355 lines
43 KiB
XML
355 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="4D51BE4AEA20FAC9817D9F26DD066472">Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.) (Coleoptera: Melyridae: Malachiinae), a soft-winged flower beetle new to North America</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EC987AAD122C5EC8947923B0832A5A97">2012</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FC1748A21333" box="[151,426,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FC1748A21333" bold="true" box="[151,426,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus pulicarius</emphasis>
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(F.)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FBFA481A1310" blockId="1.[151,476,1015,1074]" box="[151,274,1050,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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(
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396565FF92FFDA29B9FB824B7912C4" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FB824B45135A" blockId="1.[151,756,1122,1298]" box="[151,589,1122,1144]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311C0FF92FFDA29B9FB824B45135A" box="[151,589,1122,1144]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB824B41135A" authority="Fabricius, 1775: 308" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1775" box="[151,585,1122,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Malachius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB824867135A" box="[151,367,1122,1144]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Malachius pulicarius</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA285BFB824B41135A" author="Fabricius" box="[373,585,1122,1144]" page="308" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1775">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA285BFB824B1F135A" author="Fabricius" box="[373,535,1122,1144]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Flensburgi et Lipsiae, Korte, xxxii + 832 pp." type="book" year="1775">Fabricius, 1775</bibRefCitation>
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: 308
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FB614B4113B5" blockId="1.[151,756,1122,1298]" box="[151,585,1153,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311C0FF92FFDA29B9FB614B4113B5" box="[151,585,1153,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB614B4D13B5" authority="Preyssler, 1790: 58" authorityName="Preyssler" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1790" box="[151,581,1153,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Cantharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucogastra">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB61487213B5" box="[151,378,1153,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Cantharis leucogastra</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA28AEFB614B4D13B5" author="Preyssler" box="[384,581,1153,1175]" page="58" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1790">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA28AEFB614B1713B5" author="Preyssler" box="[384,543,1153,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Preyssler, J. D. E. (1790) [1791] Beschreibungen und Abbildungen derjenigen Insecten, welche in Sammlungen nicht aufzubewahrwn sind, dann aller, die noch ganz neu, und solcher, von denen wir noch keine oder doch sehr schlechte Abbildung besitzen. Erste-Dritte Sammlung. In: Mayer, J. (Ed.), Sammlung physikalische Aufsatze besonders die Bohmische Naturgeschichte betreffetid. Band 1. J. Mayer, Dresden, pp. 55 - 152." type="book chapter" year="1790">Preyssler, 1790</bibRefCitation>
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: 58
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FB404B481397" blockId="1.[151,756,1122,1298]" box="[151,576,1184,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311C0FF92FFDA29B9FB404B481397" box="[151,576,1184,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB404B341397" authority="Gmelin, 1790: 1898" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityPageNumber="1898" authorityYear="1790" box="[151,572,1184,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Cantharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemoralis">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB4048601394" box="[151,360,1184,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Cantharis nemoralis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA2840FB404B341397" author="Gmelin" box="[366,572,1184,1206]" page="1898" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1790">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2840FB4048F51397" author="Gmelin" box="[366,509,1184,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1790) Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae per regna tria classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, ucta, reformata, Tomus I. Pars IV. Classis V. Insecta. naturae, secundum Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 1517 - 2224." type="book chapter" year="1790">Gmelin, 1790</bibRefCitation>
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: 1898
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FB5F4BFC1233" blockId="1.[151,756,1122,1298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311C0FF92FFDA29B9FB5F4BFC1233" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB5F486713F7" box="[151,367,1215,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Malachius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB5F486713F7" box="[151,367,1215,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Malachius pulicarius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA285BFB5F4BCF13F6" authority="Fallen, 1807: 25" authorityName="Fallen" authorityPageNumber="25" authorityYear="1807" box="[373,711,1214,1237]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" rank="variety" variety="truncatellus">
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var.
