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<document id="520E3A015F3E1699DE9A9D9F63C4FC23" ID-CLB-Dataset="5281" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3838.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2b1a0177-edaa-4be4-b335-1a111e880bf9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4921799" ID-ZooBank="62251D9C-65DD-4A4A-8AB9-B885A018D4BD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623284441979" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grebennikov, Vasily V." docDate="2014" docId="D44787FEFFF9FFCC53D1237682B7FC3C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03838p173.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3838 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Niphadomimus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="169" masterDocId="287EFF86FFE8FFDE534622198121FFD0" masterDocTitle="DNA barcode and phylogeography of six new high altitude wingless Niphadomimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) from Southwest China" masterLastPageNumber="173" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="168" updateTime="1699009681547" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="BD687F8D762DE2F29F67F5D0CF260F9A">DNA barcode and phylogeography of six new high altitude wingless Niphadomimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) from Southwest China</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D44787FEFFF9FFCC53D1237682B7FC3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5129177" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183731285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5129177" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D44787FEFFF9FFCC53D1237682B7FC3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D44787FEFFF9FFCC53D1237682B7FC3C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<subSubSection id="14F46563FFF9FFCF53D1237683BAFE5A" box="[151,667,367,394]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C5136E8FFF9FFCF53D1237683BAFE5A" blockId="17.[151,667,367,394]" box="[151,667,367,394]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<heading id="07198184FFF9FFCF53D1237683BAFE5A" bold="true" box="[151,667,367,394]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF53D1237683BAFE5A" bold="true" box="[151,667,367,394]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF53D123768070FE59" ID-CoL="8HN4C" authority="Zherikhin, 1987" box="[151,337,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF53D123768070FE59" bold="true" box="[151,337,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
temporal phylogeography
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14F46563FFF9FFCC53D123AD82B7FC3C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C5136E8FFF9FFCF53D123AD8556F8BD" blockId="17.[151,1436,436,794]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,1764,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
The most significant phylogeographic result is the detection of the relatively robust
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF571C23AD8425FE1D" box="[1114,1284,436,461]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF571C23AD8425FE1D" box="[1114,1284,436,461]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree with the sister group relations between the Qinling
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFF9FFCF513723CC83C2FE3D" box="[625,739,469,494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" rank="species">
species
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF518E23CF83C2FE3D" authority="Grebennikov, 2014" authorityName="Grebennikov" authorityYear="2014" box="[712,739,470,493]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merope" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF518E23CF83C2FE3D" box="[712,739,470,493]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">N.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF51AF23CF821CFE3D" box="[745,829,470,493]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">merope</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF500223CC82A2FE3E" bold="true" box="[836,899,469,494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFF9FFCF500223CC82A2FE3E" box="[836,899,469,494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and the rest of the genus. Similarly to the genus
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF53D123EF8060FDDF" box="[151,321,502,527]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF53D123EF8060FDDF" box="[151,321,502,527]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, numerous other Animalia clades are restricted in their distribution to the highlands of the southeastern edges of the Tibetan Plateau (
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFF9FFCF517F200E83ADFDE0" box="[569,652,535,560]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1057,1753]" captionTargetId="figure-454@18.[151,1436,1057,1753]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Known distribution of the genus Niphadomimus in Nepal (two species) and China (six species). The overlaying topology illustrates sister-group relations between the easternmost N. merope sp. n. from the Qinling Mt. Range and the unresolved rest of the genus. Base map generated using the on-line SimpleMappr tool (Shorthouse 2010)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921827/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFF9FFCF51DE20018279FDE0" author="Favre, A. &amp; Packert, M. &amp; Pauls, S. U. &amp; Jahnig, S. C. &amp; Uhl, D. &amp; Michalak, I. &amp; Muellner-Riehl, A. N." box="[664,856,535,560]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref11810" refString="Favre, A., Packert, M., Pauls, S. U., Jahnig, S. C., Uhl, D., Michalak, I. &amp; Muellner-Riehl, A. N. (2014) The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biological Reviews, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / brv. 12107" type="book chapter" year="2014">Favre et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), i.e. the eastern Himalayas (
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF57DC200E85C0FDE0" box="[1178,1249,535,560]" name="Nepal" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, Sikkim,
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF560D200E84BDFDE0" box="[1355,1436,535,560]" name="Bhutan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
and Arunachal Pradesh), the Hengduan mountains (northern
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF507B2023828BFD82" box="[829,938,570,594]" name="Myanmar" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
and the adjacent parts of SW
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF57BE2020841CFD82" box="[1272,1341,569,594]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
) and the Qinling mountain range (
<collectingRegion id="9E2AF80AFFF9FFCF528020438307FDA3" box="[454,550,602,627]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
). The Red Panda (
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF50562043853FFDA3" authority="Cuvier" authorityName="Cuvier" box="[784,1054,602,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Ailuridae" genus="Ailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulgens">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF5056204382E3FDA3" box="[784,962,602,627]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Ailurus fulgens</emphasis>
Cuvier
</taxonomicName>
) presently ranges longitudinally through
<collectingRegion id="9E2AF80AFFF9FFCF53B320658073FD45" box="[245,338,636,661]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="9E2AF80AFFF9FFCF521B20658098FD43" box="[349,441,636,659]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, northern
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF516C206583BBFD44" box="[554,666,636,660]" name="Myanmar" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF51E3206583D8FD45" box="[677,761,636,661]" name="Bhutan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, Sikkim and
<collectingCountry id="24F97678FFF9FFCF50CD206582EFFD45" box="[907,974,636,661]" name="Nepal" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Nepal</collectingCountry>
and unlike
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF5714206585DAFD45" box="[1106,1275,636,661]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF5714206585DAFD45" box="[1106,1275,636,661]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it seems to be a recent inhabitant resulting from a post-glacial range expansion by this presumably highly mobile mammalian species (Le
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF526620A6807BFD07" box="[288,346,702,727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
2005). The presumably less mobile Asian shrew-like moles (
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF575C20A78463FD07" authority="Milne-Edwards" authorityName="Milne-Edwards" box="[1050,1346,702,727]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Uropsilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF575C20A785A9FD07" box="[1050,1160,702,727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Uropsilus</emphasis>
Milne-Edwards
</taxonomicName>
) have a distribution more closely matching that of
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF513420C6823AFD28" box="[626,795,735,760]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF513420C6823AFD28" box="[626,795,735,760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and exhibit a robust phylogeographic structure with their single sampled Qinling population nested deeply inside the Hengduan clade (
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFF9FFCF574A211885EBFCCA" author="Wan, T. &amp; He, K. &amp; Jiang, X. - L." box="[1036,1226,769,794]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="232" refId="ref13676" refString="Wan, T., He, K. &amp; Jiang, X. - L. (2013) Multilocus phylogeny and cryptic diversity in Asian shrew-like moles (Uropsilus, Talpidae): implications for taxonomy and conservation. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 232 http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 232" type="journal article" year="2013">
Wan
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF570D211B85A4FCCA" box="[1099,1157,769,794]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). The latter is not similar to the
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF527524FD80FCF92D" box="[307,477,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF527524FD80FCF92D" box="[307,477,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pattern, where the Qinling
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFF9FFCF505524FD82A7F92C" box="[787,902,1764,1789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" rank="species">
species
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF502A24FC82A7F92C" authority="Grebennikov, 2014" authorityName="Grebennikov" authorityYear="2014" box="[876,902,1765,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merope" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF502A24FC82A7F92C" box="[876,902,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">N.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF50CB24FC82C1F92C" box="[909,992,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">merope</emphasis>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF50A124FD8506F92D" bold="true" box="[999,1063,1764,1789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFF9FFCF50A124FD8506F92D" box="[999,1063,1764,1789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
forms the sister group to the rest from Hengduan (
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFF9FFCF5235251080F5F8F2" box="[371,468,1801,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1805,1827]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1057,1753]" captionTargetId="figure-454@18.[151,1436,1057,1753]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Known distribution of the genus Niphadomimus in Nepal (two species) and China (six species). The overlaying topology illustrates sister-group relations between the easternmost N. merope sp. n. from the Qinling Mt. Range and the unresolved rest of the genus. Base map generated using the on-line SimpleMappr tool (Shorthouse 2010)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921827/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). The comparison of the
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF5077251082FAF8F2" box="[817,987,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF5077251082FAF8F2" box="[817,987,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
temporal phylogeography with the aforementioned examples should be done with caution, since they also rely on an
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF5707252985B9F897" box="[1089,1176,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">a priori</emphasis>
DNA substitution rate taken as the main dating source, which introduces a significant element of circular logic.
</paragraph>
<caption id="08916660FFF9FFCF53D1243585BBF94E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4921825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921825/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" startId="17.[151,250,1580,1602]" targetBox="[166,1421,828,1541]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="5C5136E8FFF9FFCF53D1243585BBF94E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1580,1694]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF53D12435803EF991" bold="true" box="[151,287,1580,1602]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Ultrametic time tree of the Chinese species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF5026243582D8F992" box="[864,1017,1580,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF5026243582D8F992" box="[864,1017,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using BEAST software to analyse 658bp of the “barcoding” mtDNA calibrated at a rate of 0.018 substitutions/site/MY. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present (MY). Node bars represent a 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Epoch dating after
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFF9FFCF53D12491807FF94E" author="Cohen, K. M. &amp; Finney, S. &amp; Gibbard, P. L." box="[151,350,1672,1694]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" refId="ref11590" refString="Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. &amp; Gibbard, P. L. (2013) International Chronostratigraphic Chart, International Commission on Stratigraphy. Available from: http: // www. stratigraphy. org / ICSchart / ChronostratChart 2013 - 01. pdf (accessed 12 March 2014)" type="book" year="2013">
Cohen
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF539924908032F94E" box="[223,275,1672,1694]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
. Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5C5136E8FFF9FFCC538125608517FDD6" blockId="17.[151,1437,1764,2013]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,1004]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="169" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
Only a few works on the low dispersing wingless weevils distributed in temperate mountains are detailed enough to permit adequate comparison with the reported
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFF9FFCF506A258682F7F868" box="[812,982,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF506A258682F7F868" box="[812,982,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phylogeographic results. Among them,
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFF9FFCF53D125DD80BAF80D" author="Meregalli, M. &amp; Menardo, F. &amp; Klass, K. - D. &amp; Cervella, P." box="[151,411,1988,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="43 - 68" refId="ref12834" refString="Meregalli, M., Menardo, F., Klass, K. - D. &amp; Cervella, P. (2013) Phylogeny of the Saxifraga - associated species of Dichotrachelus (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with remarks on their radiation in the Alps. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 71, 43 - 68." type="journal article" year="2013">
Meregalli
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFF9FFCF524B25DC8066F80D" box="[269,327,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
offers the best reference point being the most comparable in size and nature to the DNA data, as well as dealing with a genus of high altitude wingless weevils distributed along the southern edge of the last glacial maximum in South Europe. The authors utilized 775 nt of 18 CO1 haplotypes representing seven
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC53D122FB80D5FF2B" box="[151,500,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC53D122FB8065FF2B" box="[151,324,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Dichotrachelus</emphasis>
Stierlin species
</taxonomicName>
sampled on the southern slopes of the Alps. They reported the mean interspecies
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC56C222FA84B3FF2A" box="[1412,1426,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">p</emphasis>
- distance in the range of 11.0–16.7%, which by using the 2.1% MY
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sequence divergence rate dated the speciation events between 6.5 MY and 3.3 MY, i.e. from later Miocene to late Pliocene. They concluded that instead of being the main force behind the
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC52F8234C834AFEBE" authorityName="Stierlin" authorityYear="1853" box="[446,619,341,366]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC52F8234C834AFEBE" box="[446,619,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Dichotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phylogeographic structure, the Quaternary glaciation cycles are primary responsible for the highly fragmented present day high-altitude species distribution. For the most part the conclusions on
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC521223B98320FE69" authorityName="Stierlin" authorityYear="1853" box="[340,513,416,441]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dichotrachelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC521223B98320FE69" box="[340,513,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Dichotrachelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phylogeography match those for
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC50E623B98568FE69" box="[928,1097,416,441]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC50E623B98568FE69" box="[928,1097,416,441]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and conceivably suggest a common pattern, even though both studies used a markedly different sequence divergence rate for the same CO1 gene (2.1% MY
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-
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in
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFFAFFCC523F23F48346FDD6" author="Meregalli, M. &amp; Menardo, F. &amp; Klass, K. - D. &amp; Cervella, P." box="[377,615,493,518]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="43 - 68" refId="ref12834" refString="Meregalli, M., Menardo, F., Klass, K. - D. &amp; Cervella, P. (2013) Phylogeny of the Saxifraga - associated species of Dichotrachelus (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with remarks on their radiation in the Alps. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 71, 43 - 68." type="journal article" year="2013">
Meregalli
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC52AB23F78304FDD6" box="[493,549,493,518]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
, as compare to 3.6% MY
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adopted here).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C5136E8FFFAFFCC5381200B82B7FC3C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1004]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
Regardless of the uncertainties about the exact order of the bifurcation points in the (
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC57C7200B840AFDFB" box="[1153,1323,530,555]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC57C7200B840AFDFB" box="[1153,1323,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC56C4200A81CBFD80" authority="Grebennikov, 2014" authorityName="Grebennikov" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merope" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC56C4200A81CBFD80" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">N. merope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC53B220218017FD81" bold="true" box="[244,310,568,593]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFFAFFCC53B220218017FD81" box="[244,310,568,593]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
) clade (compare
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFFAFFCC51472021837EFD81" box="[513,607,568,593]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,438,1683]" captionTargetId="figure-190@15.[151,1436,431,1683]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Bayesian inference phylogram positioning monophyletic Niphadomimus among other analysed Molytinae genera using the 658bp of the DNA barcoding CO1 gene fragment. Niphadomimus and the three other genera currently assigned to Typoderini are in red. Values at nodes are posterior probabilities; clades supported with less than 0.5 posterior probabilities are ignored and collapsed. The tree is rooted on Graptus circassicus (Entiminae; not shown). Habitus images are denoted by abbreviated genus and species letters on the same level with the terminal and are not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921823/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFFAFFCC51DD20218398FD81" box="[667,697,568,593]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,828,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-457@17.[151,1436,788,1561]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ultrametic time tree of the Chinese species of the genus Niphadomimus using BEAST software to analyse 658bp of the “barcoding” mtDNA calibrated at a rate of 0.018 substitutions/site/MY. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present (MY). Node bars represent a 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Epoch dating after Cohen et al. (2013). Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921825/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">13</figureCitation>
), temporal analysis places all events leading to the origin of all presently recognised
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC52C3204483A7FDA6" box="[389,646,605,630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC52C32044830EFDA6" box="[389,559,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
well before Pleistocene (the last dichotomy between
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC579820478477FDA6" authority="Grebennikov, 2014" authorityName="Grebennikov" authorityYear="2014" box="[1246,1366,605,630]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="celaeno" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC579820478477FDA6" box="[1246,1366,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">N. celaeno</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC561B204484BDFDA6" bold="true" box="[1373,1436,605,630]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFFAFFCC561B204484BDFDA6" box="[1373,1436,605,630]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC538E209D8064FD4B" authority="Grebennikov, 2014" authorityName="Grebennikov" authorityYear="2014" box="[200,325,644,667]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strerope" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC538E209D8064FD4B" box="[200,325,644,667]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">N. strerope</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC5208209A80AEFD4C" bold="true" box="[334,399,643,668]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75A95781FFFAFFCC5208209A80AEFD4C" box="[334,399,643,668]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
taking place in mid Pliocene at about 3.64 MY;
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFFAFFCC50FB209A8531FD4C" box="[957,1040,643,668]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,828,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-457@17.[151,1436,788,1561]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ultrametic time tree of the Chinese species of the genus Niphadomimus using BEAST software to analyse 658bp of the “barcoding” mtDNA calibrated at a rate of 0.018 substitutions/site/MY. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present (MY). Node bars represent a 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Epoch dating after Cohen et al. (2013). Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921825/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). These results add to the growing body of evidence denying the Pleistocene repeated glaciation and aridification effects of being the most important stimulus to the present day speciation. The mtDNA distance-based interpretation of
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC57D520D484BDFD36" box="[1171,1436,717,742]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC57D520D4841DFD36" box="[1171,1340,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
diversification agrees well with the similar conclusions reached based on fossil records for the North American amphibians and reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFFAFFCC52F721018358FCE1" author="Holman, J. A." box="[433,633,792,817]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refId="ref12215" refString="Holman, J. A. (1995) Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America. Oxford University Press, New York, 243 pp." type="book" year="1995">Holman 1995: 28</bibRefCitation>
) and mammals (
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFFAFFCC5072210182C7FCE1" author="Barnosky, A. D." box="[820,998,792,817]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="247 - 264" refId="ref11278" refString="Barnosky, A. D. (2005) Effects of Quaternary Climatic Change on Speciation in Mammals. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 005 - 4858 - 8" type="journal article" year="2005">Barnosky 2005</bibRefCitation>
). These similarities further corroborate the hypothesis that the Quaternary climatic changes do not represent the main driving force of the presently observed species diversity (
<bibRefCitation id="387F4B19FFFAFFCC529E217A8373FCAC" author="Rull, V." box="[472,594,867,892]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" pagination="2722 - 2729" refId="ref13384" refString="Rull, V. (2008) Speciation timing and neotropical biodiversity: the Tertiary - Quaternary debate in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2722 - 2729. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 x. 2008.03789. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Rull 2008</bibRefCitation>
). These
<taxonomicName id="9BEE4D6BFFFAFFCC51F0217A827EFCAC" box="[694,863,867,892]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Niphadomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E9AEAFAFFFAFFCC51F0217A827EFCAC" box="[694,863,867,892]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Niphadomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
temporal results, however, should be taken only tentatively, since the generic tree (
<figureCitation id="C4D52A6DFFFAFFCC510F21918385FC71" box="[585,676,904,929]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1580,1602]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,828,1541]" captionTargetId="figure-457@17.[151,1436,788,1561]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Ultrametic time tree of the Chinese species of the genus Niphadomimus using BEAST software to analyse 658bp of the “barcoding” mtDNA calibrated at a rate of 0.018 substitutions/site/MY. Numbers at nodes and on the scale below are million years before present (MY). Node bars represent a 95% confidence interval of the age estimate. Epoch dating after Cohen et al. (2013). Alternating snowflake and sun symbols denote Pleistocene climatic fluctuations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4921825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4921825/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) is likely lacking many more extant branches for numerous hypothetically undetected species. If true, they will be likely inserted among those already known and some of them originating more recently, than what is presently hypothesised.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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