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<mods:title id="4F3456D5D5447EEE94D174A4EDDCFA10">Description of five new and four known species of Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 with perioral disc (Nematoda: Belondiroidea) from the Western Ghats of India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27F04BA4751D5302B919F159A150D45F">Kumar, Sumit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E722E1CEF3954D5DBDF9F3CB04F6E8C">Ahmad, Wasim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F6D98FA3E50230E4CDBBD61ACB599A31">Nematode Biodiversity Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF86FFBC9B8AF9B51BBB987D" ID-CoL="8ZDQ2" authority="Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000" authorityName="Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand" authorityYear="2000" box="[408,1180,1608,1635]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="chakpilus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF86FFBC9B8AF9B51D98987D" bold="true" box="[408,703,1608,1635]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dorylaimellus chakpilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF86FFBC98D5F9B51BBB987D" author="Mohilal N. &amp; Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch." box="[711,1180,1608,1635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref20290" refString="Mohilal N., Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch. 2000. Studies on soil nematodes of Manipur-VIII: Two new species of Dorylaimellus from the hills of Manipur. Indian Journal of Namatology 30: 53 - 57. Availablefrom: https: // www. indianjournals. com / ijor. aspx? target = ijor: ijn &amp; volume = 30 &amp; issue = 1 &amp; article = 012 [accessed 5 May 2022]" type="journal article" year="2000">Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13182A58FF86FFBC98D7F9911C2C9899" box="[709,779,1644,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1885,1911]" captionTargetBox="[271,1317,265,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-1@15.[271,1317,265,1817]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 5. Dorylaimellus chakpilus Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000 (LM photographs). A– B. Anterior region, arrow in A indicating basal flanges. C. Anterior end showing amphid. D. Arrows indicating body pores. E. Expanded part of pharynx. F. Vulva region. G. Female genital system. H. Posterior end. Scale bars: A–H=10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10804798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10804798/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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<tableCitation id="C6A10366FF86FFBC990AF9911C489898" box="[792,879,1644,1670]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="16.[189,259,265,291]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Table 4. Morphometrics of Dorylaimellus chakpilus Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000. All the measurements are in µm except L in mm, and in the form: mean ±SD (range)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Table 4</tableCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF86FFBC9AAFF9501A3198D6" ID-CoL="8ZDQ2" authority="Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000: 55 - 57" authorityName="Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand" authorityPageNumber="55 - 57" authorityYear="2000" box="[189,1302,1709,1736]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="chakpilus" subGenus="Belondorylaimellus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF86FFBC9AAFF9501E4298D9" box="[189,357,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dorylaimellus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF86FFBC9B64F9501D7B98D9" box="[374,604,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Belondorylaimellus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF86FFBC987FF9501DFA98D9" box="[621,733,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">chakpilus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF86FFBC98F7F9501A3198D6" author="Mohilal N. &amp; Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch." box="[741,1302,1709,1736]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref20290" refString="Mohilal N., Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch. 2000. Studies on soil nematodes of Manipur-VIII: Two new species of Dorylaimellus from the hills of Manipur. Indian Journal of Namatology 30: 53 - 57. Availablefrom: https: // www. indianjournals. com / ijor. aspx? target = ijor: ijn &amp; volume = 30 &amp; issue = 1 &amp; article = 012 [accessed 5 May 2022]" type="journal article" year="2000">Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand, 2000: 55–57</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B957EACFFF86FFBC9AAFF9131E8D9916" bold="true" box="[189,426,1774,1800]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material examined</emphasis>
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deep; 
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<originalDetermination id="A83D8E21FF86FFBC986EF8991CBC9960" box="[636,923,1892,1918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dorylaimellus chakpilus</originalDetermination>
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<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9AAFFEF51E699F3C" bold="true" box="[189,334,264,290]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9AF8FECA1E629F4F" bold="true" box="[234,325,311,337]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Female</emphasis>
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Body slightly curved ventrad upon fixation, 
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long. Cuticle with transverse striations, about 1 µm thick throughout length of body. Lateral chords 5–7 µm or about one-third to two-fifths (30–40%) of the body diameter at mid-body, glandular bodies weakly developed, about 
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number; 
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pharyngeal region, 4–8 from pharyngeal base to vulva, 8–19 from vulva to anal region and 
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caudal region. Ventral body pores distinct, about 
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pharyngeal region, 6–8 from pharyngeal base to vulva and 10–13 from vulva to anal region; lateral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, distinctly offset, about 2.0–2.3 times as wide as high, or about one-third to two-fifths (33–40%) of body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated; perioral disc distinct. Cheilostome a truncate cone with refractive walls and distinct cuticularized pieces near oral aperture. Amphids fovea cup-shaped, aperture occupying about 0.6–0.7 times lip region diameter, fusus at level of odontophore base. Guiding ring single, weakly developed, at 0.6–0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Odontostyle comparatively slender, slightly fusiform, 4–5 times as long as wide, about 0.7–0.8 times as long as lip region diameter, its aperture occupying about one-third of length. Odontophore with moderately developed basal flanges, 2.0–2.7 times as long as odontostyle. Nerve ring encircling anterior slender part of pharynx at 30–33% of neck length from anterior end. Pharyngeal expansion gradual; expanded part 9.5–13 times as long as wide, or about 5.2–7.3 times as long as body diameter at neck base, occupying about 48–56% of total neck length, enclosed in thick dextrally spiral muscular sheath. Only dorsal pharyngeal gland and orifice visible: DO =52–57; DN =54–59; DO– DN =1.5–3.4. Cardia short, hemispheroid, 1.0–1.8 times as long as wide, occupying about two-sevenths to two-fifths (28–43%) of corresponding body diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DDFF85FFBF9AAFFBC51BA09BAC" blockId="14.[189,1399,1080,1459]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Genital system amphidelphic, both branches almost equally developed. Ovaries reflexed, rarely reaching oviduct-uterus junction, measuring 17–91 µm (anterior) and 19–73 µm (posterior) long, with oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining ovary subterminally, anterior 15–28 µm or 0.8–1.6 times, and posterior 16–31 µm or 0.9–1.8 times as long as mid-body diameter, consisting of a slender part with prismatic cells and a wider pars dilatata with distinct lumen; oviduct-uterus junction marked with sphincter. Uterus a small tube, anterior 5–12 µm or 0.3–0.8 times, and posterior 6–13 µm or 0.4–0.7 times as long as corresponding body diameter; sperms not observed. Vulva longitudinal. Vagina extending inwards about one-third to one-half (33–50%) of corresponding body diameter; pars proximalis vaginae longer than wide, 4–6×3.0 µm, with convex walls; pars refringens absent; pars distalis 1–2 µm. Prerectum 5.1–8.1 and rectum 1.3–1.9 times as long as anal body diameter. Tail slightly ventrally curved, subcylindrical, tapering gradually to a broadly rounded terminus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DDFF85FFBF9AF8FA271E0D9BEA" blockId="14.[189,317,1498,1560]" box="[234,298,1498,1524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9AF8FA271E0D9BEA" bold="true" box="[234,298,1498,1524]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DDFF85FFBF9AAFFA031E1A9809" blockId="14.[189,317,1498,1560]" box="[189,317,1533,1560]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Not found.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396556FF85FFBF9AAFF9C21A0499DA" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DDFF85FFBF9AAFF9C21E089847" blockId="14.[189,303,1599,1625]" box="[189,303,1599,1625]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D0D481B1FF85FFBF9AAFF9C21E089847" bold="true" box="[189,303,1599,1625]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9AAFF9C21E089847" bold="true" box="[189,303,1599,1625]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DDFF85FFBF9AAFF9901A0499DA" blockId="14.[189,1399,1645,1988]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF85FFBF9AAFF9901EE49899" author="Mohilal N. &amp; Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch." box="[189,451,1645,1671]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref20290" refString="Mohilal N., Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch. 2000. Studies on soil nematodes of Manipur-VIII: Two new species of Dorylaimellus from the hills of Manipur. Indian Journal of Namatology 30: 53 - 57. Availablefrom: https: // www. indianjournals. com / ijor. aspx? target = ijor: ijn &amp; volume = 30 &amp; issue = 1 &amp; article = 012 [accessed 5 May 2022]" type="journal article" year="2000">
Mohilal 
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9B35F9931E4F9899" box="[295,360,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF85FFBF985CF9931DCF9899" authorityName="Mohilal, Gambhir &amp; Dhanachand" authorityYear="2000" box="[590,744,1645,1671]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="chakpilus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF985CF9931DCF9899" box="[590,744,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. chakpilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from around the roots of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF85FFBF9E28F9901A319899" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1082,1302,1645,1671]" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylon">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9E28F9901A319899" box="[1082,1302,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cynodon dactylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(dhoob grass) from 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F83FFF85FFBF9B43F96D1E9F98B4" box="[337,440,1680,1706]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Manipur</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F334764DFF85FFBF9BD5F96D1D2198B4" box="[455,518,1680,1706]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">India</collectingCountry>
, and differentiated it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF85FFBF9942F96C1A5098B4" authority="Hussain &amp; Khan, 1967" authorityName="Hussain &amp; Khan" authorityYear="1967" box="[848,1399,1680,1706]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="paralongicaudatus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9942F96C1B7298B4" box="[848,1109,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. paralongicaudatus</emphasis>
Hussain &amp; Khan, 1967
</taxonomicName>
(now 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF85FFBF9B11F9491DB398D3" authority="Jairajpuri, 1964" authorityName="Jairajpuri" authorityYear="1964" box="[259,660,1715,1741]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9B11F9491EE898D3" box="[259,463,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. longicaudatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF85FFBF9BCBF94E1DB398D3" author="Jairajpuri M. S." box="[473,660,1715,1741]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="173 - 187" refId="ref19820" refString="Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Nygellidae n. fam. and Belondiridae Thorne, 1939 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea) with description of ten new species from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 173 - 187. Available from: http: // science. peru. edu / COPA / ProcHelmSocWash _ V 31 _ N 2 _ 1964 I. pdf [accessed 23 March 2022]" type="journal article" year="1964">Jairajpuri, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D5EFF85FFBF98CEF9491B3098D0" authority="Jairajpuri, 1965" authorityName="Jairajpuri" authorityYear="1965" box="[732,1047,1715,1742]" class="Enoplea" family="Belondiridae" genus="Dorylaimellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="parvus">
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF98CEF9491C7598D3" box="[732,850,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D. parvus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF85FFBF9948F94E1B3098D0" author="Jairajpuri M. S." box="[858,1047,1715,1742]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="207 - 212" refId="ref19898" refString="Jairajpuri M. S. 1965. Studies on Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 and Nygellus Thorne, 1939 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea) with descriptions of three new species. Nematologica 11: 207 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529265 X 00069" type="journal article" year="1965">Jairajpuri, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The present specimens from 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F83FFF85FFBF9AADF92A1E1F98EF" box="[191,312,1751,1777]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
conform well with the 
<typeStatus id="5498887FFF85FFBF985FF92A1DA798EF" box="[589,640,1751,1777]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
population except for having a slightly longer body (L=0.6–0.8 vs 
<quantity id="4CDB9B38FF85FFBF9AF2F9071EA5990A" box="[224,386,1786,1813]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.85" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.699999999999999" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="0.585" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.57">0.57–0.6 mm</quantity>
), in the presence of weak lateral glandular bodies (vs indistinct),distinct ventral body pores (vs indistinct); wider lip region (6–7 vs 5.2 µm), a shorter odontostyle (4–5 µm vs 5.6–7.2 µm or 0.7–0.8 vs slightly longer than lip region diameter), and a slightly longer odontophore (10–11 vs 8.0–9.6 µm); however, the combined odontostyle-odontophore length is almost the same. In the original description, the shape of the vulva has been mentioned as transverse; however, in the figure (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2CFF85FFBF9F0AF87A1E1D99DA" author="Mohilal N. &amp; Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref20290" refString="Mohilal N., Gambhir R. K. &amp; Dhanachand Ch. 2000. Studies on soil nematodes of Manipur-VIII: Two new species of Dorylaimellus from the hills of Manipur. Indian Journal of Namatology 30: 53 - 57. Availablefrom: https: // www. indianjournals. com / ijor. aspx? target = ijor: ijn &amp; volume = 30 &amp; issue = 1 &amp; article = 012 [accessed 5 May 2022]" type="journal article" year="2000">
Mohilal 
<emphasis id="B957EACFFF85FFBF9AAFF8561FDF99DA" box="[189,248,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
fig 2e) it appears longitudinal. The present specimens also have a longitudinal vulva.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>