490 lines
69 KiB
XML
490 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-208-103" ID-Pensoft-UUID="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" ModsDocID="1314-2003-208-103" checkinTime="1663785939964" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lobban, Christopher S., Ashworth, Matt P., Camacho, Terance, Lam, Daryl W. & Theriot, Edward C." docDate="2022" docId="A210AE75ECEF5573850AA7639394CD10" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 208: 103-184" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 208" docPubDate="2022-09-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913" docTitle="Toxarium undulatum J. W. Bailey 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ardissoneaceae (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae) from Micronesian populations, with descriptions of two new genera, Ardissoneopsis and Grunowago, and new species in Ardissonea, Synedrosphenia and Climacosphenia" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1663785939964" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of Ardissoneaceae (Bacillariophyta, Mediophyceae) from Micronesian populations, with descriptions of two new genera, Ardissoneopsis and Grunowago, and new species in Ardissonea, Synedrosphenia and Climacosphenia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lobban, Christopher S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-0656</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">clobban@guam.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ashworth, Matt P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Camacho, Terance</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lam, Daryl W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>LSAMP Program, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, Guam, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Theriot, Edward C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-09-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>208</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>103</mods:start>
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<mods:end>184</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-208-103</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">88C0802178725C0F86DB6E2074FDD5AB</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A210AE75ECEF5573850AA7639394CD10" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A210AE75ECEF5573850AA7639394CD10" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName LSID="A210AE75-ECEF-5573-850A-A7639394CD10" authority="J. W. Bailey, 1854" authorityName="J. W. Bailey" authorityYear="1854" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium undulatum" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undulatum">Toxarium undulatum J.W. Bailey, 1854</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figs 23</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">, 24</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<bibRefCitation author="Bailey, JW" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 15" publicationUrl="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" refId="B6" refString="Bailey, JW, 1854. Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 7 (3): 1 - 15, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" title="Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms." url="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" volume="7" year="1854">Bailey 1854</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 15, plate (1), figs 24, 25;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" author="Peragallo, H" journalOrPublisher="Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B59" refString="Peragallo, H, Peragallo, M, 1897-1908. Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M.J. Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" title="Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M. J." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" year="1897 - 1908">Peragallo and Peragallo 1897-1908</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 314, pl. 78, fig. 7;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt 1931-1959</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 222, 224, fig. 714;
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<bibRefCitation author="Guettinger, W" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B21" refString="Guettinger, W, 1991. Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH-6984 Pura, Switzerland." title="Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH- 6984 Pura, Switzerland." year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Güttinger">Guettinger</normalizedToken>
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1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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(both as
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<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Synedra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Synedra undulata" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undulata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Synedra undulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="99 - 112" refId="B61" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1986. Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach. Diatom Research 1 (1): 99 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" title="Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" volume="1" year="1986">Poulin et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 33-36;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hein, MK" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B22" refString="Hein, MK, Winsborough, BM, Sullivan, MJ, 2008. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." title="Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." year="2008">Hein et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 33, pl. 15, fig. 3;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lobban, CS" journalOrPublisher="Micronesica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 479" publicationUrl="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" refId="B41" refString="Lobban, CS, Schefter, M, Jordan, RW, Arai, Y, Sasaki, A, Theriot, EC, Ashworth, M, Ruck, EC, Pennesi, C, 2012. Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories. Micronesica 43: 237 - 479, https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" title="Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories." url="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" volume="43" year="2012">Lobban et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 260, pl. 17, figs 6-8;
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<bibRefCitation author="Alvarez-Blanco, I" journalOrPublisher="Bibliotheca Diatomologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 409" refId="B2" refString="Alvarez-Blanco, I, Blanco, S, 2014. Benthic diatoms from Mediterranean coasts. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 60: 1 - 409" title="Benthic diatoms from Mediterranean coasts." volume="60" year="2014">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Álvarez-Blanco">Alvarez-Blanco</normalizedToken>
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and Blanco 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 128, pl. 63, figs 4-6.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Description from literature.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. W. Bailey" authorityYear="1854" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium undulatum" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undulatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Toxarium undulatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the generitype, was said to differ only in the wavy outline of the valve (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt 1931-1959</bibRefCitation>
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), stria density rarely reported but
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" author="Peragallo, H" journalOrPublisher="Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B59" refString="Peragallo, H, Peragallo, M, 1897-1908. Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M.J. Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" title="Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M. J." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" year="1897 - 1908">Peragallo and Peragallo (1897-1908)</bibRefCitation>
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state 12 in 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. The outline in
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<bibRefCitation author="Bailey, JW" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 15" publicationUrl="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" refId="B6" refString="Bailey, JW, 1854. Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 7 (3): 1 - 15, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" title="Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms." url="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" volume="7" year="1854">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bailey’s">Bailey's</normalizedToken>
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(1854)
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</bibRefCitation>
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plate is shown as undulating with a long wavelength, in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" author="Peragallo, H" journalOrPublisher="Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B59" refString="Peragallo, H, Peragallo, M, 1897-1908. Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M.J. Tempere, Grez-sur-Loing, France, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" title="Diatomees Marines de France et des Districts Maritimes Voisins. M. J." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68918" year="1897 - 1908">Peragallo and Peragallo (1897-1908)</bibRefCitation>
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, with a shorter wavelength, and in
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<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt (1931-1959)</bibRefCitation>
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the center clearly has a wavy edge but the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“horns”">"horns"</normalizedToken>
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are scarcely undulate. Micrographs in recent works (
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<bibRefCitation author="Witkowski, A" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B87" refString="Witkowski, A, Lange-Bertalot, H, Metzeltin, D, 2000. Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts, I. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." title="Diatom Flora of Marine Coasts, I. A. R. G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." year="2000">Witkowski et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hein, MK" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B22" refString="Hein, MK, Winsborough, BM, Sullivan, MJ, 2008. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." title="Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." year="2008">Hein et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) show distinctly undulate outlines. In the SEMs shown by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="99 - 112" refId="B61" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1986. Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach. Diatom Research 1 (1): 99 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" title="Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" volume="1" year="1986">Poulin et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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we count 19-21 striae in 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, whereas
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<bibRefCitation author="Guettinger, W" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B21" refString="Guettinger, W, 1991. Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH-6984 Pura, Switzerland." title="Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH- 6984 Pura, Switzerland." year="1991">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Güttinger">Guettinger</normalizedToken>
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(1991
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 2.01.30-10) shows specimens with lengths of 485 and 580
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, widths 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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at center, 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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at poles, but with 12 striae in 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Lobban, CS" journalOrPublisher="Micronesica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 479" publicationUrl="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" refId="B41" refString="Lobban, CS, Schefter, M, Jordan, RW, Arai, Y, Sasaki, A, Theriot, EC, Ashworth, M, Ruck, EC, Pennesi, C, 2012. Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories. Micronesica 43: 237 - 479, https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" title="Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories." url="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" volume="43" year="2012">Lobban et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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reported lengths of 270-400
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, widths 5-9 at the center, 6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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at poles, 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in between, with some specimens having virtually no central inflation; no stria density stated but their fig. 7 shows 12-13 striae in 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has usually been illustrated as straight but curved specimens are shown by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hein, MK" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B22" refString="Hein, MK, Winsborough, BM, Sullivan, MJ, 2008. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." title="Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) of the Bahamas. Iconographia Diatomologica 19. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell." year="2008">Hein et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lobban, CS" journalOrPublisher="Micronesica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 479" publicationUrl="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" refId="B41" refString="Lobban, CS, Schefter, M, Jordan, RW, Arai, Y, Sasaki, A, Theriot, EC, Ashworth, M, Ruck, EC, Pennesi, C, 2012. Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories. Micronesica 43: 237 - 479, https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" title="Coral-reef diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from Guam: New records and preliminary checklist, with emphasis on epiphytic species from farmer-fish territories." url="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf" volume="43" year="2012">Lobban et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The genus was emended by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" author="Poulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Diatom Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="99 - 112" refId="B61" refString="Poulin, M, Berard-Therriault, L, Cardinal, A, 1986. Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach. Diatom Research 1 (1): 99 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" title="Fragilaria and Synedra (Bacillariophyceae): A morphological and ultrastructural approach." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704961" volume="1" year="1986">Poulin et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, whose SEM images of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show an asymmetrical polar pseudoseptum and internal transverse costae "in parts of the valve between the poles and the center and sometimes anastomosing" (also shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Guettinger, W" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B21" refString="Guettinger, W, 1991. Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH-6984 Pura, Switzerland." title="Collection of SEM Micrographs of Diatoms. Series 5. Privately printed. CH- 6984 Pura, Switzerland." year="1991">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Güttinger">Guettinger</normalizedToken>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Guam (GU44S / HK210 / ECT 3802) used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-016-0652-9" author="Ruck, EC" journalOrPublisher="Current Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="499 - 507" refId="B68" refString="Ruck, EC, Linard, SR, Nakov, T, Theriot, EC, Alverson, AJ, 2016. Hoarding and horizontal transfer led to an expanded gene and intron repertoire in the plastid genome of the diatom, Toxarium undulatum (Bacillariophyta). Current Genetics 63: 499 - 507, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-016-0652-9" title="Hoarding and horizontal transfer led to an expanded gene and intron repertoire in the plastid genome of the diatom, Toxarium undulatum (Bacillariophyta)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-016-0652-9" volume="63" year="2016">Ruck et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed very shallow undulations, at least after culture, and additional images of the voucher stub show that it has a single row of areolae on the mantle (Suppl. material 4: Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStartId="S2" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S2A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
), so we would therefore identify it as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. hennedyanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="hennedyanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. hennedyanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A similar specimen from wild material is also shown in the Suppl. material 4: Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStartId="S2" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S2D-F</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Materials examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Guam">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
: GU44X-2!, GU44Z-15!, GU44BJ-4!, inter alia;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" country="Federated States of Micronesia" location="Chuuk" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chuuk">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Micronesia" name="Chuuk">Chuuk</collectingRegion>
|
||
, TK28
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
!;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" country="Marshall Islands" location="Majuro" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Majuro">
|
||
Yap, Y36-2!, Y42-3!.
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Marshall Islands" name="Majuro">Majuro</collectingRegion>
|
||
, M1!,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Marshall Islands" name="Jaluit">Jaluit</collectingRegion>
|
||
, J5
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
!
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="observations">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Observations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Valves straight or commonly curved overall, strongly sinusoidal along the narrow part, the oval central portion with a wavy outline, apical portions straight sided (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23A, B, F</figureCitation>
|
||
), length 255-326
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, width 5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
at poles, 7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
at the center, 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in between, stria densities 14-17 in 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23C-I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mantles deep with typically 3-4 areolae in the stria there (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23H, I, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spines absent. Valvocopula plain except for single row of pores along the base of the pars interior, fimbriate edge to pars interior (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23G</figureCitation>
|
||
), knuckle-like structure at poles, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. hennedyanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="hennedyanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. hennedyanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23K</figureCitation>
|
||
, compare with Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Toxarium hennedyanum, all from GU 44 BJ- 4 except C GU 21 AK- 11, and I, K culture from GU 44 AK- 4 A LM of valve with typical pattern in central area; 9 stria in 10 µm B SEM of a valve from same sample, 12 striae in 10 µm, with reduced central area C mucilaginous stalks with clusters of cells D internal central area, showing lack of costae E, F internal pole of valve showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) and valve with valvocopula showing similar asymmetry (arrow) G pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical groove (arrow) on valvocopula and fimbriae partially exposed on copula H pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical notch (arrow) and the pleura (pl); note single row of areolae on mantle (*) I pole of valvocopula in girdle view, fimbriae absent from the tip J narrow portion of valve showing structure of copula (compare with Fig. 23 J) and single row of pores on mantle (*) K pole of copula in girdle view showing long fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A-C); 10 µm (I); 5 µm (D-K)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746738" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">22F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copula with a regular pattern of small areolae on the pars exterior, forming striae consistently 34 in 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23H-J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
), in which the pars interior, while similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. hennedyanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="hennedyanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. hennedyanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near the poles, quickly becomes a fringe of short, narrow fimbriae with a line of triangular pores along the junction with the pars exterior (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The narrow pleura was largely or entirely obscured (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23L</figureCitation>
|
||
) (this pole identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by 2+ rows of areolae on the mantle, and pores on the poles of the copula; contrast Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Toxarium hennedyanum, all from GU 44 BJ- 4 except C GU 21 AK- 11, and I, K culture from GU 44 AK- 4 A LM of valve with typical pattern in central area; 9 stria in 10 µm B SEM of a valve from same sample, 12 striae in 10 µm, with reduced central area C mucilaginous stalks with clusters of cells D internal central area, showing lack of costae E, F internal pole of valve showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) and valve with valvocopula showing similar asymmetry (arrow) G pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical groove (arrow) on valvocopula and fimbriae partially exposed on copula H pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical notch (arrow) and the pleura (pl); note single row of areolae on mantle (*) I pole of valvocopula in girdle view, fimbriae absent from the tip J narrow portion of valve showing structure of copula (compare with Fig. 23 J) and single row of pores on mantle (*) K pole of copula in girdle view showing long fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A-C); 10 µm (I); 5 µm (D-K)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746738" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">22H</figureCitation>
|
||
); a small exposed portion showed a fimbriate edge (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figure 23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. W. Bailey" authorityYear="1854" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium undulatum" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Toxarium undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all from Guam, GU44BJ-4)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C, D</emphasis>
|
||
central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
|
||
pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F</emphasis>
|
||
internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">G</emphasis>
|
||
valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">H, I</emphasis>
|
||
portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">J</emphasis>
|
||
detail of copula, for comparison with Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Toxarium hennedyanum, all from GU 44 BJ- 4 except C GU 21 AK- 11, and I, K culture from GU 44 AK- 4 A LM of valve with typical pattern in central area; 9 stria in 10 µm B SEM of a valve from same sample, 12 striae in 10 µm, with reduced central area C mucilaginous stalks with clusters of cells D internal central area, showing lack of costae E, F internal pole of valve showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) and valve with valvocopula showing similar asymmetry (arrow) G pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical groove (arrow) on valvocopula and fimbriae partially exposed on copula H pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical notch (arrow) and the pleura (pl); note single row of areolae on mantle (*) I pole of valvocopula in girdle view, fimbriae absent from the tip J narrow portion of valve showing structure of copula (compare with Fig. 23 J) and single row of pores on mantle (*) K pole of copula in girdle view showing long fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A-C); 10 µm (I); 5 µm (D-K)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746738" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">22J</figureCitation>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">K</emphasis>
|
||
pole of valvocopula showing arched slits
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">L</emphasis>
|
||
frustule in girdle view showing pleura
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">M</emphasis>
|
||
fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
); 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
|
||
); 5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">D-I, K</emphasis>
|
||
); 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">J, K, M</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
We also documented
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grunow’s">Grunow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Honduras sample (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24</figureCitation>
|
||
). A whole valve was 700
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with long-wavelength undulations. The deep mantle sometimes exhibited longitudinal waves in the areolae (not solely an artefact of the wave in the valve, shown by short additional longitudinal lines of areolae-Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24D</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrows). The striae on the valve face were two areolae long on each side bordering scattered areolae in the inflated center and poles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), internally, the virgae were thickened into costae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Valvocopula (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24C, E-G</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a single line of areolae on the exterior, short fimbriae along the interior margin except at the sculpted poles, and a series of arched slits (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
; compare Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Toxarium undulatum (all from Guam, GU 44 BJ- 4) A, B entire valves in LM and SEM, respectively, showing prominent undulation C, D central expanded portion external and internal views, respectively, the latter showing costae E pole, internal view showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) F internal and external aspects of valve in the narrow part G valvocopula lying inside narrow part of valve H, I portion of frustules in girdle view, showing multiple rows of pores on mantle, valvocopula with apical notch (arrow), and copula with pores continuing around the pole (arrowhead) J detail of copula, for comparison with Fig. 22 J K pole of valvocopula showing arched slits L frustule in girdle view showing pleura M fragment of the pleura, showing fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B); 10 µm (C); 5 µm (D-I, K); 2 µm (J, K, M)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746739" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">23K</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copula (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24C-E, H</figureCitation>
|
||
) wide with coarse fimbriae on the pars interior, forked at the tips, exterior with striae of pores tending to merge into slits, especially on the advalvar side. Fimbriate pleura clearly seen in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Toxarium undulatum from Grunow's Honduras material A, B entire valve, 700 µm long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations C portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10 µm) D frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10 µm) E portion of valve with copula and valvocopula F, G valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig. 22 F) H pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100 µm (A); 25 µm (B); 10 µm (C-E); 5 µm (F-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">24H</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746740" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Figure 24.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. W. Bailey" authorityYear="1854" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium undulatum" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Toxarium undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grunow’s">Grunow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Honduras material
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
entire valve, 700
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long, and detail of central portion, showing long-wavelength undulations
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C</emphasis>
|
||
portion with the central inflation, showing mantle depth, internal costae, valvocopula and copula (stria density 14 in 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">D</emphasis>
|
||
frustule in girdle view, showing vertical wave in rows of areolae with inserted arcs (arrows); notice also the different depths of the two mantles (stria density 17 in 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">E</emphasis>
|
||
portion of valve with copula and valvocopula
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F, G</emphasis>
|
||
valvocopula pole, abvalvar and advalvar surfaces, respectively, showing series of arched slits (compare with Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Toxarium hennedyanum, all from GU 44 BJ- 4 except C GU 21 AK- 11, and I, K culture from GU 44 AK- 4 A LM of valve with typical pattern in central area; 9 stria in 10 µm B SEM of a valve from same sample, 12 striae in 10 µm, with reduced central area C mucilaginous stalks with clusters of cells D internal central area, showing lack of costae E, F internal pole of valve showing asymmetrical pseudoseptum (arrow) and valve with valvocopula showing similar asymmetry (arrow) G pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical groove (arrow) on valvocopula and fimbriae partially exposed on copula H pole of frustule in girdle view showing apical notch (arrow) and the pleura (pl); note single row of areolae on mantle (*) I pole of valvocopula in girdle view, fimbriae absent from the tip J narrow portion of valve showing structure of copula (compare with Fig. 23 J) and single row of pores on mantle (*) K pole of copula in girdle view showing long fimbriae. Scale bars: 50 µm (A-C); 10 µm (I); 5 µm (D-K)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746738" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">22F</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">H</emphasis>
|
||
pole of frustule showing fimbriate pleura and notch in valvocopula. Scale bars: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A</emphasis>
|
||
); 25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">B</emphasis>
|
||
); 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">C-E</emphasis>
|
||
); 5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">F-H</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="taxonomic comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Taxonomic comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The specimens from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grunow’s">Grunow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Honduras material are near the length ("about 35m" = 890
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.52.5.449" author="Itaki, T" journalOrPublisher="Micropaleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="449 - 464" refId="B26" refString="Itaki, T, Bjorklund, KR, 2006. Bailey's (1856) radiolarian types from the Bering Sea re-examined. Micropaleontology 52 (5): 449 - 464, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.52.5.449" title="Bailey's (1856) radiolarian types from the Bering Sea re-examined." url="https://doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.52.5.449" volume="52" year="2006">
|
||
Itaki and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bjørklund">Bjorklund</normalizedToken>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and shape described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bailey, JW" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 15" publicationUrl="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" refId="B6" refString="Bailey, JW, 1854. Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 7 (3): 1 - 15, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" title="Notes on new species and localities of microscopical organisms." url="https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dh32g9mu" volume="7" year="1854">Bailey (1854)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for specimens from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Agardh" authorityYear="1820" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Sargassum" order="Fucales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Sargassum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Narragansett Bay. As noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hustedt, F" journalOrPublisher="Hidrobiologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Hustedt, F, 1931-1959. Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." title="Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamenflora, Band 7, Teil 2. Johnson Reprint, New York." year="1931 - 1959">Hustedt (1931-1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grunow, A" journalOrPublisher="The Monthly Microscopical Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" pagination="165 - 186" publicationUrl="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1877.tb00123.x" refId="B19" refString="Grunow, A, 1877. New diatoms from Honduras. With Notes by F. Kitton. The Monthly Microscopical Journal 18 (4): 165 - 186, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1877.tb00123.x" title="New diatoms from Honduras. With Notes by F. Kitton." url="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1877.tb00123.x" volume="18" year="1877">Grunow (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not mention this species (in the context of presenting new species), but Hustedt says he observed it on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grunow’s">Grunow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
slides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
In the Micronesian samples, depths of the mantle, and structure of the copula were different in the two species, so we can assert that the specimens shown here for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. hennedyanum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="hennedyanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. hennedyanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are different species. The large genetic variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Toxarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
materials we have sequenced (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="F33" captionText="Figure 33. Phylogenetic trees resulting from three analytical methods of the 3 - gene DNA sequence dataset assembled for this manuscript. Only the Ardissoneaceae and their sister group in the molecular phylogeny, Lampriscus, is shown here-the complete trees can be found in Suppl. materials 5 - 7: Figs S 3 - S 5 A Maximum Likelihood phylogeny resolved by RAxML, where values at nodes are bootstrap support values B Maximum Likelihood phylogeny resolved by IQTREE, where values at nodes are bootstrap support values C Bayesian Inference phylogeny resolved by ExaBayes, where values at nodes are posterior probability values. Strain taxonomy (name followed by DNA voucher ID or strain ID) follows currently accepted classification, with proposed genera based on morphology shown to the right of strain ID." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure33" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746749" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">33</figureCitation>
|
||
) casts doubt on whether either of them might be identified to authentic Atlantic types, a question highlighted by the Grunow specimens. It similarly raises questions about the number of species there might be in Micronesia. Both questions require much more work to define the range of character states and their combinations, but the oft-repeated claim that the two species differ only in outline is already not supported by morphological evidence. The more important point for the present study is to establish generic characters for comparison to those of the genera in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="family">Ardissoneaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Climacospheniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="family">Climacospheniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Toxarium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Toxarium" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Toxarium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. specimens shown here from sample GU44BJ-4 were in a community with the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lobban" authorityYear="2022" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissoneopsis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissoneopsis gracilis" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissoneopsis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), which has a slightly undulate outline but is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. undulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="undulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">T. undulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the cuneate girdle view, regular striae across the valve face, apical spines, and the decussate pattern of pores on the girdle bands (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Ardissoneopsis gracilis sp. nov. (GU 44 BJ- 4, except B TK 28) A-C three specimens to scale in LM to show size range: valves from Guam (A) and Chuuk (B), frustule from Guam in girdle view (C) showing heteropolarity D frustule in SEM tilted 60 °, showing both valve and girdle faces E, F pole and mid-section of holotype G-K external views of valve in SEM with other species adjacent for comparison (GU 44 BJ- 4): index image (G) with locations of details marked, apical pole (H) (shown by depth of mantle), compare stria density with Ardissoneopsis appressata (A. g.); top half of center (I), offset areolae in striae within the oval suggest location of annulus; narrow portion below center (J), compare with scattered areolae in adjacent Toxarium undulatum (T. u.); basal pole (K), note spines on both poles L, M internal aspect near middle and at the apical pole, showing lack of costae N, O girdle view of frustule apical and basal poles, showing taper in mantle and girdle bands P possible piece of pleura (pl?) with fimbriae Q, R fimbriate edges of valvocopula and copula, respectively. Scale bars: 50 µm (A-D, G); 10 µm (E, F, H-K); 5 µm (L-R)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.208.89913.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/746734" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also present were
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hustedt, 1932 in Hustedt, 1931 -" authorityYear="1959" baseAuthorityName="Janisch & Rabenhorst" class="Fragilariophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Synedrosphenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Synedrosphenia gomphonema" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="gomphonema">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Synedrosphenia gomphonema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. crystallina" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="crystallina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">S. crystallina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lobban & Ashworth" authorityYear="2022" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Ardissoneopsis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ardissoneopsis fulgicans" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="fulgicans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Ardissoneopsis fulgicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mediophyceae" family="Ardissoneaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="A. appressata" order="Toxariales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="appressata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">A. appressata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lobban & Ashworth" authorityYear="2022" family="Ardissoneaceae" genus="Grunowago" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Grunowago pacifica" order="Ardissoneales" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Grunowago pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |