||
<th id="85032D02D9CDB69CB6C826BEFFD75741" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">AW</th>
|
||
<th id="61011BFBC67191B882B76D54CACBFD14" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">CW</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="4A5ED82A02B94F3A0ACC86B78FD6AAA4" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="855C9788563C138DCCC222F7136DB287" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">84-145</td>
|
||
<td id="86E57C969CA30F022BE20DC92EF7A960" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">318-562</td>
|
||
<td id="8D7705ED92CC5AB07C438C7D9472340B" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.295-0.308</td>
|
||
<td id="E38476F4CB5601135F3B415DC845E20E" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.344-0.406</td>
|
||
<td id="23E52DDB8A93AB8C0A29FC8C8B25DAA5" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.172-0.202</td>
|
||
<td id="B437A29FC3B0F6340DABC478D7B726A0" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.098-0.103</td>
|
||
<td id="DA327C2FEC0CA70FA25022E4C8E6741F" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.374-0.422</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="10F2689599CC4583BFBC0382FDEB7112" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="8335A5442297CF30833FB1275106199C" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">126-192</td>
|
||
<td id="CF8B646DAF908713AAE0BE87F5F49742" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">486-750</td>
|
||
<td id="7B7C7C6D7B801C0529DBE797550E8DEE" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.308-0.369</td>
|
||
<td id="BAA20E523034A3851B95386E3823F3CA" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.408-0.556</td>
|
||
<td id="6EB6106E980D25E09A0706CD1E07D0EE" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.185-0.295</td>
|
||
<td id="8590EA0018CCB8A33C938B31C9D083DD" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.098-0.113</td>
|
||
<td id="1A1D8CF7AC8564684458267862CA67DC" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.407-0.472</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8BE0611E0C3C02B408B7F10D8B44DAB2" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<paragraph id="FD4BBABB4DD452F7BAF3A11DBA23FA1B" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Table 2. Width and length measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F6523C4A3DBA7C69C7595306CBE14671" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<table id="5F8A2AD98299C862D60FC48E60C2E685" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<tr id="7772E777F92697B566F8B838AB3EE4DA" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<th id="A277146663C241AF708A4F2A1677B5AA" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">W1</th>
|
||
<th id="D77F83D9954C8D8620D709C7C4FB1784" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">W2</th>
|
||
<th id="9880EADF9898B8BB138180970ED71019" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">W3</th>
|
||
<th id="A75FE5725ADE3A05D363098552AFB692" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">WM</th>
|
||
<th id="E20946ECB383D61716DDA75E4E7F277C" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">L1</th>
|
||
<th id="5B5B7600E1A081364C012B1104633FA6" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">L2</th>
|
||
<th id="310B4DB2969515D081BF79E3CC63CBF8" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">L3</th>
|
||
<th id="9E9203560D86601C2E0B78B0133EAE51" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">LM</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CD189183AFF2FEB1510C1C204630775C" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="FFB27A736CF4354E1C17B0C286F57579" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.437-0.526</td>
|
||
<td id="E05D2814C733981E75401DE16BC0F56F" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.467-0.554</td>
|
||
<td id="1BF790055D36D20EA6DF70696BE83C6F" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.455-0.545</td>
|
||
<td id="C0A0211DBB0DE5870CACD6E4E9883861" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.148-0.203</td>
|
||
<td id="DF54855C2EF50D6326BF6552F3245772" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.150-0.197</td>
|
||
<td id="218EFAE95D381240AB02BE95F6FF8A66" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.140-0.183</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="37D1312AC844D1201A1D306D3D2BCEC7" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="462AD6EEC1E8F0629CCC0F143D45DDE8" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.520-0.620</td>
|
||
<td id="B3A546AB7AD9000C2EB15D5C24EDDDB5" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.531-0.640</td>
|
||
<td id="01B6FDCE2558826A5B960E7223EA3062" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.517-0.610</td>
|
||
<td id="9099CC2460199A0014276E2C530DBFE2" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.172-0.228</td>
|
||
<td id="759EE84E5E5559D15F1A7CE94ABA623B" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.176-0.209</td>
|
||
<td id="C87456578219F4FCEBCE4C10BE3233AA" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.157-0.234</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9A68890151B48B42D5419D1F184A317B" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C604D4E5DC44AA6CB65A816B086039C" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Table 3. Height, apodous segment/gonopodal width, body length measurements.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3179B4C53B32F4277C07A33306EF964E" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<table id="11795C53E98BDE75180C7F06A8DB5830" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<tr id="07E6A76C9E14EFAB6A6026C914478E67" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<th id="5419D546D5B1ECB47C098696FBE40D00" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">H1</th>
|
||
<th id="FAC7247CA9EDE5999283716DE3D96353" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">H2</th>
|
||
<th id="1CF26B747E90CF0E1CD9A4CB31D14655" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">H3</th>
|
||
<th id="C8C2133E2F786048EA936A63254FCAAE" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">HM</th>
|
||
<th id="DDD8B0DC9B5EC84966B32BE158631ABF" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">AS1</th>
|
||
<th id="F0393B3E8B6A09782DE0AE254E73EB7F" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">A5W</th>
|
||
<th id="E838C63B27B72A3C0194717C30026655" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">P5W</th>
|
||
<th id="DF5E428878E0BA969842B6DB337E07EE" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">BL</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="BA59C2B976882EBECA80AA163309F41A" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="6FDA2020247F3E5D4B63E2605D55FEA4" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.273-0.400</td>
|
||
<td id="FFE0C53322E78EB59D35311FEF423EA8" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.277-0.418</td>
|
||
<td id="EEF6C1AEC575ACBD148B2B58FB5EAA65" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.295-0.381</td>
|
||
<td id="6C9F032D334EFAE7A8BDE03D7F0EA93A" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.394-0.445</td>
|
||
<td id="D14693EF8D020BE41D2EE3D74F85CEFF" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.047-0.055</td>
|
||
<td id="C42644A5C5B985C35D1893446C665626" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.036-0.043</td>
|
||
<td id="EE2DAE5564984A6A8EBC1F818D27B5C0" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">13.368-28.156</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5ECAB95BA354E253A3122BD4FE1CF04A" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<td id="07B116709EFE66B066E60CBF22407850" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.220-0.486</td>
|
||
<td id="F49656CE900367D65A6DF48F2EA9C7E9" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.289-0.488</td>
|
||
<td id="23DC90693E5B8CFDD44A9A7AF4B80804" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.295-0.504</td>
|
||
<td id="2533BB3326F3EA5C350C2955CFF56486" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">0.412-0.482</td>
|
||
<td id="E32E347F07424A91301A82D70CAAEA41" colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" rowspan="1">24.541-40.399</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3CD01570C41DE8606F1B247C5C220BBC" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="5403497EE0B755C514C73AEE2BB029CF" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B60F9214FAD68D5FE43AB10DF355BD17" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="14" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C2FDE439013E6B2411AC4786D12CFD37" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were collected during the day in a small valley adjacent to cattle pasture. The woodland habitat was primarily composed of California live-oak,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F8EECD561952097601A901FC067F22F2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus agrifolia" order="Fagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agrifolia">Quercus agrifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 28). Understory flora included ferns (bracken,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="086ECC0668E2BF827BB776CD2B94A21A" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Pteridium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pteridium aquilinum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquilinum">Pteridium aquilinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
; California polypody,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6B0CA093935BDFA156FCE612F2BF84D" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Polypodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polypodium californicum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="californicum">Polypodium californicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and California maiden-hair,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2C524372841871ADB117F1576B8ED8E" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Adiantum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Adiantum jordanii" order="Polypodiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jordanii">Adiantum jordanii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), California blackberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42C7ED9A5D19BF107A8512B5B44463A9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rubus ursinus" order="Rosales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ursinus">Rubus ursinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and poison oak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DF45A91F49311A575CF828D47111176" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Toxicodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxicodendron diversilobum" order="Sapindales" pageId="14" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diversilobum">Toxicodendron diversilobum</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Fig. 29). Specimens were found beneath large moss-covered boulders, typically with a mass> 30 kg (Fig. 30). The mi
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="C8C0810A1B192A4B2200F70A3BE1C6E2" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" start="start">llipede</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87DCDACD88B8FB757792F7F6420616DC" class="Diplopoda" family="Spirobolidae" genus="Tylobolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tylobolus uncigerus" order="Spirobolida" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncigerus">Tylobolus uncigerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wood, 1864) (order Spirobolida) was found co-occurring with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3F2C36E4545BD244F93D5A432A0F8407" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
at this locality. Other arthropods encountered include:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71B7070B533FF38F363B7867C33A8D4D" class="Arachnida" family="Euctenizidae" genus="Aptostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aptostichus" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aptostichus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3788363D7999BF33AD0782542C973738" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Calisoga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calisoga" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Calisoga</taxonomicName>
|
||
trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E82F550F17196C6138BF1FEEED5EF30" class="Diplura" family="Japygidae" genus="Evalljapyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Evalljapyx" order="Diplura" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Evalljapyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Diplura), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB2A2AA9DCAE048C49C4717673D1E57C" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Promecognathus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Promecognathus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Promecognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="1E6571FEF75BDFD37BD7BF9DB0CD3B23" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" start="start">ground</pageBreakToken>
|
||
beetles (Carabidae). Edaphic setting: Specimens collected in 2007 were found beneath a large stone (Fig 30, about 30 kg). When the stone was removed, individuals were seen corkscrewing outward into the cavity from the soil (Fig. 31). The soil, consisting of moist small-grained substrate, was dark chocolate brown in coloration and somewhat sandy (Fig. 31). The soil did not contain clay particles and seemed to drain water quickly. During the 16 December 2007 collections, soil moisture extended 15 cm below the surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6529D9368F1C6B94389F60641864A09C" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph id="D721C75084D9AC7181AA25A6292E4253" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 28. Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A949BA694D99730219B0DD942E162000" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Top left, view of oak forest where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3977C9D1279CD7769675B3B305692BD6" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
were encountered. Top right, close up of oak forest and sandstone pinnacle where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="97E21935F8982391FB2811720395CE84" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur. Bottom, landscape view of oak forest, cattle trails evident (composite stitched image of three photos, image sides slightly distorted).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B391A9DA8A3A67EDE0330B50469CAD07" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph id="CECC36F519D239A16D7AA7990F40CD55" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 29. Oak forest understory habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20700A097034552FAC188BB4F4DB76DC" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Top, base of sandstone pinnacle (from Fig. 28), where specimens were found. Bottom, mossy oak forest-close-up of habitat where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C74AF467F6D223CDF485DD0C08F16BCD" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals were encountered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7453DABA7F015FFF7E3A627F3F775846" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph id="70F17FA7B07D568655BF3373B0C89448" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 30. Sandstone microhabitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6217A86541780A33E3881708A519585" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.Top left, 50 kg sandstone from 29.xi.2005 rediscovery locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89968727EF9E74AE435C4954C2F5AE01" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
; one ♀ with 666 legs was discovered from beneath the stone (scale bar = 5 cm, hand shovel shown for scale). Bottom left, 30 kg sandstone from the 16.xii.2007 locality, two ♀ (specimen #s: SPC001187, MIL0020) were discovered below the stone (scale bar = 5 cm, 15 cm ruler shown for scale). Top right, surface close up of sandstone from 16.xii.2007 locality with ♂
|
||
<taxonomicName id="15D49BB767F769FE00E8F91FE81BF485" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not collected (scale bar = 5 mm). Bottom right, surface close up of sandstone from 29.xi.2005 locality with ♂
|
||
<taxonomicName id="323371AA9E6ECD2FE47E574A987F73EC" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimen #: SPC000924, scale bar = 5 mm). Millipedes shown in right two pictures were found clinging to the surface of the stone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="AFE36EC73E36A1ABEEFF38BB81A6FE39" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<paragraph id="40D61B3E2F20AD9ABA57D244F513408F" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
Figure 31. Subterranean soil microhabitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DAB91D76286AD15C8BAB2BF6A2BF4F2" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Left, sandstone crater; dotted line indicates
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3B4B56A9EB04E4619DCACBA533D705C" originalValue="crater’s">crater's</normalizedToken>
|
||
edges, arrows indicate two ♀
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF869735EF6909BB6259B2B981CC4EDF" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
shown in situ upon removal of stone (specimen #s: SPC001187, MIL0020-lower individual with anterior trunk segments embedded in soil, upper individual with middle segments embedded in soil). Bottom middle, close up of lower individual from left image. Top right, dark sandy soil from microhabitat. Bottom right, close up of soil showing sandy grain structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="52DC452AB2C2D391868A66AF6098FFBB" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="88337721E90BF839B561E0E874F97013" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="87DD649D75F6F57C96BECFD3FDD40AB3" pageId="16" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D9B16CBCF60842BC3D8460EE6EEB688" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="16" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from a small area, ca. 4.5 km in diameter, in the northwestern foothills of the Gabilan Range in San Benito County, California.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |