235 lines
29 KiB
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235 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e0a7142d-1eae-4254-b91a-30b70eb9b5ee" ID-PMC="PMC6690523" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-860-183" ID-PubMed="31413657" ID-ZooBank="A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-860-183" checkinTime="1565091121862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Horvath, Elizabeth Anne" docDate="2019" docId="247F4C399D77CC3D0397ADFBBC7B5F88" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 860: 183-306" docOrigin="ZooKeys 860" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317" docTitle="Primnoidae Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="189" masterDocId="D577415D00092007FFDF4B2B606EFFFB" masterDocTitle="A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia" masterLastPageNumber="306" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1668167482081" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:end>306</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-860-183</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525294" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:247F4C399D77CC3D0397ADFBBC7B5F88" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/247F4C399D77CC3D0397ADFBBC7B5F88" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="247F4C399D77CC3D0397ADFBBC7B5F88" authority="Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing & Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Primnoidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Primnoidae" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Primnoidae Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Gorgonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gorgonia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gorgonia</taxonomicName>
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(part) Valenciennes, 1855: 12.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
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Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864: 13.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="187" refId="B128">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1924
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 236.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" author="Deichmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B82" refString="Deichmann, E, 1936. XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. . Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" year="1936">Deichmann 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 185-186.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="187" refId="B4">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: F206.
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<bibRefCitation author="Grasshoff, M" journalOrPublisher="' Meteor' Forschungs-Ergebnisse D" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" pagination="5 - 76" refId="B94" refString="Grasshoff, M, 1977. Die Gorgonarien des ostlichen Nordatlantik und des Mittelmeeres. III. Die Familie Paramuriceidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). . 'Meteor' Forschungs-Ergebnisse D 27: 5 - 76" title="Die Gorgonarien des ostlichen Nordatlantik und des Mittelmeeres. III. Die Familie Paramuriceidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa)." volume="27" year="1977">Grasshoff 1977</bibRefCitation>
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: 161.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="187" refId="B141">Muzik 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 167.
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" pagination="902 - 947" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" refId="B8" refString="Bayer, FM, 1981. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa. . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981">Bayer 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 945.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" pagination="327 - 334" refId="B26" refString="Breedy, O, Cairns, SD, Haeussermann, V, 2015. A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords. . Zootaxa 3919: 327 - 334" title="A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" volume="3919" year="2015">Breedy et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 329.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="4" pageNumber="187">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="187" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stenogorgia</taxonomicName>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="188" start="start">Verrill</pageBreakToken>
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, 1883: 29 [=
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
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, des. by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" author="Deichmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B82" refString="Deichmann, E, 1936. XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. . Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" year="1936">Deichmann 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 186].
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<bibRefCitation author="Grieg, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Aarsberetning for" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B101" refString="Grieg, JA, 1887. Bidrag til de norske Alcyonarier. . Bergens Museum Aarsberetning for 1886: 1 - 26" title="Bidrag til de norske Alcyonarier." volume="1886" year="1887">Grieg 1887</bibRefCitation>
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: 5, 18. Studer (and Wright) 1887: 64.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58246" author="Studer, T" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques, Monaco" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" pagination="1 - 64" refId="B161" refString="Studer, T, 1901. Alcyonaires provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle (1886-1888). . Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques, Monaco 20: 1 - 64" title="Alcyonaires provenant des campagnes de l'Hirondelle (1886 - 1888)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58246" volume="20" year="1901">Studer 1901</bibRefCitation>
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: 51.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="681 - 727" refId="B144" refString="Nutting, CC, 1909. Alcyonaria of the California coast. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 35: 681 - 727" title="Alcyonaria of the California coast." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681" volume="35" year="1909">Nutting 1909</bibRefCitation>
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: 723;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" author="Nutting, C. C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" refId="B147" refString="Nutting, C.C, 1910c. . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" year="1910 c">1910c</bibRefCitation>
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: 6.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="188" refId="B115">Jungersen 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 1186.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="188" refId="B22">Bielschowsky 1918</bibRefCitation>
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: 45.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="188" refId="B128">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1924
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 347 (
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stenogorgia</taxonomicName>
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synonymy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Primnoidae" genus="Platycaulos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Platycaulos" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Platycaulos</taxonomicName>
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Wright & Studer, 1889: 61, 146-147.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B148" refString="Nutting, CC, 1912. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer 'Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 43: 1 - 104" title="Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" volume="43" year="1912">Nutting 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 94.
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" pagination="902 - 947" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" refId="B8" refString="Bayer, FM, 1981. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa. . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981">Bayer 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 945.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Callistephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callistephanus" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Callistephanus</taxonomicName>
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Wright & Studer, 1889: 62, 148.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" pagination="1 - 104" refId="B148" refString="Nutting, CC, 1912. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer 'Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 43: 1 - 104" title="Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' primarily in Japanese waters during 1906." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.43-1923.1" volume="43" year="1912">Nutting 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 96.
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" pagination="902 - 947" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" refId="B8" refString="Bayer, FM, 1981. Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa. . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 94: 902 - 947" title="Key to the genera of Octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/978" volume="94" year="1981">Bayer 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 945.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Allogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Allogorgia</taxonomicName>
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, Verrill, 1928: 8.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thesea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thesea" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Thesea</taxonomicName>
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(pars) Verrill, 1869: 428.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Filigorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Filigorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Filigorgia</taxonomicName>
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Stiasny, 1937: 307.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="188" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gorgonia exserta" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exserta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Gorgonia exserta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Ellis & Solander, 1786: 87 (non
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Thesea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thesea exserta" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exserta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Thesea exserta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860); [=
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Stenogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1883].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="188" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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Colonies chiefly in one plane, with lax branching (dichotomous or pinnate-like); branches/branchlets tend to curve upwards; in some species, anastomoses possible (fan-like); in others, minimal branching or none. Polyps widely scattered, or crowded; often lateral or biserial, forming prominent conical or cylindrical mounds; on tips of branchlets, two polyps always opposed; conical anthostele seldom retracted; generally, polyps retractile. Anthocodiae commonly tall, exsert. Coenenchyme thin to moderate, somewhat rough/granular, outer layer filled not only with spinous rods or spindles, but with capstans having warts more or less conspicuously modified as double disks; some capstans quite foliate; inner layer mostly restricted to areas between longitudinal canals, containing only small capstans. Mound margins, base of tentacles, with numerous rows of conspicuous, stout spindles as bar-like rods, characteristic for species in the genus (fingerbiscuit shaped; see
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="EJ Brill / Dr W Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6237" refId="B17" refString="Bayer, FM, Grasshoff, M, Verseveldt, J, 1983. Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological and Anatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia. . EJ Brill/Dr W Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands" title="Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological and Anatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6237" year="1983">Bayer et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
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, pp 72-73, pl 19, figs 184-185). Axis is horny, flexible, somewhat flattened. Colony colors generally red, red-orange, pink or white.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="188" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" author="Deichmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B82" refString="Deichmann, E, 1936. XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. . Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" year="1936">Deichmann (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the definition of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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corresponded exactly with
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Stenogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1883; the problem discussed there stemmed from a misinterpretation of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="G. exserta" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" rank="species" species="exserta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">G. exserta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Ellis & Solander, 1786 by Verrill (also by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="5" pageNumber="188" refId="B128">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1924
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</bibRefCitation>
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). See remarks, following.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">
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The stout, anthocodial rods (seen at mound margins and bases of tentacles), are definitive for this genus. Examinations of multiple specimens (several different species) within this genus usually revealed the appearance of these rods; when present, looking much like the fingerbiscuit sclerite form shown in
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<bibRefCitation author="Bayer, FM" journalOrPublisher="EJ Brill / Dr W Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6237" refId="B17" refString="Bayer, FM, Grasshoff, M, Verseveldt, J, 1983. Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological and Anatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia. . EJ Brill/Dr W Backhuys, Leiden, the Netherlands" title="Illustrated Trilingual Glossary of Morphological and Anatomical Terms Applied to Octocorallia." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6237" year="1983">Bayer et al. (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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for the genera
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Clavularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clavularia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Clavularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Blainville, 1830 and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Pennatulidae" genus="Ptilosarcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptilosarcus" order="Pennatulacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="188" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="188">Ptilosarcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1865 (neither of these gorgonian genera), where sclerites are described as minute, flattened rods (rods here have a bit of depth). Further examinations (multiple species) revealed that some individual colonies of species in the genus did not have these conspicuous rod forms (having only spindles and capstans). Other colonies displayed spinous spindles and/or capstans and anthocodial rods; some few species had only the fingerbiscuit rods, numerous throughout all tissue structures. The rod form is not always easy to obtain in a sclerite array; some specimens without rods may actually have them, but they may be quite small, not very numerous and very widely scattered. A trend observed is that
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="189" start="start">colonies</pageBreakToken>
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further north in the Pacific (Alaska) have very obvious rods, while specimens of some of the same species collected in California (specifically central and southern California) may have rods, but infrequently. By way of comparison, in several species from the genus examined from waters in/near New Zealand, some had only rods, and no other form of sclerite. It appeared that colder, temperate to subpolar species had the rods (to the exclusion of all others) but species from warmer, albeit temperate water, tended to display a minimal number or complete absence of rods. Examination of many more specimens, collected in both hemispheres from poles to equator, could reveal further insight into the appearance of this key sclerite form. To further clarify questions surrounding location ranges for each of the
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species discussed, Appendix 2: Map
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<figureCitation captionStart="Map A1" captionStartId="F44" captionText="Map A 1. Distribution of species in genus Swiftia seen in, or immediately adjacent to, the California Bight. Range extensions are not definitive, but illustrative of the geographic distribution of specimens housed in SBMNH collection." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.mapa1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314891" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">A1</figureCitation>
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shows the distributional range of each and Appendix 1: Table A1 shows key features used to distinguish one species from another.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="189">
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Regarding use of the generic name
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="189" refId="B141">Muzik (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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stated: "(t)o preserve the generic name
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Swiftia</taxonomicName>
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a petition to" the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "(ICZN) must be made;" uncertain as to whether this was ever done. "For a full explanation, see Challenger Reports 31: 146 and
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" author="Deichmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B82" refString="Deichmann, E, 1936. XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. . Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" year="1936">Deichmann 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 185" (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="189" refId="B141">Muzik 1979</bibRefCitation>
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). The complete explanation can be found in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" author="Deichmann, E" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" refId="B82" refString="Deichmann, E, 1936. XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII. . Cambridge, Massachusetts" title="XLIX. The Alcyonaria of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Vol. LIII." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49348" year="1936">Deichmann (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="189" refId="B141">Muzik (1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 168); they serve to confirm the confusion that had developed, through the work of previous investigators, regarding generic status for the species discussed below. In
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<bibRefCitation author="Madsen, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Steenstrupia" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B136" refString="Madsen, FJ, 1970. Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species. . Steenstrupia 1: 1 - 10" title="Remarks on Swiftiarosea (Grieg) and related species." volume="1" year="1970">Madsen (1970</bibRefCitation>
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: 5), "A total of about a dozen gorgonarian species referred or referable to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(syn.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Stenogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenogorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Stenogorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) from widely scattered localities in all three oceans have been recorded, but only a few of them are sufficiently described." In the WoRMS Database (Cordeiro et al. 2018), status of this genus has been accepted, but
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" author="Breedy, O" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="88" pageNumber="271" pagination="327 - 334" refId="B26" refString="Breedy, O, Cairns, SD, Haeussermann, V, 2015. A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords. . Zootaxa 3919: 327 - 334" title="A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5" volume="3919" year="2015">Breedy et al. (2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 329) stated that a "thorough review is needed in order to clarify taxonomic problems related to
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Swiftia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Swiftia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="6" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="189">Swiftia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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." This paper attempts to clarify some of the issues related only to those species that are found in, near, or extending geographically slightly south or north of the California Bight.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |