258 lines
35 KiB
XML
258 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="AD20CBE0121F20B0E451894C7110DEC5" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5292273" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630053719600" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Reid, David G., Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram & Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram" docDate="2013" docId="038A87FB190801439882FA84E239FCE7" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj875.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cremnoconchus castanea Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha 2013, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="128" masterDocId="FFB3FF83192901609877FFA5E32EFFC6" masterDocTitle="A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="126" updateTime="1699140868359" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="73DF786833783EDBA1B6FAA0B17DD39F">A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ABD5C47633DAF06E08A4B9856A9345BA">Reid, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4192EC724BC5CF63864EC55BFEF7CF5B">Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="72895182F44387678522505D087EDD38">Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="19B749C0277E4D800742E1A5EE56E2F3">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D7543725C7AC37F9DED0AF93C272BA25">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1FAED07FB8D3BF20CD2F878E64C1D94E">2013-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="144F39F4ED6E36C182CCCBE3B82D5362">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C3396566190801419882FA84E197FAF0" box="[245,697,1313,1334]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419882FA84E197FAF0" blockId="33.[214,728,1313,1366]" box="[245,697,1313,1334]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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<heading id="D0D48181190801419882FA84E197FAF0" box="[245,697,1313,1334]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419882FA84E162FAF3" ID-CoL="ZC22" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[245,588,1313,1334]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea" status="sp. nov.">CREMNOCONCHUS CASTANEA</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419A20FA81E197FAF0" bold="true" box="[599,697,1313,1334]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784190801419A20FA81E197FAF0" box="[599,697,1313,1334]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33965661908014398A1FAE4E239FCE7" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198A1FAE4E1F6FA90" blockId="33.[214,728,1313,1366]" box="[214,728,1344,1366]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13182A681908014198A9FAE4E26DFA90" box="[222,323,1345,1366]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">FIGS 4M</figureCitation>
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, 5Q, R, 11V–AA, 13G, H, 15A–D)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3FACDE113FA1F" blockId="33.[164,779,1383,1497]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FACDE3C4FABB" box="[164,234,1384,1405]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Types:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B4B3CB019080141988BFAC2E113FA1F" collectionCode="ZSI, WGRS, V" country="India" county="Udupi Dist." latitude="13.842" location="Belkal Thirtha Falls" longLatPrecision="76" longitude="74.897" municipality="Kollur" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5498884F19080141988BFAC2E24CFABB" box="[252,354,1383,1405]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28190801419902FAC2E2B3FABA" box="[373,413,1383,1404]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED32AE281908014199D2FAC2E2DDFABA" box="[421,499,1383,1404]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">WGRS</collectionCode>
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||
/IR.INV-2321 (Fig. 11W, X);
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<specimenCount id="9D25FD641908014198A0FA23E273FA5D" box="[215,349,1414,1435]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28190801419907FA23E2B6FA5D" box="[368,408,1414,1435]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281908014199D7FA23E2C0FA5D" box="[416,494,1414,1435]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2320 (Fig. 11
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28190801419A9EFA23E1D1FA5A" box="[745,767,1414,1436]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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);
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<location id="8EFC60361908014198D3FA01E2B8FA7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB190801439882FA84E239FCE7:8EFC60361908014198D3FA01E2B8FA7C" box="[164,406,1444,1466]" country="India" county="Udupi Dist." latitude="13.842" longLatPrecision="76" longitude="74.897" municipality="Kollur" name="Belkal Thirtha Falls" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" stateProvince="Karnataka">Belkal Thirtha Falls</location>
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, near
|
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8AC97190801419992FA01E101FA7C" box="[485,559,1444,1466]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Kollur</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62FD4E61190801419A4AFA01E1E6FA7C" box="[573,712,1444,1466]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Udupi Dist.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419AA0FA00E3D9FA1F" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F334767D190801419972FA66E26CFA1F" box="[261,322,1475,1497]" name="India" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A190801419924FA66E292FA1E" box="[339,444,1475,1496]" degrees="13.842" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" precision="55" value="13.842">13.842°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1908014199B1FA66E11CFA1F" box="[454,562,1475,1497]" degrees="74.897" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" precision="55" value="74.897">74.897°E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3F9A5E1BDF9F3" blockId="33.[164,779,1536,1589]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3F9A5E20CF9D3" box="[164,290,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
Latin
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419918F9A4E2FCF9D0" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[367,466,1537,1558]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419918F9A4E2FCF9D0" box="[367,466,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">castanea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a chestnut, in reference to shell colour, used as a noun in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3F9FDE799FEDE" blockId="33.[164,779,1623,1676]" lastBlockId="33.[826,1441,198,281]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3F9FDE235F9AB" box="[164,283,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Shell turbinate; ribs absent; pseudumbilicus wide, perforated; surface with indistinct or strong microstriae. Operculum calcified, with internal ridge. Penis large, with distal glandular pad, slender filament. Western
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419B99FEA6E79AFEDE" box="[1006,1204,259,281]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DFEE1E77EFD6C" blockId="33.[826,1442,324,682]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DFEE1E752FE9F" box="[826,1148,324,345]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
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Shell (
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||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419BE1FEE1E0DDFE9F" box="[918,1011,324,345]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Figs 4M</figureCitation>
|
||
; 11V–AA):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shell H
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419D62FEE1E6B3FE9F" box="[1301,1437,324,345]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.05" metricValueMax="9.4" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="7.05" valueMax="9.4" valueMin="4.7">4.7–9.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Shape turbinate; whorls slightly angled at shoulder and periphery; ribs absent; suture impressed; apex eroded; base slightly swollen. Columella narrow. Pseudumbilicus broad, 0.5–1.0 mm, with sharply angled margin, perforated. Surface dull or with satin sheen; indistinct or strong, coarse microstriae cover surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419BDEFDBFE72AFDF6" box="[937,1028,538,560]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Fig. 4M</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of first whorl
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419D14FDBFE0B3FD88" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="0.425" valueMax="0.53" valueMin="0.32">0.32– 0.53 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419BC4FD9CE0E9FD88" box="[947,967,569,590]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). Colour: orange-brown to chestnut brown, darker on spire and with indistinct darker band at suture; aperture pale brown, columella pinkish-brown to white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DFD70E66BFC19" blockId="33.[826,1441,725,992]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DFD70E0B8FD2C" box="[826,918,725,746]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Animal:</emphasis>
|
||
Head, tentacles, sides of foot, and body pale grey to black. Gills: unpigmented. Operculum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A10356190801419D31FD51E6B4FCCF" box="[1350,1434,756,778]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 5Q–R): opercular ratio
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A190801419C05FCB7E781FCEE" box="[1138,1199,786,808]" degrees="0.341" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" precision="55" value="0.341">0.341</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A190801419CD8FCB7E7D0FCEE" box="[1199,1278,786,808]" degrees="0.450" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" precision="55" value="-0.45">–0.450</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; well calcified, flat, with internal ridge. Penis (Fig. 15A–D): relatively large, unpigmented; base wrinkled, elongate, solid, with large triangular glandular pad on reverse side; invagination about half length of base in ethanol-fixed specimens; filament slender, protruding in ethanolfixed specimens. Pallial oviduct: as for genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DFBAFE68CFB1E" blockId="33.[826,1442,1034,1240]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DFBAFE713FBE6" box="[826,1085,1034,1056]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Radula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419BD2FBAEE71EFBE6" box="[933,1072,1035,1056]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1768,1787]" captionTargetBox="[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-0@30.[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 13. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.4 mm). C, D, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.5 mm). E, F, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.7 mm). G, H, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 8.5 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292299/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Fig. 13G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Relative radula length 2.37– 2.59. Rachidian: length/width 1.08–1.26 (–1.64); 5 cusps (+ 1 outer denticle on either side). Lateral: 5 cusps (+ 1 inner denticle). Inner marginal: 5 cusps (+ 1 inner denticle). Outer marginal: 4–5 cusps. Major cusp of each of 5 central teeth leaf-shaped with pointed or slightly papillose tip; other cusps pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DFAA6E735FA55" blockId="33.[826,1441,1283,1427]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DFAA6E0CFFADE" box="[826,993,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Range (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419BE5FAA6E0FDFADE" box="[914,979,1283,1304]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[196,1411,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-0@17.[194,1412,193,1791]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Cremnoconchus species (solid circles). Two or more species names (e.g. syhadrensis + canaliculatus) indicate sympatric occurrence. See Supporting Table S1 for locality details. The shaded area is the Western Ghats region as defined by Irfan-Ullah & Davande (2008). Cities indicated by asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292293/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419C38FAA6E63FFADE" box="[1103,1297,1283,1305]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
, near Kollur (
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419B35FA87E0BBFAF1" box="[834,917,1313,1335]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="km" value="110.0">110 km</quantity>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767D190801419C60FA84E7BBFAF1" box="[1047,1173,1313,1335]" name="India" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Mangalore</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Records (Supporting
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A10356190801419B4DFAE5E088FA90" box="[826,934,1344,1366]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419BB2FAE5E7BFFA93" box="[965,1169,1344,1366]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Belkal Thirtha Falls (ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2320, 2321); Arasinagundi Falls (BMNH 20120032).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DFA1FE6B4F9CB" blockId="33.[826,1441,1466,1550]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DFA1FE709FA09" box="[826,1063,1466,1487]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Habitat and ecology:</emphasis>
|
||
Spray zone of strong waterfalls. Large groups found aestivating in crevices during summer at Arasinagundi Falls. Altitude
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419D61FA5DE6B8F9CB" box="[1302,1430,1528,1549]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.785" metricValueMax="3.84" metricValueMin="3.7299999999999995" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="m" value="378.5" valueMax="384.0" valueMin="373.0">
|
||
373–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD64190801419D3AFA5DE6B8F9CB" box="[1357,1430,1528,1549]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="generic">384 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419B4DF99DE68FF94A" blockId="33.[826,1441,1592,1676]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DF99DE088F98B" box="[826,934,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
Four species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419C1EF99CE7C5F988" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1129,1259,1593,1614]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419C1EF99CE7C5F988" box="[1129,1259,1593,1614]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419D74F99CE6B4F98B" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1283,1434,1592,1614]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419D74F99CE6B4F98B" box="[1283,1434,1592,1614]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419B4DF9F2E095F9AA" box="[826,955,1623,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B4DF9F2E095F9AA" box="[826,955,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419BA0F9F2E742F9AA" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[983,1132,1623,1644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419BA0F9F2E742F9AA" box="[983,1132,1623,1644]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419CA2F9F2E67FF9AB" box="[1237,1361,1623,1645]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
show similarities in their turbinate to globular shells
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190801419DF9F915E096F8A8" blockId="33.[164,1441,1712,1902]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
›
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3F96DE237F91D" bold="true" box="[164,281,1736,1755]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1908014199D5F96DE186F91D" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[418,680,1736,1755]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014199D5F96DE186F91D" box="[418,680,1736,1755]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Cremnoconchus castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–D) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419B68F96CE0B5F91D" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[799,923,1736,1756]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dwarakii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419B68F96CE0B5F91D" box="[799,923,1736,1756]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. dwarakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(E–J), all to same magnification. A–D, E–I, penes (A, live, relaxed; B, C, live, contracted; D–I, fixed in ethanol); B, C, are abaxial and adaxial views of same penis; G, H, are abaxial and sectioned views of same penis. J, pallial oviduct. A–C, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419D58F8A6E68FF8D0" box="[1327,1441,1795,1814]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(BMNH 20120034; shell H: A =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B0819080141998BF885E162F8F5" box="[508,588,1824,1843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="7.6">7.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; B, C =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419AD4F885E1DBF8F5" box="[675,757,1824,1843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). D, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419CD2F885E639F8F5" box="[1189,1303,1824,1843]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.0 mm). E–J, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419A8DF898E042F896" box="[762,876,1853,1872]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRS; shell H: E =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419CECF898E7C2F897" box="[1179,1260,1853,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; F =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419D51F898E659F897" box="[1318,1399,1853,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; G, H =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081908014198A7F8FEE20EF8A8" box="[208,288,1883,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; I =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419938F8FEE28EF8A8" box="[335,416,1883,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; J =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081908014199A5F8FEE10AF8A8" box="[466,548,1883,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Shading conventions as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419B2EF8FEE09AF8A8" box="[857,948,1883,1902]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[164,243,1358,1377]" captionTargetBox="[167,1442,202,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-84@15.[164,1444,194,1328]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus syhadrensis. A, B, D–G, penes (A, E–F, fixed in ethanol; B, D, live). E–G are three views of single penis, external (E), with base sectioned (F), and with coiled penial vas deferens displaced to the right to show retractor muscle and with filament sectioned to show continuation of vas deferens to its tip (G). C, pallial oviduct and egg removed from straight section. A, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (BMNH 20120035; shell H = 7.4 mm). B, C, E–G, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: B = 7.2 mm; C = 7.2 mm; D = 5.8 mm; E–G = 7.5 mm). D, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS). Abbreviations and shading conventions: b, copulatory bursa (dashed outline, visible by transparency); c, cavity surrounding penial vas deferens and retractor muscle (black); d, distal to this point the penial vas deferens is tightly bound to the sheath of the retractor muscle; e.g. egg groove visible by transparency (thick line); f, penial filament; g, opaque glandular region of penial base (medium stipple); gc, firm gelatinous coating of mature egg; i, invagination of penial base (shaded); o, position of terminal opening of pallial oviduct into mantle cavity; oag, opaque part of albumen gland (dense stipple); ov, ovum; pvd, penial vas deferens; rm, retractor muscle of penial filament; ss, straight section of pallial oviduct; tag, translucent region of albumen gland (sparse stipple)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292287/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190A014398D3FF63E218FDC8" blockId="35.[164,779,198,801]" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">
|
||
without ribs on their upper surface. Details of the relative size of the pseudumbilicus and degree of calcification of the operculum can aid discrimination, but penial shape is most useful (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A10356190A01439A40FE87E1A3FEFE" box="[567,653,290,312]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="29.[144,208,643,664]" captionText="Table 4. Diagnostic features of Cremnoconchus dwarakii, C. agumbensis, C. castanea, C. cingulatus, C. globulus, and C. hanumani in western Karnataka" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Of these four, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190A01439952FEE4E289FE90" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[293,423,321,342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="128" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190A01439952FEE4E289FE90" box="[293,423,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">C. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to develop strong, coarse microstriae, but these can sometimes be indistinct. The combination of large umbilicus and strong microstriae is similar to some examples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190A01439AD2FE39E3D1FE16" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="128" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="canaliculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190A01439AD2FE39E3D1FE16" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">C. canaliculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190A0143993BFE1EE2CDFE17" box="[332,483,443,465]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Fig. 9AA–EE), but that species has a basal drum-shaped gland on the penis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190A014398DBFE5DE204FDC8" box="[172,298,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="22.[144,223,198,217]" captionText="Figure 10. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus conicus (A–H) and C. canaliculatus (I–O), all to same magnification. A–N, penes (A, live, relaxed; B, live, contracted; C–H, fixed in ethanol; I, K, live, relaxed; J, L–N, fixed in ethanol). D, E and M, N are intact and sectioned views, respectively, of same penes; I, J are the same penis viewed live and after ethanol fixation. O, pallial oviduct. A–E, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 5.0 mm; B = 4.8 mm; C = 4.9 mm; D, E = 4.5 mm). F–H, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: F = 5.6 mm; G = 5.8 mm; H = 6.2 mm). I–K, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: I, J = 6.5 mm; K = 5.7 mm). L–N, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: L = 5.5 mm; M, N = 5.8 mm). O, 8 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.7 mm). Abbreviations: bi, bottom of invagination (shaded) for the penial filament within the penial base; dg, drum-shaped glandular appendage; f, penial filament within invagination (shaded); g, opaque glandular region of penial base (medium stipple); pvd, penial vas deferens lying coiled within cavity (black) of penial base; rm, retractor muscle of penial filament. Shading conventions as in Figure 6." pageId="35" pageNumber="128">Fig. 10I–N</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED190A014398CBFDB2E239FCE7" blockId="35.[164,779,198,801]" pageId="35" pageNumber="128">
|
||
An additional unlocalized sample (ZSI/WGRS/ IR.INV-2322) could belong to this species. The shells (Fig. 11Z, AA) differ in that the pseudumbilicus, while perforated, is narrower than in the shells described above (
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190A0143988AFD34E2ACFD60" box="[253,386,657,679]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in shells with H =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190A01439A08FD34E028FD60" box="[639,774,657,679]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.949999999999999" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="35" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="4.949999999999999" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="4.3">4.3–5.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; Fig. 11V–Y) and has a rounded (not sharp) edge. Shell and operculum are otherwise similar. Only a single penis was seen and this was similar to those described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |