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<document id="7DCAAF5D72F24B961BEBEBBBDBF11BE3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5354105" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5354105" ID-ZooBank="18BA3511-66C2-4EF9-AE74-040A88E15BC3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630213090854" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Halstead, David G. H." docDate="2020" docId="03CDA223164A815FFF39CCE0FAAC1F17" docLanguage="en" docName="0842.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2020 (842)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592.3:InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="F9976E9B7F8A094D890004515A7A0592" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pensus Halstead 1973" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFF4DA5B16448150FFF9C97FFFDD1D09" masterDocTitle="New and little known Coleoptera (Silvanidae: Silvaninae) from Central and South America" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1699188192110" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="9F6F445E8B136CF43826941C62251E5D">New and little known Coleoptera (Silvanidae: Silvaninae) from Central and South America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="587860DA2736A069433E8746E23C5909">Halstead, David G. H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D53418BF7C20774588EA047B01D52962">57 Meadow Way, Old Windsor, Berkshire, SL 4 2 NY, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="7E7D89EBED810D047E7F6EE19AD1CBE2">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CDA223164A815FFF39CCE0FAAC1F17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CDA223164A815FFF39CCE0FAAC1F17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDA223164A815FFF39CCE0FAAC1F17" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="C37E40BE164A815EFF39CCE0FE5318B2" box="[192,398,1439,1467]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDB1335164A815EFF39CCE0FE5318B2" blockId="14.[192,398,1439,1467]" box="[192,398,1439,1467]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D093A459164A815EFF39CCE0FE5318B2" box="[192,398,1439,1467]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFF39CCE0FE5318B2" ID-CoL="6KQ3" authority="Halstead" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="1973" box="[192,398,1439,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF39CCE0FE5318B2" bold="true" box="[192,398,1439,1467]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF39CCE0FECA18B2" bold="true" box="[192,279,1439,1467]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Pensus</emphasis>
Halstead
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB1335164A815EFF19CCB5FE0118E8" blockId="14.[224,476,1481,1505]" box="[224,476,1481,1505]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB74341B164A815EFF19CCB5FE0118E8" box="[224,476,1481,1505]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitation id="0AC53524164A815EFF19CCB5FE0118E8" author="Halstead DGH" box="[224,476,1481,1505]" page="77" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" year="1973">
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFF19CCB5FE0118E8" ID-CoL="6KQ3" authority="Halstead 1973: 77" authorityName="Halstead" authorityPageNumber="77" authorityYear="1973" box="[224,476,1481,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF19CCB5FEFE18E8" box="[224,291,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Pensus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56EC4164A815EFED0CCB6FE0118E8" author="Halstead DGH" box="[297,476,1481,1505]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" pagination="37 - 112" refId="ref21514" refString="Halstead DGH. 1973. A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (S. L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 29 (2): 37 - 112." type="journal article" year="1973">Halstead 1973: 77</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37E40BE164A815FFF39CC8EFAAC1F17" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDB1335164A815EFF39CC8EFC221BBA" blockId="14.[191,1443,1521,1917]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF39CC8EFE9A1B02" bold="true" box="[192,327,1521,1547]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFEB7CC8DFE441B02" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="1973" box="[334,409,1522,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFEB7CC8DFE441B02" box="[334,409,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Pensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by the author to accommodate two species previously placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFB03CC8EFA881B02" box="[1274,1365,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFB03CC8EFA881B02" box="[1274,1365,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFA9BCC8EFE3E1B24" authority="Casey (1884: 72)" authorityName="Casey" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilae">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFA9BCC8EFEFC1B25" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus gilae</emphasis>
Casey (1884: 72)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFDE2CF6DFC3B1B24" authority="Sharp (1889: 560)" authorityName="Sharp" authorityPageNumber="560" authorityYear="1889" box="[539,998,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guatemalenus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFDE2CF6DFCCB1B25" box="[539,790,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus guatemalenus</emphasis>
Sharp (1889: 560)
</taxonomicName>
. The general appearance of the genus is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFE7FCF4BFE3D1B47" box="[390,480,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFE7FCF4BFE3D1B47" box="[390,480,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFDE2CF4AFDBB1B47" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="1973" box="[539,614,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFDE2CF4AFDBB1B47" box="[539,614,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Pensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in that antennomere 8 is much smaller than both antennomeres 7 and 9 (
<figureCitation id="135F0FB0164A815EFEF6CF29FEBC1B79" box="[271,353,1622,1648]" captionStart="Figures 39–45" captionStartId="15.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[298,1358,790,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-229@15.[197,1417,734,1804]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 39–45. Pensus hirtus, new species. 39) Habitus. 40) Part of head enlarged to show, eye, temple, part of puncturation and pubescence. 41) Antenna, enlarged. 42–45) Male genitalia and associated sternites. 42) Genitalia without internal sac. 43) Paramere, enlarged. 44) Median lobe, enlarged. 45) Sternites 8–9. Scale lines for Figure 39 = 1.0 mm, for Figures 42 and 45 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5354121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5354121/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
), whereas in
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFE0CCF29FD8D1B79" box="[501,592,1622,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFE0CCF29FD8D1B79" box="[501,592,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is only slightly smaller than 7. In addition, and of particular importance,
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFF38CF07FED11B98" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="1973" box="[193,268,1656,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF38CF07FED11B98" box="[193,268,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Pensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males have genitalia with the median lobe apically rounded, not terminating in a small or large point as in
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFF46CFE6FEC71BBA" box="[191,282,1689,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFF46CFE6FEC71BBA" box="[191,282,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and parameres that are not forked apically as they are in
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164A815EFC64CFE6FC251BBA" box="[925,1016,1689,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164A815EFC64CFE6FC251BBA" box="[925,1016,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Silvanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1335164A815FFEF9CFC5FC3E1C18" blockId="14.[191,1443,1521,1917]" lastBlockId="15.[191,1441,214,543]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
Several years after creating a new genus for the two described species, a single male of a new one was discovered amongst undetermined silvanids received from the CAS collections. This species has longer, much more obvious pubescence than the two already allocated, and unlike them, it lacks setiferous ocellate punctures (i.e., punctures are without a raised margin) on the head and pronotum (compare
<figureCitation id="135F0FB0164A815EFB9ACE60FB721A30" box="[1123,1199,1823,1849]" captionStart="Figures 39–45" captionStartId="15.[192,279,1799,1825]" captionTargetBox="[298,1358,790,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-229@15.[197,1417,734,1804]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figures 39–45. Pensus hirtus, new species. 39) Habitus. 40) Part of head enlarged to show, eye, temple, part of puncturation and pubescence. 41) Antenna, enlarged. 42–45) Male genitalia and associated sternites. 42) Genitalia without internal sac. 43) Paramere, enlarged. 44) Median lobe, enlarged. 45) Sternites 8–9. Scale lines for Figure 39 = 1.0 mm, for Figures 42 and 45 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5354121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5354121/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
with
<figureCitation id="135F0FB0164A815EFB09CE60FA481A33" box="[1264,1429,1823,1850]" captionStart="Figures 46–51" captionStartId="17.[192,279,1156,1182]" captionTargetBox="[292,1335,224,1107]" captionTargetId="figure-247@17.[205,1439,186,1149]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figures 46–51. Pensus spp. 46–48) P. gilae (Casey). 46) Habitus. 47) Part of head enlarged to show, eye, temple, part of puncturation and pubescence. 48) Genitalia, paramere with variants of lateral prominence inset. 49–51) P. guatemalenus (Sharp). 49) Habitus. 50) Part of head enlarged to show, eye, temple, part of puncturation and pubescence. 51) Genitalia, paramere and median lobe. Scale lines for Figures 46 and 49 = 1.0mm, for Figures 48 and 51 = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5354123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5354123/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Fig. 47 and 50</figureCitation>
). Comparatively recently, Dr. M. C. Thomas (FSCA) sent
<specimenCount id="9D62D8BC164A815EFCDCCE3EFC751A52" box="[805,936,1857,1883]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
of the new species collected by his colleagues, and an additional
<specimenCount id="9D62D8BC164A815EFE75CE1DFDF41A75" box="[396,553,1890,1916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount>
, including both sexes, on behalf of R. S. Zack (WSU). Habitats for members of the genus on data labels include “Under bark of log”, “oak forest” and “under the bark of Quercus guatemalensis”. Some of the specimens were collected in the cloud forests of
<collectingCountry id="F37353A5164B815FFC9BC988FC031C18" box="[866,990,247,273]" name="Guatemala" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1335164B815FFEF9C866FA4D1CF5" blockId="15.[191,1441,214,543]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
Important external characters for distinguishing the three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFBFCC865FB8D1C3A" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="1973" box="[1029,1104,282,307]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFBFCC865FB8D1C3A" box="[1029,1104,282,307]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Pensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far known are provided by the form of the dorsal punctures and the length of their setae (this character separates
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFB61C844FB291C5D" authorityName="Halstead" authorityYear="2020" box="[1176,1268,314,340]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFB61C844FB291C5D" box="[1176,1268,314,340]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P. hirtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the other two), also the presence of small temples in contrast to their virtual absences (this character separates
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFAEEC822FABF1C7F" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1884" box="[1303,1378,348,374]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilae">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFAEEC822FABF1C7F" box="[1303,1378,348,374]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P.gilae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFF46C800FEA11C91" box="[191,380,382,408]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guatemalensus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFF46C800FEA11C91" box="[191,380,382,408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P. guatemalensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Other external parts, including eye size and pronotal shape can vary. In the latter case the sides may be straighter and more parallel than illustrated here (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56EC4164B815FFC7DC8E0FBE51CB0" author="Halstead DGH" box="[900,1080,415,441]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" pagination="37 - 112" refId="ref21514" refString="Halstead DGH. 1973. A revision of the genus Silvanus Latreille (S. L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 29 (2): 37 - 112." type="journal article" year="1973">Halstead (1973)</bibRefCitation>
includes additional illustrations for
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFF1EC8BDFEEF1CD2" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1884" box="[231,306,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Silvanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilae">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFF1EC8BDFEEF1CD2" box="[231,306,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P.gilae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6468B6164B815FFE90C8BDFDFE1CD2" box="[361,547,449,475]" class="Insecta" family="Silvanidae" genus="Pensus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quatemalensus">
<emphasis id="B910CF27164B815FFE90C8BDFDFE1CD2" box="[361,547,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">P. quatemalensus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Thus, although indicative these other parts are too variable to be used alone in determining species. The male genitalia, in particular the parameres, are of value in confirming identifications.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1335164B815FFEF9CB7BFAAC1F17" blockId="15.[191,1441,214,543]" box="[256,1393,516,543]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">The new species is described below followed by a key for the identification of the three known species.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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