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA288FFB5F4B1213F7" box="[417,538,1215,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">truncatellus</emphasis>
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA2B31FB5E4BCF13F6" author="Fallen" box="[543,711,1214,1236]" page="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1807">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2B31FB5E4BAA13F6" author="Fallen" box="[543,674,1214,1236]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Fallen, C. F. (1807) Monographia Cantharidum et Malachiorum Sueciae. Berlingianis, Lundae, 26 pp." type="book" year="1807">Fallén, 1807</bibRefCitation>
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: 25
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB3E487513D1" box="[151,381,1245,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB3E487513D1" box="[151,381,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus pulicarius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA28ADFB3E4B9113D1" authority="Pic, 1918: 17" authorityName="Pic" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1918" box="[387,665,1245,1267]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" rank="variety" variety="martialis">
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var.
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2881FB3D4B0213D1" box="[431,522,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">martialis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA2B3EFB3D4B9113D1" author="Pic" box="[528,665,1245,1267]" page="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1918">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2B3EFB3D4B7B13D1" author="Pic" box="[528,627,1245,1267]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Pic, M. (1918) Notes diverses, descriptions et diagnoses (Suite). L'Echange, 34, 13 - 15; 17 - 19." type="journal article" year="1918">Pic, 1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 17
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9FB1C48751230" box="[151,381,1276,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FB1C48751230" box="[151,381,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus pulicarius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA28ADFB1D4BE71233" authority="Escalera, 1926: 244" authorityName="Escalera" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="1926" box="[387,751,1275,1298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" rank="variety" variety="obscuratus">
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var.
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2881FB1C4B161230" box="[431,542,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">obscuratus</emphasis>
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210FFFF92FFDA2B0AFB1B4BE71233" author="Escalera" box="[548,751,1275,1297]" page="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" year="1926">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2B0AFB1B4BB41233" author="Escalera" box="[548,700,1275,1297]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Escalera, M. M. de la. (1926) Avance para el concimiento de los Axinotarsus del Mediterraneo occidental (Col. Malachidae). Eos, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 2, 217 - 279." type="journal article" year="1926">Escalera, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 244
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29B9FADE4B7912C4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1342,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
|
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9FADE48221275" bold="true" box="[151,298,1342,1367]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Systematics.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2815FADE4B691274" authority="Motschulsky" authorityName="Motschulsky" box="[315,609,1342,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2815FADE48C91274" box="[315,449,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
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||
Motschulsky
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</taxonomicName>
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||
is an exclusively Old World genus of soft-winged flower beetles comprising 34 species distributed throughout the Palearctic Region (Europe, North Africa, and Asia) (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2C7EFA8249DC12BC" author="Mayor" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Mayor, A. (2007) Malachiidae. In: Lobl, I. & A. Smetana (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 4. Elateroidea- Derodontoidea-Bostrichoidea- Lymexyloidea-Cleroidea-Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 60 - 63, 415 - 454." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mayor 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three subgenera are recognized, with the majority of species (29), including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2D4AFA664DFF12BC" box="[1124,1271,1414,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2D4AFA664DFF12BC" box="[1124,1271,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, placed in the nominate subgenus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2857FA4B48F712E1" box="[377,511,1451,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2857FA4B48F712E1" box="[377,511,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. As in the majority of malachiine melyrids, adults of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2D42FA4B4DFA12E1" box="[1132,1266,1451,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2D42FA4B4DFA12E1" box="[1132,1266,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are facultative pollen feeders on grasses and other plants.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3396565FF92FFDA29E9FA124A8D10FC" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29E9FA124C941024" blockId="1.[151,1437,1342,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29E9FA1248491129" bold="true" box="[199,321,1522,1547]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA28E4FA134B581129" box="[458,592,1523,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA28E4FA134B581129" box="[458,592,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recognized by the combination of tarsomere 2 of the male foretarsus prolonged apically as a free lobe over tarsomere 3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF92FFDA2BC5F9F64A38110C" box="[747,816,1558,1582]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), with the lobe bearing an apical comb of stout black setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF92FFDA29CFF9DA482F1170" box="[225,295,1594,1618]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); an 11-segmented antenna inserted between the eyes; and the elytral apex appendiculate in males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF92FFDA29B1F9BE49ED1154" box="[159,229,1630,1654]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Among North American genera of malachiine melyrids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2A5AF9BE4AF21154" box="[884,1018,1630,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2A5AF9BE4AF21154" box="[884,1018,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2DE4F9BE4C111154" box="[1226,1305,1630,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Attalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2DE4F9BE4C111154" box="[1226,1305,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Attalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species of both genera have tarsomere 2 of the male foretarsus prolonged as a dorsal lobe over tarsomere 3, erect hairs on the elytra, and the last maxillary palpomere fusiform and narrowly truncate. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2D22F9464D53119C" box="[1036,1115,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Attalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2D22F9464D53119C" box="[1036,1115,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Attalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the antennae are inserted anterior to a preocular line of the eyes, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2A02F92B4ABA11C1" box="[812,946,1739,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2A02F92B4ABA11C1" box="[812,946,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antennae are inserted between the eyes. In addition, the elytral apices are unmodified in both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2A74F90E4AA11024" box="[858,937,1774,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Attalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2A74F90E4AA11024" box="[858,937,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Attalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but appendiculate in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2C21F90E4C9D1024" box="[1295,1429,1774,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2C21F90E4C9D1024" box="[1295,1429,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF92FFDA29FCF8F34A8D10FC" blockId="1.[151,1437,1342,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">
|
||
Two additional Old World congeners superficially resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2AB9F8F34D251009" box="[919,1069,1811,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2AB9F8F34D251009" box="[919,1069,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in size and general coloration.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA29B9F8D64B32106C" authority="Olivier, 1790" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1790" box="[151,570,1846,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA29B9F8D64882106C" box="[151,394,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus ruficollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Olivier, 1790)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the pronotum entirely red, with the body weakly metallic blue or green. The similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2831F8BB4B2C1051" box="[287,548,1883,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2831F8BB4B2C1051" box="[287,548,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">Axinotarsus marginalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Laporte de Castelnau, 1840) can be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2D54F8BB4C031051" box="[1146,1291,1883,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2D54F8BB4C031051" box="[1146,1291,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the black median band of the pronotum more broadened behind the middle, much broader toward the base (cf. pronotal band not or only slightly broadened at middle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF92FFDA2B9BF8434A441099" box="[693,844,1955,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF92FFDA2B9BF8434A441099" box="[693,844,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="83">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and by the differently shaped apical abdominal (excitatory) appendages of the male (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF92FFDA2B72F8274BD710FC" author="Evers" box="[604,735,1990,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="83" refString="Evers, A. M. J. (1979) Familie: Malachiidae, In: Freude, H., K. W. Harde & G. A. Lohse (Eds). Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Band 6. Diversicornia. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 53 - 69." type="book chapter" year="1979">Evers 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 69, figs. 2, 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C6666FF91FFD929B9F9884D6E1183" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="84" targetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF91FFD929B9F9884D6E1183" blockId="2.[151,1437,1640,1698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF91FFD929B9F9884848115C" bold="true" box="[151,320,1640,1663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF91FFD92862F9894B30115C" box="[332,568,1640,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF91FFD92862F9894B30115C" box="[332,568,1640,1662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">Axinotarsus pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3396565FF91FFD829E9F9314BE1163E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="2" pageNumber="84" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF91FFD929E9F9314D6B10BC" blockId="2.[151,1436,1745,2022]" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF91FFD929E9F931485911C8" bold="true" box="[199,337,1745,1770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Length 2.75–3.75 mm. Pronotum reddish yellow with a broad black median band. Head and elytra shiny, bright slate gray to nearly black, occasionally with a vague green or blackish-green reflection, clothed with fine grayish pubescence. Apex of elytra broadly yellowish. Mouthparts yellowish. Black median band on pronotum not or only weakly widened at middle, normally not attaining anterior margin of pronotum. Elytra obsoletely, finely punctured; vestiture of decumbent silvery gray pubescence and erect black setae. Legs black; tarsomeres 1–4 reddish yellow, apices somewhat infuscated; tarsomere 5 mostly black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF91FFD829E9F84A4B7A17F6" blockId="2.[151,1436,1745,2022]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,895]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF91FFD9283EF84A485B10E0" box="[272,339,1962,1986]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="84">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
): Antennal scape mostly black; remaining antennomeres reddish yellow, except antennomeres 2– 4 partially black dorsally and others with only apices infuscated dorsally. Elytra deeply and bluntly inflexed at apex with small black excitatory appendages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF90FFD82BAFFF774BF3178D" box="[641,763,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Figs. 1, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); the morphology of these appendages is described and illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD8281EFF5D4B6617F6" author="Evers" box="[304,622,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Evers, A. M. J. (1948) Over de aanhangsels aan de uiteinden der dekschilden bij het 3 van Axinotarsus pulicarius F. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 89, 149 - 154." type="journal article" year="1948">Evers (1948: 150, figs. 1–5)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF90FFD829E9FF3F4BE1163E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF90FFD8281FFF3F487617D5" box="[305,382,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
): Antennal scape black; remaining antennomeres dark reddish yellow ventrally, darkly infuscated dorsally. Elytral apex unmodified (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF90FFD82BB9FEE44BD3163E" box="[663,731,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3396565FF90FFD829E9FEC749E816ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF90FFD829E9FEC749E816ED" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD829E9FEC748681662" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD82840FEC84B7C1662" box="[366,628,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD82840FEC84B7C1662" box="[366,628,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Axinotarsus pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a circum-Mediterranean species but is widely distributed in the western Palearctic Region. It is recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82B94FEAC4A181646" box="[698,784,332,356]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82A30FEAC4A891646" box="[798,897,332,356]" name="Belgium" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82ABEFEAC4D401646" box="[912,1096,332,356]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82D79FEAC4DCA1646" box="[1111,1218,332,356]" name="Denmark" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82DFFFEAD4C281646" box="[1233,1312,333,356]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82C00FEAC4C9F1646" box="[1326,1431,332,356]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD829B9FE8F483916A5" box="[151,305,367,391]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD8286CFE9048AD16AA" box="[322,421,368,392]" name="Hungary" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD8289BFE8F48E116A5" box="[437,489,367,391]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD828D4FE8F4B4D16A5" box="[506,581,367,391]" name="Latvia" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82B7BFE8F4B9116A5" box="[597,665,367,391]" name="Malta" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82B87FE8F4A3B16A5" box="[681,819,367,391]" name="Netherlands" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82A6AFE904A9716AA" box="[836,927,368,392]" name="Norway" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82A81FE8F4D0816A5" box="[943,1024,367,391]" name="Poland" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82D3EFE8F4D7A16A5" box="[1040,1138,367,391]" name="Portugal" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82DACFE8F4DC716A5" box="[1154,1231,367,391]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82DCEFE8F4C4D16A5" box="[1248,1349,367,391]" name="Slovakia" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82C7BFE8F4C9016A5" box="[1365,1432,367,391]" name="Spain" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD829B9FE7449FB168E" box="[151,243,404,428]" name="Sweden" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD8282FFE744882168E" box="[257,394,404,428]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD828E2FE744B2E168E" box="[460,550,404,428]" name="Ukraine" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
(“Caucasus”) in Europe, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82AA9FE744AD3168E" box="[903,987,404,428]" name="Algeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767EFF90FFD82D37FE754D76168E" box="[1049,1150,405,428]" name="Morocco" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
in North Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82C7EFE7449DC16ED" author="Mayor" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Mayor, A. (2007) Malachiidae. In: Lobl, I. & A. Smetana (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 4. Elateroidea- Derodontoidea-Bostrichoidea- Lymexyloidea-Cleroidea-Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 60 - 63, 415 - 454." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mayor 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3396565FF90FFD829E9FE3B4D01145D" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF90FFD829E9FE3B4AB4157D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD829E9FE3B482F16D6" bold="true" box="[199,295,475,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
In its native European range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD82BBBFE3C4A2316D6" box="[661,811,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD82BBBFE3C4A2316D6" box="[661,811,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on pollen of perennial grasses, mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD82C62FE3C49E2153A" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Holcus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD82C62FE3C49E2153A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Holcus lanatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD8280BFDE04B08153A" box="[293,512,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glomerata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD8280BFDE04B08153A" box="[293,512,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Dactylis glomerata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (orchardgrass) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82BF1FE1F4A7D1535" author="Horion" box="[735,885,511,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Horion, A. (1953) Faunistik der Mitteleuropaischen Kafer, Band III. Malacodermata, Sternoxia (Elateridae bis Throscidae). G. Frey, Munchen, 340 pp." type="book" year="1953">Horion 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82AADFE1F4D321535" author="Zahradnik" box="[899,1082,511,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Zahradnik, J. (1985) Kafer Mittel- und Nordwesteuropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch fur Biologen und Naturfreunde. Ver l ag P a ul Parey, Hamburg, 498 pp." type="book" year="1985">Zahradnik 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82D67FE1F4D8D1535" author="Zahradnik" box="[1097,1157,511,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Zahradnik, J. (1990) Guia de los Coleopteres de Espana y Europa. Ediciones Omega, Barcelona, 570 pp." type="book" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both grass species are adventive and widespread in the BC Lower Mainland (Klinkenberg 2011).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82ADEFDC44D9B151E" author="Fowler" box="[1008,1171,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Fowler, W. W. (1890) The Coleoptera of the British Islands. A descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with notes as to localities, habitats, etc. Vol. 4. Lamellicornia - Serricornia - Longicornia - Phytophaga. L. Reeve and Co., London, 411 pp." type="book" year="1890">Fowler (1890)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the collection of this species in the British Isles “by sweeping Umbelliferae” (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD82A6FFDA74AB8157D" box="[833,944,583,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36EEFF90FFD829E9FD8C4D01145D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6DFF90FFD8281CFD8C48CB15A6" box="[306,451,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Melyridae" genus="Axinotarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulicarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFCFF90FFD8281CFD8C48CB15A6" box="[306,451,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">A. pulicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as in several other malachiine melyrids, possess apical elytral appendages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A6BFF90FFD82C0FFD8C4C8615A6" box="[1313,1422,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1640,1663]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,214,1616]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,195,1616]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Axinotarsus pulicarius (F.). 1, dorsal habitus, male. 2, dorsal habitus, female. 3, male protarsus (note: prolonged tarsomere 2, arrow). 4, male abdominal apex and abdominal (excitatory) appendages." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282376/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="85">Figs. 1, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females feed on these excitatory glands during pre-copulatory courtship (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82AC6FD6F4D661585" author="Evers" box="[1000,1134,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Evers, A. M. J. (1948) Over de aanhangsels aan de uiteinden der dekschilden bij het 3 van Axinotarsus pulicarius F. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 89, 149 - 154." type="journal article" year="1948">Evers 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1FFF90FFD82D52FD6F4C141585" author="Matthes" box="[1148,1308,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="85" refString="Matthes, D. (1962) Excitatoren und paarungsverhalten Mitteleuropaischer Malachiiden (Coleopt., Malacodermata). Zeitschift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 51, 375 - 546." type="journal article" year="1962">Matthes 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our brief description of courtship and copulatory behavior is taken from studies by Matthes (1970 and http://www.l3s.de/ eleonet/doi/iwf/E-1747.xml). The male initiates courtship and mating by displaying his excitatory organ to a female; she tastes the male’s glandular secretions, which inhibits her initial aversion to mating. Both sexes engage in frontal tapping, using antennae and front legs; the male turns 180° and the female bites the organ. As pairing advances, the female turns her posterior toward the male, and he places his mouthparts on the tip of her abdomen. She either allows copulation, which lasts briefly, or frontal tapping is resumed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |