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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.993.53805" ID-GBIF-Dataset="153d057d-c190-4db9-aa8b-4da3cb04ae64" ID-PMC="PMC7683496" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-993-47" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2D7B2EB8CB285CBCA90A27064C6B1F17" ID-PubMed="33262675" ID-ZooBank="C40989DB80634C9FA481E7AA82CA924B" ModsDocID="1313-2970-993-47" checkinTime="1605571755153" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ruan, Yongying, Douglas, Hume B., Qiu, Lu, Chen, Xiaoqin &amp; Jiang, Shihong" docDate="2020" docId="073F6FA9B02D5907BA0070D580B56200" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 993: 47-120" docOrigin="ZooKeys 993" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.993.53805" docTitle="Phorocardius manuleatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="2D7B2EB8CB285CBCA90A27064C6B1F17" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="2D7B2EB8CB285CBCA90A27064C6B1F17" masterDocTitle="Revision of Chinese Phorocardius species (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Cardiophorinae)" masterLastPageNumber="120" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1668169908327" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of Chinese Phorocardius species (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Cardiophorinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ruan, Yongying</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-5592</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">yongyingruan@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Douglas, Hume B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K 1 A 0 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-7554</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Qiu, Lu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chen, Xiaoqin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jiang, Shihong</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>993</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:start>47</mods:start>
<mods:end>120</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.993.53805</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.993.53805</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-993-47</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="169091768" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:073F6FA9B02D5907BA0070D580B56200" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/073F6FA9B02D5907BA0070D580B56200" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
5.
<taxonomicName LSID="073F6FA9-B02D-5907-BA00-70D580B56200" authority="(Candeze, 1888)" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
Phorocardius manuleatus (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze, 1888. A male habitus, dorsal view B male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws C female habitus, dorsal view D aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin) E aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere F aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere G ovipositor, dorsal view H female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality) I distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figs 10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Shape of supraantennal carina of Chinese Phorocardius species. Arrows indicating supraantennal carina forked near eye. A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. J P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov. K head, frontal-lateral view, arrows indicating forked supraantennal carina." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475457" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 23E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Lateral view of prosternal process and mesosternum of Chinese Phorocardius species. Upper green arrows indicating shape of posterior end of prosternal process; lower red arrows indicating projections (absent or present) on posterior edge of mesosternum (i. e., on anteroventral angle of mesosternal fossa according to Douglas 2003). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. J P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475458" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 24E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Ventral view of pro- and mesothorax of Chinese Phorocardius species. Showing shape of ventral surface of prosternal process (upper, yellow dashed line), mesepisternum (middle, green arrow and dashed line) and projections on posterior edge of mesosternum (lower, red arrow and solid line) middle, green arrows indicating anterior-mesal angle of mesepisternum. A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475459" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 25E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Female abdominal ventrite V in Chinese Phorocardius species (ventral view). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus F P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. unguicularis H P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov, arrows showing incisions near apex." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475460" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">, 26E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cardiophorus manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">Cardiophorus manuleatus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888: 681. Type locality:
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Thagatà">&quot;Thagata</normalizedToken>
, Tenasserim&quot;, interpreted as Myanmar, Kayin State, mountains east of Kyaikdon using
<bibRefCitation author="Hallermann, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus den Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="139 - 153" refId="B19" refString="Hallermann, J, Ananjeva, N, Orlov, N, Tillack, F, 2002. Leonardo Pea' s historical collection of Amphibia and Reptilia from Burma deposited at the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg. Mitteilungen aus den Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 99: 139 - 153" title="Leonardo Pea' s historical collection of Amphibia and Reptilia from Burma deposited at the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg." volume="99" year="2002">Hallermann et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Lectotype designated here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius melanopterus subsp. manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melanopterus" subSpecies="manuleatus">Phorocardius melanopterus manuleatus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="306 - 334" refId="B17" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1931. Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 56: 306 - 334" title="Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie." volume="56" year="1931">Fleutiaux 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 311.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">Phorocardius manuleatus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Notes d'entomologie chinoise" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="233 - 420" refId="B18" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1947. Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise. Notes d'entomologie chinoise 11: 233 - 420" title="Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise." volume="11" year="1947">Fleutiaux 1947</bibRefCitation>
: 366.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Body length greater than 7.0 mm; integument shiny, black with yellow in most, entirely black to black-brown in some. Prothorax: procoxal cavities open; prosternal process strongly narrowed posterad to ventral apex in ventral view, with apex acute. Pterothorax: scutellar shield with posterior apex pointed. Tarsal claw with ventral apex not smaller than dorsal apex. Male genitalia: paramere with preapical lateral expansion present, without apical mesal callus. Female: apex of last abdominal ventrite (ventrite V) simple, not emarginate at apex.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) is unique among Chinese
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fleutiaux" authorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species for its variable color pattern. Some individuals are entirely black to black-brown throughout body, resembling
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yanagiharae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yanagiharae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yanagiharae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Miwa, 1927) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yunnanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yunnanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
This species can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yanagiharae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yanagiharae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yanagiharae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters. In
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. manuleatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: in ventral view, parameres of aedeagus with sides gently narrowed from mid-length to apex (not abruptly narrowed from apical third to near apex), with width 1.5-2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
that of median lobe (measured at apical fourth); and in dorsal view, pronotum with lateral sides of posterior angles almost straight, slightly convex (bulged) at posterior half in a few cases (e.g., in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11A</figureCitation>
); while in
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yanagiharae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yanagiharae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yanagiharae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in ventral view, paramere of aedeagus with sides abruptly narrowed from apical third to near apex, with width 2-3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
that of median lobe (measured at apical fourth); and in dorsal view, pronotum with lateral sides of posterior angles strongly bulged and convex (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Phorocardius yanagiharae (Miwa, 1927). A holotype, pronotum, dorsal view B holotype, head, frontal view C right posterior angle of pronotum, dorsal view D left posterior angle of pronotum, dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475451" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">18C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
This species can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yunnanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yunnanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. by the following combination of characters. In
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. manuleatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in ventral view, paramere of aedeagus narrow and slender near apex, with width to that of median lobe ratio 0.5-0.7 (measured at the area posterior of preapical lateral expansion); legs darker in apical half, not unicolor yellow-brown to brown; while in
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. yunnanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. yunnanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov., in ventral view, paramere of aedeagus wide and strong near apex, with width to that of median lobe ratio 1.0-1.2 (measured at the area posterior of preapical lateral expansion); and legs unicolor, entirely yellow-brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
China (Yunnan, new record), Myanmar (
<bibRefCitation author="Candeze, ECA" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" refId="B4" refString="Candeze, ECA, 1888. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2a) 6(26): 667-689." title="Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885 - 1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2 a) 6 (26): 667 - 689." year="1888">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
1888
</bibRefCitation>
), Laos (
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="306 - 334" refId="B17" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1931. Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 56: 306 - 334" title="Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie." volume="56" year="1931">Fleutiaux 1931</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Notes d'entomologie chinoise" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="233 - 420" refId="B18" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1947. Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise. Notes d'entomologie chinoise 11: 233 - 420" title="Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise." volume="11" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
), Vietnam (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19997" author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Muse ́ um national d'histoire naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="205 - 236" refId="B16" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1918. Coleopteres Elaterides indochinois de la collection du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris, catalogue et description des especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 24: 205 - 236, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19997" title="Coleopteres Elaterides indochinois de la collection du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris, catalogue et description des especes nouvelles." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19997" volume="24" year="1918">Fleutiaux 1918</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Notes d'entomologie chinoise" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="233 - 420" refId="B18" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1947. Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise. Notes d'entomologie chinoise 11: 233 - 420" title="Revision des elaterides (Coleopteres) do l'lndo-Chine francaise." volume="11" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
(based on lectotype and 24 non-type specimens) Integument shiny, black with yellow in most, or entirely black to black-brown. Pronotum entirely black or orange with variable median black stripe (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11E</figureCitation>
). Ventral side of prothorax yellow, orange, black or orange with black prosternum. Elytra black, yellow, or black with orange spot at elytral bases. Mesosternum brown to black. Metasternum yellow to black. Abdominal ventrites yellow, black, or bicolored (I-IV orange, V yellow). Head red-brown to black. Antennae brown. Legs variably orange to yellow-brown from coxa to mid tibia, yellow-brown to brown from mid tibia to last tarsomere. Body with yellow pubescence.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">(based on lectotype and examined specimens) Male body length 7.2-9.6 mm, width 2.2-2.6 mm. Female body length 8.5-9.7 mm, width 2.5-2.9 mm. Body length to width ratio 3.0-3.1. Pronotal width to length ratio 1.1-1.2. Pronotum narrower than elytra, pronotal width to body width ratio 0.87-0.90. Elytral length to pronotal length ratio 2.4-2.6; elytron length to width ratio 4.1-4.2.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Frons and vertex with interspaces between punctures 2.5-6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
average diameter of puncture (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11D</figureCitation>
). Frontal carina in frontal view convex, not straight. Antenna with apex extending to posterior angle of pronotum. Distance between eyes to width of eye ratio 2.7-3.1. Antenna length to body length ratio, in male 0.41-0.42, in female 0.39-0.40. Proportions of antennomere lengths (male): 100 (scape); 51-55; 72-80; 75-82; 82-88; 82-84; 72-78; 72-78; 80-88; 80-89; 114-120.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Prothorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pronotum in dorsal view: sides convex near mid-length, nearly straight at ends, widest near mid-length; posterior angles with lateral sides almost straight, slightly convex (bulged) at basal half in a few cases (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11A</figureCitation>
); surface with interspaces between punctures 4-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
average puncture diameter (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11C</figureCitation>
). In ventral view, ventral surface of prosternal process with sides carinate and strongly narrowed from anterior to posterior end, with apex acute. In lateral view, prosternal process with ventral surface curved slightly dorsad, posterior end strongly concave (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Lateral view of prosternal process and mesosternum of Chinese Phorocardius species. Upper green arrows indicating shape of posterior end of prosternal process; lower red arrows indicating projections (absent or present) on posterior edge of mesosternum (i. e., on anteroventral angle of mesosternal fossa according to Douglas 2003). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. J P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475458" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">24E</figureCitation>
, upper arrow). Procoxal cavities open.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Pterothorax</emphasis>
(Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Lateral view of prosternal process and mesosternum of Chinese Phorocardius species. Upper green arrows indicating shape of posterior end of prosternal process; lower red arrows indicating projections (absent or present) on posterior edge of mesosternum (i. e., on anteroventral angle of mesosternal fossa according to Douglas 2003). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. J P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475458" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">24E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Ventral view of pro- and mesothorax of Chinese Phorocardius species. Showing shape of ventral surface of prosternal process (upper, yellow dashed line), mesepisternum (middle, green arrow and dashed line) and projections on posterior edge of mesosternum (lower, red arrow and solid line) middle, green arrows indicating anterior-mesal angle of mesepisternum. A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475459" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">25E</figureCitation>
). Mesepisternum in ventral view with antero-mesal corner angulate mesad of a notch (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Ventral view of pro- and mesothorax of Chinese Phorocardius species. Showing shape of ventral surface of prosternal process (upper, yellow dashed line), mesepisternum (middle, green arrow and dashed line) and projections on posterior edge of mesosternum (lower, red arrow and solid line) middle, green arrows indicating anterior-mesal angle of mesepisternum. A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475459" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">25E</figureCitation>
, upper (green) arrow). Projections on posterior edge of mesosternum: in ventral view present (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Ventral view of pro- and mesothorax of Chinese Phorocardius species. Showing shape of ventral surface of prosternal process (upper, yellow dashed line), mesepisternum (middle, green arrow and dashed line) and projections on posterior edge of mesosternum (lower, red arrow and solid line) middle, green arrows indicating anterior-mesal angle of mesepisternum. A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475459" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">25E</figureCitation>
, lower (red) arrow); in lateral view present, acute, strongly produced anteriorly (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Lateral view of prosternal process and mesosternum of Chinese Phorocardius species. Upper green arrows indicating shape of posterior end of prosternal process; lower red arrows indicating projections (absent or present) on posterior edge of mesosternum (i. e., on anteroventral angle of mesosternal fossa according to Douglas 2003). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus. F P. minutus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. H P. unguicularis. I P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. J P. zhiweii Ruan, Douglas &amp; Qiu, sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475458" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">24E</figureCitation>
, lower (red) arrow). Scutellar shield: width to length ratio 1.0, anterolateral edges slightly sinuate, posterior apex pointed. Elytra: upper edge of epipleura with minute serrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Legs</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Length ratio of metatarsomeres I-V: 100; 82-92; 67-75; 60-70; 155-180. Claw with ventral apex almost as large as dorsal apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Serrations on lateral edges of visible abdominal ventrites I-V absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Male genitalia</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Robust in ventral view, slender in lateral view. Median lobe in ventral view gradually narrowing from base to near apex, then dilated to rounded apex. Median lobe in lateral view curved ventrad at base, straight from basal third to apex; apex broadly rounded. Paramere in ventral view: robust, width 3-4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
median lobe width (measured at mid-length of paramere and median lobe respectively), widest near mid-length; apical fourth gradually narrowing towards apex, with mesal side bent and turned ventrad in varying degree, result in slightly different shapes in ventral view; apex of paramere slender and sharp, with preapical lateral expansion acute, hook-like to rounded, facing laterally (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze, 1888. A male habitus, dorsal view B male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws C female habitus, dorsal view D aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin) E aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere F aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere G ovipositor, dorsal view H female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality) I distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">10F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11F</figureCitation>
, indicated by blue arrow), without apical mesal callus. Paramere in lateral view: slender, almost straight from base to mid-length, curved ventrad and gradually narrowed from mid-length to apex; apex obliquely truncate; preapical ventral expansion acute but not hook-like (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze, 1888. A male habitus, dorsal view B male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws C female habitus, dorsal view D aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin) E aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere F aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere G ovipositor, dorsal view H female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality) I distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">10E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11F</figureCitation>
, indicated by blue arrows).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">A</emphasis>
male habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">B</emphasis>
male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">C</emphasis>
female habitus, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">D</emphasis>
aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">E</emphasis>
aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">F</emphasis>
aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">G</emphasis>
ovipositor, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">H</emphasis>
female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">I</emphasis>
distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Female.</emphasis>
Body color like male. Apex of abdominal ventrite V convex, somewhat angulate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Female abdominal ventrite V in Chinese Phorocardius species (ventral view). A P. alterlineatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. B P. flavistriolatus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. C P. florentini. D P. magnus. E P. manuleatus F P. rufiposterus Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov. G P. unguicularis H P. yunnanensis Ruan &amp; Douglas, sp. nov, arrows showing incisions near apex." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475460" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">26E</figureCitation>
). Proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix ovoid-triangular shaped (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze, 1888. A male habitus, dorsal view B male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws C female habitus, dorsal view D aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin) E aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere F aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere G ovipositor, dorsal view H female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality) I distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">10I</figureCitation>
), basal edge almost without concavity: each with 9-11 large spines mainly on the convex mesal edge, 15-20 smaller spines on disc.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Lectotype</emphasis>
. ♂ (RBINS): 1) Coll. R. I. SC. N. B., Inde; 2) Tenasserim,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Thagatà">Thagata</normalizedToken>
, Fea. Apr. 1887; 3) Collection E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
; 4)
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Manuleatus</emphasis>
cdz., Tenasserim; 5)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cardiophorus manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Cardiophorus manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Cd.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="dèt">det</normalizedToken>
. E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
; 6) Probably syntype var. a., Det. W. Suzuki, 1986; 7) Lectotype,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cardiophorus manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Cardiophorus manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888, Des. Ruan &amp; Douglas, 2020.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Additional material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
1♂ (NHMUK), labels: 1) Cotype; 2) Carin
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chebà">Cheba</normalizedToken>
, 900-1100 m, L. Fea, V XII-88; 3) Andrewes Bequest. B. M. 1922-221. 4)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cardiophorus manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Cardiophorus manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cand. Co.type.; 5) Not paratype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cand., wrong loc., C.M.F. von Hayek. det., 1957. [Notes: locality of this specimen (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Chebà”">&quot;Cheba&quot;</normalizedToken>
) differs from what
<bibRefCitation author="Candeze, ECA" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" refId="B4" refString="Candeze, ECA, 1888. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2a) 6(26): 667-689." title="Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885 - 1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2 a) 6 (26): 667 - 689." year="1888">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
(1888)
</bibRefCitation>
provided (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Thagatà">&quot;Thagata</normalizedToken>
, Tenasserim&quot;). Although
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Thagatà”">&quot;Thagata&quot;</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Chebà”">&quot;Cheba&quot;</normalizedToken>
are both in &quot;Carin State&quot; (Now Kayin State), Myanmar and there is a
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cotype">'Cotype'</normalizedToken>
label under the specimen, it is still unknown if this specimen belongs to the syntypes described by the author.]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
3♂1♀ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Meng-a (勐阿), 1050-1080 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.VI.2-10, leg. Shuyong Wang [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius flavus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Det. Shihong Jiang, 1999; 4)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Meng-zhe (勐遮), 1200 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.IV.14, leg. Shuyong Wang [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂ (IZCAS), labels: 1) Da-nuo-you IV B 26.04.2009 leg. L.Z.Meng, gift from Na-ban-he Nature reserve [in Chinese]; 2)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Jing-hong, Na-ban-he Nature reserve, Meng-song county, Da-nuo-you (大糯有), 2009.IV.26, 770 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 3)
<geoCoordinate degrees="22.20699" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="22.20699">22.20699°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="100.63761" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.63761">100.63761°E</geoCoordinate>
, Malaise trap, leg. Linzeng Meng, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 4)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♀ (SZPT), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Meng-hun (勐混), Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.V.31, leg. Chun-pei Hong [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius flavus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Det. Shihong Jiang, 1999; 4)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♀ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Meng-hun (勐混), Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.VI.12, leg. Yirang Zhang [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Da-meng-long (大勐龙), 650 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.IV.18, leg. Fu-ji Pu [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Xi-shuang-ban-na, Meng-la (勐腊), 620-650 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1958.V.17, leg. Fa-cai Zhang [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 4♂2♀ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Meng-la (勐腊), 670 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1982.IV.20, leg. Subai Liao [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 3♂1♀ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Gan-lang-ba (橄榄坝), 560 m, Chinese Academy of Sciences [in Chinese]; 2) 1957.IV.19, leg. Guangji Hong [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius flavus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Det. Shihong Jiang, 1999; 4)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂1♀ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, Si-mao (思茅), 1200 m, 1957.V.11, leg. Shuyong Wang [in Chinese]; 2) leg. Guangji Hong [in Chinese]; 3)
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius flavus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius flavus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Det. Shihong Jiang, 1999; 4)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018. • 1♂ (IZCAS), labels: 1)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Yunnan</emphasis>
, close to Si-mao (思茅), 750 m, 1957.V.11, leg.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Д">D</normalizedToken>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="панфилов">panfilov</normalizedToken>
[Russian name, written in Chinese]; 2)
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1888) Det. Ruan, 2018.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
This species is unusual for its extensively varied body color. The following three main patterns were found in examined specimens. Color pattern 1 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze, 1888. A male habitus, dorsal view B male habitus, ventral view, arrow indicating claws C female habitus, dorsal view D aedeagus, ventral view (immersed in glycerin) E aedeagus, lateral view, arrow indicating apex of paramere F aedeagus, dorsal view (immersed in glycerin), arrow indicating apex of paramere G ovipositor, dorsal view H female abdominal sternite VIII, dorsal view (near type locality) I distal (top) and proximal sclerites of bursa copulatrix." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475442" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">10A, C</figureCitation>
): black on dorsum, with orange or yellow spot on base of each elytron; venter black before mesocoxae, orange from mesocoxae to abdominal ventrite IV, brown-black on abdominal ventrite V; antenna brown; and leg orange, yellow from coxa to mid-length of tibia in some, brown from mid-length of tibia to apex. Color pattern 2 (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11E</figureCitation>
): head black; pronotum with different combinations and proportions of colors, orange at sides in most, black near midline and posterior; elytron black, yellow or mixed with brown and yellow; venter mixed with orange and black; and leg orange or yellow from coxa to mid-length of tibia, brown from mid-length of tibia to apex. Color pattern 3: dorsum and venter entirely black to black-brown, antennae brown, and legs yellow-brown on basal half, brown on apical half.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius manuleatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Candeze, ECA" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" refId="B4" refString="Candeze, ECA, 1888. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2a) 6(26): 667-689." title="Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicinow XIV. Elaterides recueillis en Birmanie en au Tenasserim par M. L. Fea pendant les annees 1885 - 1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, (2 a) 6 (26): 667 - 689." year="1888">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
(1888)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">A</emphasis>
pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">B</emphasis>
head, frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">C</emphasis>
punctation on disc of pronotum
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">D</emphasis>
punctation on vertex of head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">E</emphasis>
color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">F</emphasis>
aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
The aedeagus slightly varied in the apex shapes of the median lobe and parameres. In rare cases, the sides of the pronotum are dramatically wider and more robust (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Phorocardius manuleatus Candeze (1888). A pronotum and scutellar shield, dorsal view B head, frontal view C punctation on disc of pronotum D punctation on vertex of head E color variation between four individuals; insets 2, 4, 6, 8 are the ventral views of 1, 3, 5, 7 F aedeagus, in dorsal view and lateral view, arrows indicating apices of parameres." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.993.53805.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/475443" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">11E</figureCitation>
1). A comparison of specimens using mitochondrial DNA would be useful to test species boundaries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Based on specimens from Yunnan, this species inhabits low to middle elevations (ca. 500-1200 m). Yunnan is mountainous, rainy, subtropical to tropical, with subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest or tropical rain forest. Some of our specimens are collected from Xi-shuang-ban-na tropical rain forest. Known from Oriental Region only.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
This species was treated as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius melanopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
, 1878) by
<bibRefCitation author="Fleutiaux, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="306 - 334" refId="B17" refString="Fleutiaux, E, 1931. Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 56: 306 - 334" title="Les Elaterides de I'Indo-Chine Francaise (Catalogue raisonne). Quatrieme partie." volume="56" year="1931">Fleutiaux (1931</bibRefCitation>
: 311). We have studied the photograph of the single type specimen of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanopterus" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[RBINS, label information: Coll. R. I. SC. N. B., CAMBODGE // Collection E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
// n. sp.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mulsant &amp; Rey" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Melanopterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cdz., Cambodia //
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Cardiophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cardiophorus melanopterus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Cardiophorus melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Cd.,
<normalizedToken originalValue="dèt">det</normalizedToken>
. E.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Candèze">Candeze</normalizedToken>
// Type]. In that specimen, the head is brown-black, the rest of the body is entirely brown throughout including legs and basal four antennomeres (all other antennomeres are missing on the type specimen), and the pronotum with lateral carina diverging from hind angle carina. Its color is different from all known color patterns of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. manuleatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="manuleatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. manuleatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. melanopterus" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">P. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably does not belong to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fleutiaux" authorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Phorocardius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phorocardius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Phorocardius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of the presence of pronotal lateral carina (see checklist above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>