treatments-xml/data/72/94/E8/7294E8B14F9BC38F7416197079713D53.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.24.12846" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bdc69035-1f62-4aff-93e0-81cbda141a5f" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132650015" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-24-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-4049-24-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 24" ModsDocTitle="An investigation on Mycetinis (Euagarics, Basidiomycota)" checkinTime="1502745248203" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Petersen, Ronald H. &amp; Hughes, Karen W." docDate="2017" docId="7294E8B14F9BC38F7416197079713D53" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 24: 1-138" docOrigin="MycoKeys 24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.24.12846" docTitle="Mycetinis opacus A. W. Wilson &amp; Desjardin. 2005" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FF8CFFE3FFD1AB31FFB93211B73FFF8B" masterDocTitle="An investigation on Mycetinis (Euagarics, Basidiomycota)" masterLastPageNumber="138" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1643485859727" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>An investigation on Mycetinis (Euagarics, Basidiomycota)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Petersen, Ronald H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hughes, Karen W.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>24</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>138</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.24.12846</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.24.12846</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-24-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="132650015" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7294E8B14F9BC38F7416197079713D53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7294E8B14F9BC38F7416197079713D53" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
8. 
<taxonomicName authority="(Berk. &amp; M. A. Curtis.) A. W. Wilson &amp; Desjardin., 2005. Mycologia 97: 677 - 678." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus (Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis.) A.W. Wilson &amp; Desjardin., 2005. Mycologia 97: 677-678.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Marasmius opacus</taxonomicName>
Basionym. Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis 1849. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooker’s">Hooker's</normalizedToken>
J. Bot. 1: 99. ≡ 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Marasmiellus opacus</taxonomicName>
(Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis) Singer. &quot;1949&quot;(1951). Lliloa 22: 300.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
United States, South Carolina, Darlington Co., Society Hill, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="34.513054">N34°30'47&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-79.85083">W79°51'03&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, VI, Curtis 1241 (FH, K).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
1) Basidiomata of moderate size, gracile (pileus 3-20 mm broad; stipe 10-45 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-2.5 mm); 2) rhizomorphs usually plentiful, slender, pallid, usually erect; 3) pleurocystidia fusiform, usually submammilate; 4) cheilocystidia arbuscular with coarse branches, not setulose; 5) pileipellis microstructures differing significantly from pileus margin to disc; 6) odor and taste negligible (not alliaceous); 7) distribution in eastern North America (with some extralimital reports); 8) fruiting chiefly on dead 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron" order="Ericales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhododendron</taxonomicName>
twigs and leaves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Basidiomata (Fig. 50) of moderate size, marcescent, reviving. Pileus 3-15(-20) mm diam, convex with decurved margin when young, expanding with age to plano-convex or sometimes plane with decurved or uplifted margin; disc rarely subumbonate, sometimes slightly depressed; margin entire when young, remaining so throughout maturation or becoming striate to rugulose-striate in age; surface smooth, sueded-like, dry, opaque, finely powdery or granulose overall when young, disc remaining so in age and margin sometimes becoming glabrous; when young, disc colored &quot;pale vinaceous fawn&quot;6C2-3, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“drab”">&quot;drab&quot;</normalizedToken>
6D3, &quot;hair brown&quot; 6D-E3, near &quot;Rood's brown&quot; 7D5, &quot;chestnut brown&quot; 7D-E4-5, or &quot;clove brown&quot; 7F3-4, with a slightly paler margin, with maturation disc region retaining greyish brown tones or fading to &quot;vinaceous 
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">buff</pageBreakToken>
&quot; 6C3-4, pale greyish yellow 5D3, pale brownish orange 5C3-4, &quot;pale vinaceous fawn&quot; 5-6B3, &quot;pale cinnamon pink&quot; 5A2, or &quot;pale yellow-orange&quot; 4A3, margin in age fading to &quot;tilleul buff&quot; 5-6B2, &quot;pale pinkish cinnamon&quot; 6A2, &quot;pale cinnamon pink&quot; 
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">5</pageBreakToken>
A2, &quot;pale yellow-orange&quot; 4A3, pale greyish buff or white; in age pileus typically with a pale greyish brown disc region and white margin, in wet weather entire pileus sometimes becoming white. Context thin (&lt;1 mm), buff. Lamellae adnate or shallowly adnexed, subdistant, total lamellae 12-18, non-intervenose to somewhat so, especially near pileus margin, seldom forked, sometimes wavy in outline, non-marginate, white, buff, &quot;pale ochraceous buff&quot; 4A2, not discoloring. Stipe 10-40 (-45) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-2.5 mm, central, terete or seldom compressed, equal, solid at first becoming hollow in age, pruinose to pubescent or fibrillose overall or with furfuraceous base, insititious, tough; apex buff, pinkish buff, &quot;pale cinnamon pink&quot; 5B2-3 or near &quot;tawny olive&quot; 5C4, base brownish grey 5C2-3, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“drab”">&quot;drab&quot;</normalizedToken>
6D3, &quot;hair brown&quot; 6-7D-E3, &quot;buffy brown&quot; 6-7D4-5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“fuscous”">&quot;fuscous&quot;</normalizedToken>
6E4, &quot;chestnut brown&quot; 6-7E4. Rhizomorphs (Fig. 50) abundant, well-developed, cord-like, ranging from buff to orange white to pale brownish orange, greyish brown or light brown, often branched and forming tangled masses. Odor not distinct or faintly sweet; taste not distinctive.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Figure 50. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Basidiomata. ATFB 11769 (TENN-F-59880) BTFB 12467 (TENN-F-60541). Standard bars: A = ruler in millimeters. B = 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Habitat and phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Scattered or gregarious on fallen twigs and leaves of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron maximum" order="Ericales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">Rhododendron maximum</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tsuga canadensis" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">Tsuga canadensis</taxonomicName>
, rarely on debris of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
spp., 
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus" order="Pinales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
spp or undetermined deciduous hardwoods; common in temperate eastern North America, rare in southwestern United States and Japan. Known U.S. distribution: Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Pileus</pageBreakToken>
margin pileipellis a modified rameales-structure, composed of two conspicuously clamped elements: 1) hyphae repent, diverticulate (Fig. 52
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
), 3-5.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, firm-walled, producing side branches; side branches 2-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, broadly digitate or cylindrical, often dichotomous; and 2) broom cell-like pileocystidia (Fig. 52
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–G">D-G</normalizedToken>
) 31-42 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-14 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
overall, arbuscular, stalked (stalk 4-35 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-5.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, firm-walled, clamped at base), unexpended distally, producing apical branches irregularly in 360°(branches 2-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rounded at apex, rarely dichotomous); branches resembling those of diverticulate hyphae, often evacuating but not collapsing (i.e. remaining as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“exoskeletons”">&quot;exoskeletons&quot;</normalizedToken>
in pileipellis). Pileus disc pileipellis constructed of the following: 1) occasional pileal hairs (Fig. 51) 10-80 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.5-5.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, cylindrical, arising as side branches of repent hyphae, often minutely roughened, usually subcapitulate; 2) an irregularly hymeniform layer of inflated hyphal termini (Fig. 53) 14-34 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(6-)8-15 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, ranging from digitate, gnarled-digitate, ellipsoid to broadly clavate, almost always thick-walled over inflated portion [wall -1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, refringent (PhC), sometimes vaguely pigmented yellowish], obscurely clamped, apparently immersed in a thin slime matrix; 3) widely scattered pileocystidia as in pileus margin, but generally crumpled and difficult to recognize; and 4) underlying a thicker tightly interwoven thatch of hyphae 3-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, smooth, thick-walled (wall -1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, not gelatinized), conspicuously clamped. Pileus trama hyphae interwoven. Hymenophoral trama regular; hyphae 3.0-8.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, filamentous, smooth or encrusted nearest the pileipellis, non-gelatinous, hyaline or subhyaline, inamyloid, thin- to thick-walled (up to 1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick). Pleurocystidia (Fig. 54) common, 22-28 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, fusiform to narrowly fusiform, usually submammilate, conspicuously clamped; contents homogeneous with 1-2 vaguely vacuolated areas in mid-section. Basidioles clavate to ampulliform; basidia (Fig. 55) (16-)25-31 X (5-)8-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, clavate, often subcapitulate, 4-sterigmate, clamped; contents multi granular to multiguttulate. Basidiospores (Fig. 58B) (6.5-)7.5-10(-11) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(2.8-)3.5-4.5(-5) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(Q = 1.50-2.43; Qm = 1.98; Lm = 8.23 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
), ellipsoid to subamygdaliform, flattened somewhat adaxially, collybioid (hardly tapered proximally), thin-walled, inamyloid; contents often multigranular. Cheilocystidia (Fig. 57) 17-36 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4.0-8.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, resembling broom cell-like pileocystidia, sporadic (often absent, apparently produced on selected basidiomata), very variable, ranging from (occasionally) irregularly fusiform to bifurcate to (usually) stalked (stalk 7-17 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-5.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, obscurely clamped, firm-walled), not expanded distally, producing a cluster of gnarled-digitate diverticula; diverticula 2-8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.5(-3) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, rounded at apex, occasionally inflated somewhat and occasionally dichotomous. Stipe medullary hyphae monomitic, 2.0-4.5(-6.0) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
diam, strictly parallel, free (not involved in slime matrix or adherent in sheets), firm- to thick-walled (wall -1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, hyaline), conspicuously clamped. Stipe cortical hyphae cylindric, ranging from hyaline (stipe apex) to pale yellow (stipe base), non-encrusted, inamyloid, thick-wlled (wall -1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick). Stipe vesture a poorly developed 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" lsidName="Rameales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">Rameales</taxonomicName>
-structure with numerous, erect caulocystidia; caulocystidia (Fig. 58A) digitate to vermiform, often cudgel-shaped, similar to pileus hairs, mostly hyaline and thin-walled on stipe apex, pale yellowish brown to brownish orange and thick-walled (wall -1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick) near stipe base. Rhizomorph tissue similar to that of stipe; rhizomorph medullary and cortical hyphae undifferentiated, parallel or subparallel, firm- or thick-walled. Rhizomorph vesture absent, in some areas composed of a thin layer of loosely interwoven, irregular-shaped hyphae with scattered, short and broad diverticula.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 51. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Pileal hairs. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 52. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Pileipellis elements. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
Diverticulate hyphae. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–G">D-G</normalizedToken>
Broom cell-like pileocystidia. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TENN-F-69344.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 53. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Pileipellis elements; thick-walled inflated hyphal termini. A Perpendicular view of hymeniform epicutis B Side view of a small cluster of inflated elements 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–J">C-J</normalizedToken>
Individual thick-walled, inflated hyphal termini. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 54. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Pleurocystidia. Note submammilate apices. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 55. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Basidia. Note multigranular contents. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 56. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Ampulliform hymenium structures. A Basidium with ampulliform shape 
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–H">B-H</normalizedToken>
Sterile ampulliform structures. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFRB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 57. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. Cheilocystidia. A Cluster of three cheilocystidia B, C Simple cheilocystidia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–K">D-K</normalizedToken>
Arbuscular broom cell-like individuals. Standard bars = 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Figure 58. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Mycetinis opacus</taxonomicName>
. A 
<taxonomicName genus="Caulocystidia" lsidName="Caulocystidia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">Caulocystidia</taxonomicName>
B Basidiospores. Standard bar: A = 20 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; B = 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. TFB 14629 (TENN-F-69344).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Commentary.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Three characters are inconspicuous but diagnostic: 1) pleurocystidia are usually submammilate, unlike the acute forms found in sect. 
<taxonomicName genus="Androsacei" infraspecific="Androsacei" lsidName="Androsacei" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="infraspecific">Androsacei</taxonomicName>
and sect. 
<taxonomicName genus="Perforantia" lsidName="Perforantia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="section" section="Perforantia">Perforantia</taxonomicName>
; 2) cheilocystidia are generally of the 
<taxonomicName genus="Perforantia" lsidName="Perforantia siccus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="siccus">siccus</taxonomicName>
-type, but branches are coarse and not setulose; and 3) pileipellis microstructures differ significantly from pileus margin to disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Basidiomata are usually accompanied by numerous rhizomorphs, often as tall as stipes (or taller), unlike other members of the clade in which rhizomorphs, if present, are short and extremely thin (but pallid, unlike the black or dark brown of the rhizomorphs of sects. 
<taxonomicName genus="Androsacei" lsidName="Androsacei" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">Androsacei</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName genus="Perforantia" lsidName="Perforantia" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="section" section="Perforantia">Perforantia</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Although the term used to describe pileipellis elements is the same as that used in 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="section" section="Rameales">Marasmiellus sect. Rameales</taxonomicName>
(&quot; 
<taxonomicName genus="Perforantia" lsidName="Perforantia ramealis" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="ramealis">ramealis</taxonomicName>
-structure&quot;), the two structures are significantly different. In its original use, the term represents a structure in which setulae are usually 2-5(-8) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.7-1.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(i.e. 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus appalachianensis" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="appalachianensis">Marasmiellus appalachianensis</taxonomicName>
TFB 14610, MS; 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. ramealis" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="ramealis">Ma. ramealis</taxonomicName>
TFB 4727 Sweden), while the side branches and arbuscular apical branches in 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Mycetinis</taxonomicName>
are appreciably coarser, 2-10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
. In fact, 
<bibRefCitation author="Desjardin, DE" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="237 - 261" title="A synopsis of Marasmiellus in the southern Appalachian Mountains." volume="45" year="1997">Desjardin (1997</bibRefCitation>
: figs 6-11) included 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. appalachianus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="appalachianus">Ma. appalachianus</taxonomicName>
Desjardin together with 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">Ma. opacus</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Desjardin, DE" journalOrPublisher="Mycological Research" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="111 - 122" title="Observations on two rhizomorph-forming species of Marasmiellus." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81147-7" volume="97" year="1993">Desjardin et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
: figs 10-16) in subsect. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
, although pileipellis structures are quite different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
In the most detailed discussion of 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">Ma. opacus</taxonomicName>
thus far (
<bibRefCitation author="Desjardin, DE" journalOrPublisher="Mycological Research" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="111 - 122" title="Observations on two rhizomorph-forming species of Marasmiellus." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81147-7" volume="97" year="1993">Desjardin et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
) the following was reported: &quot; Features diagnostic for 
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">M. opacus</taxonomicName>
include: (a) convex, rugulose-striate pileus colored pale greyish brown on the disc and white on the margin; (b) subdistant, narrow, white to buff-coloured lamellae; (c) pubescent, insititious stipe with pallid apex and brownish grey base; (d) buff or pale greyish brown rhizomorphs; (e) basidiospore mean of 8.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; (f) diverticulate cheilocystidia; (g) pileus disc with clavate to sphaeropedunculate, often thick-walled terminal cells, and pileus margin a 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" infraspecific="Rameales" lsidName="Rameales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="infraspecific">Rameales</taxonomicName>
-structure; (h) caulocystidia similar to pileipellis elements; (i) clamped, inamyloid hyphae; and (j) fructification on leaves and wood of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron" order="Ericales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Rhododendron</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tsuga" order="Pinales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tsuga</taxonomicName>
.&quot; This diagnosis, however, was compiled to distinguish 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">Ma. opacus</taxonomicName>
from other 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Marasmiellus</taxonomicName>
taxa, but not from other taxa of 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Mycetinis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Mycetinis" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Mycetinis</taxonomicName>
, which, after all, was not recognized as a discrete generic unit at that time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation author="Desjardin, DE" journalOrPublisher="Mycological Research" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="111 - 122" title="Observations on two rhizomorph-forming species of Marasmiellus." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81147-7" volume="97" year="1993">Desjardin et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
included discussion of cultural and sexual compatibility studies and cited numerous examined specimens. Little need be added. Later, 
<bibRefCitation author="Desjardin, DE" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="237 - 261" title="A synopsis of Marasmiellus in the southern Appalachian Mountains." volume="45" year="1997">Desjardin (1997)</bibRefCitation>
summarized 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Marasmiellus</taxonomicName>
taxa from the southern Appalachian Mountains, placing 
<taxonomicName genus="Ma." lsidName="Ma. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">Ma. opacus</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" infraspecific-rank="section" lsidName="Rameales section" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="section" section="Rameales" species="section">section Rameales</taxonomicName>
subsection 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
Singer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Presumably, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Singer’s">Singer's</normalizedToken>
[&quot;1949&quot; (1951)] placement of 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Marasmiellus opacus</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="section" section="Rameales">Marasmiellus sect. Rameales</taxonomicName>
presumed its conformity to the description of the section, which was attributed to 
<bibRefCitation author="Lange, JE" journalOrPublisher="Dansk Botanisk Arkiv" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 40" title="Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part II. Pholiota, Marasmius, Rhodophyllus." volume="2" year="1921">Lange (1921)</bibRefCitation>
as &quot; 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" infraspecific-rank="sect." lsidName="Rameales sect" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="section" section="Ramealis" species="sect">sect. Ramealis</taxonomicName>
gen. 
<taxonomicName genus="Marasmii" lsidName="Marasmii" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">Marasmii</taxonomicName>
&quot;, the type species of which was 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus ramealis" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ramealis">Marasmiellus ramealis</taxonomicName>
(Bull. ex Fr.) Singer [≡ 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Agaricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Agaricus ramealis" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ramealis">Agaricus ramealis</taxonomicName>
Bull.: Fr] a combination transferred concurrently. 
<bibRefCitation author="Singer, R" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia Beih Beihefte" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 517" title="The genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the neotropics." volume="44" year="1973">Singer (1973)</bibRefCitation>
proposed 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="section" section="Rameales">Marasmiellus sect. Rameales</taxonomicName>
subsect. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
to accommodate several neotropical taxa but a description of 
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">M. opacus</taxonomicName>
was furnished as extra-limital. 
<bibRefCitation author="Singer, R" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia Beih Beihefte" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 517" title="The genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the neotropics." volume="44" year="1973">Singer (1973)</bibRefCitation>
summarized 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">Marasmiellus</taxonomicName>
in neotropical regions and included section 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" infraspecific="Rameales" lsidName="Rameales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="infraspecific">Rameales</taxonomicName>
Singer, which he had proposed in 1951 (Lilloa 22: 299. &quot;1949&quot;). Within 
<taxonomicName genus="Rameales" infraspecific-rank="sect." lsidName="Rameales sect" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="section" section="Rameales" species="sect">sect. Rameales</taxonomicName>
, he (
<bibRefCitation author="Singer, R" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia Beih Beihefte" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 517" title="The genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the neotropics." volume="44" year="1973">Singer 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 102) proposed subsection 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
, typified by 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Marasmiaceae" genus="Marasmius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmius opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Marasmius opacus</taxonomicName>
Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis, even though he did not explain his choice of type, nor did he take up the species. 
<bibRefCitation author="Singer, R" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia Beih Beihefte" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 517" title="The genera Marasmiellus, Crepidotus and Simocybe in the neotropics." volume="44" year="1973">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Singer’s">Singer's</normalizedToken>
(1973)
</bibRefCitation>
later description of 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Omphalotaceae" genus="Marasmiellus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Marasmiellus opacus" order="Agaricales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="opacus">Marasmiellus opacus</taxonomicName>
supplied needed taxonomic information, and among the specimens he examined were some from the southeastern United States (but with no illustrations). From all this, there is no evidence that he intimately knew 
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. opacus" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="species" species="opacus">M. opacus</taxonomicName>
, only that he did not consider its presence in the neotropics. At the same time, subsection 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
included eight species, so subsect. 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="subsection" subsection="Opacini" tribe="Opacini">Opacini</taxonomicName>
was not monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Japan, Tottori Pref., 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.509724">N35°30'35&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="134.23584">E134°14'09&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, Kokufu Town, 4.X.1989, coll. RHP (annot. DE Desjardin), TFB 2400 (TENN-F-48740). United States, Georgia, Rabun Co., vic. Clayton, Warwoman Dell Picnic Area, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="34.91462">N34°54'52.62&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.35394">W83°21'14.21&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 18.VII.1989, coll. S.A. Gordon, TFB 2788 (TENN-F- 48710); Mississippi, Harrison Co., vic. Saucier, Tuxachanie Hiking Trailhead, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="30.662113">N30°39'43.61&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.13741">W89°08'14.70&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 10.VII.2014, coll. RHP, TFB 14490 (TENN-F-69190); North Carolina, Buncombe Co., Asheville, Blue Ridge Parkway, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="35.566666">N35°34'</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-82.48333">W82°29'</geoCoordinate>
, milepost 363, 4.VIII.1959, Coll. L.R. Hesler, TENN-F-23348); Macon Co., vic. Highlands, road to Cliffside Lake, end of road, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.08056">N35°04'50.01&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.234184">W83°14'03.07&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 8.VII.2016, coll AS Methven, TFB 14629 (TENN69344); Highlands Biological Station, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.078884">N35°04'43.99&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.236855">W83°14'12.69&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 19.VI.1963, coll. L.R. Hesler (TENN-F-25556); Tennessee, Blount Co., GSMNP, Cades Cove, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="35.56278">N35°33'46&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.833336">W83°50'</geoCoordinate>
50, 22.V.2005, coll. J.L. Mata, JLM 1601 (TENN-F-61960); vic. Townsend, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">GSMNP</pageBreakToken>
, Turkey Pen Trailhead, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.61162">N35°36'41.84&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.74674">W83°44'48,29&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, coll. RHP, TFB 13650 (TENN-F-63084); Sevier Co., GSMNP, Indian Gap, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.610023">N35°36'36.09&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.43868">W83°26'19.24&quot;</geoCoordinate>
, 2.VIII.1936, coll. L.R. Hesler (TENN-F-10199).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>