185 lines
21 KiB
XML
185 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="EC7F952DF0FBB425A6C2D39ABA2C768E" ID-CLB-Dataset="33453" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.354.5968" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a44e8a35-9e3f-4183-904b-718e08a1502c" ID-PMC="PMC3837403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-354-1" ID-PubMed="24294101" ID-ZooBank="EF025B9C50EC4CC886BBAE8C1F4E9CF1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-354-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 354" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Afrotropical Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species" checkinTime="1451246645657" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Rousse, Pascal, van Noort, Simon & Diller, E." docDate="2013" docId="129D88DC75F341026083EC15D22A7D2F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 354: 1-85" docOrigin="ZooKeys 354" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.354.5968" docTitle="Diadromus collaris Gravenhorst 1829" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFF4FFF0FF9FEB0BD4109D29FFA7591F" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Afrotropical Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1701384497175" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DDB78740311BE4A04D4A85FC1FC69DF6">
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<mods:title id="D2FB3E3023AF360625855A484DB72C94">Revision of the Afrotropical Phaeogenini (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), with description of a new genus and twelve new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A2F5F34B33331F45253692C4979093DA">Rousse, Pascal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B6EB9D1E216FC3F5659FEE2B61107ACE">van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D915DB12F1927FFEE66DA603ED297706">Diller, E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0A7E01507221638D50668EBB8C00BBB5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="777CE63FA8B312C52D2834828898226E">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="01FF67CE1BF8C6AEBAE90C694528F285">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A1B182374FDA460B2C0A47FC6A0E15BC">354</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="9BAD8C9EA2E9A788DD1E53C470C5AC0D">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.354.5968</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="04C51218814AF1013646E3D39973F97C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="15175098D8F0F4B9DA041944982B16C0" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.354.5968</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="129D88DC75F341026083EC15D22A7D2F" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152049753" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:129D88DC75F341026083EC15D22A7D2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/129D88DC75F341026083EC15D22A7D2F" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="F97226081E8F7BA8E62195A62BD0DFA6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="58F72B367C91D47D1E80077B9C66434D" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="73877F8357F28783220B8CEB0D2B5425" ID-CoL="6D2HF" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Diadromus_collaris" authority="Gravenhorst, 1829" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris (Gravenhorst, 1829)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 11-12
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7ED96336AC4D00E64038260602379EF3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="218335D0C5ABBCA9779FB3B0BEC39DD0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="1A2547C85A1AF10611A1A27F5C369C2D" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus cabrerai" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cabrerai">Diadromus cabrerai</taxonomicName>
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Berthoumieu, 1903;
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<taxonomicName id="FB76BEA6FB6E2944B3D9F6E56B2C71B4" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus punicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punicus">Diadromus punicus</taxonomicName>
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Berthoumieu, 1898;
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<taxonomicName id="D54D320E96BA2B3544748325A50366E7" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus rufiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiscapus">Diadromus rufiscapus</taxonomicName>
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Pic, 1902;
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<taxonomicName id="4E4B9B44E1EFE831D60954A7D54C7688" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Heterischnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterischnus hispanicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanicus">Heterischnus hispanicus</taxonomicName>
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Berthoumieu, 1904;
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<taxonomicName id="AF336F87A264F23187B2529746B3019C" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ischnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Ischnus collaris</taxonomicName>
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Gravenhorst, 1829;
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<taxonomicName id="B4F1423BF15CA1F5CE4E0ADC7859C2FB" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ischnopsidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ischnopsidea brevicauda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicauda">Ischnopsidea brevicauda</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="7FC8619ED694A153C8BA849EB456E695" originalValue="Hellén">Hellen</normalizedToken>
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, 1949;
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<taxonomicName id="3E628BEAE3795B44DBFDEA6820A70F7A" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phaeogenes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaeogenes bellulus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellulus">Phaeogenes bellulus</taxonomicName>
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Kriechbaumer, 1894;
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<taxonomicName id="2AC2731D38249C3C1ACE5DCEC28DAFA7" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Phaeogenes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaeogenes similis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Phaeogenes similis</taxonomicName>
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Bridgman, 1881.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDD8B3FFF5EEC4BCEFA3973C5A3AE01A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="1ECF03DD18DEC2D73A43F6C0E64B4554" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C6CB8D77B7B7116847A951E0D266E03D" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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South Africa 1 female: South Africa Brits, Tvl. viii.X.1993 R. Kfir AcP 9336; ex pupae of
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<taxonomicName id="F42A63234535B5B22B80978D884F502B" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Plutella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plutella xylostella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylostella">Plutella xylostella</taxonomicName>
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on cabbage IIE 23016 (BMNH); 2 females: RSA [Republic of South Africa], S. DBerg, Sani Pass,
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<geoCoordinate id="F550E8EB42A3855A9D9384765B0B62B8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-29.616667">29°37'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="88B43A6CE026E5520992A08AAE5C0592" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="29.383333">29°23'E</geoCoordinate>
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, Malaise trap, V. Kolyada and M. Mostovski coll., 2-5.03.04 (NMSA); 2 females: SAfr, KZN, PMB [Pietermaritzburg], Hilton,
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<geoCoordinate id="F985A2868D9D711945ED683015974480" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-29.541666">29°32'30"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="42FEDB0F0B1919614E719C5464092D28" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="30.304998">30°18'18"E</geoCoordinate>
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, 1131m, 10-23.12.03, Malaise trap / garden M. Mostovski coll. (NMSA). Sweden 1 female: Sweden SK. Dalby. 13.v.1938. D. M.S. P. & J. F. P. B. M.1938-414 (BMNH).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6F18A07408E3DF79BB01A3179931B27" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8FCA44965F467B48575DFBAE35BDBD43" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="45D651C2533857417AA19E2F7FAA3DB8" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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Head black, body usually
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<normalizedToken id="5976C146750CD10D4D6F2C765D806E22" originalValue="reddish–orange">reddish-orange</normalizedToken>
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with apex of mesosoma, and base and apex of metasoma black; body sometimes far more extensively black marked; face, frons, vertex and temple shallowly and densely to moderately densely punctate; malar line long; antenna with 23-30 flagellomeres, slightly widened from basal third;
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<pageBreakToken id="58CE1AD463F4D6364204B410FBC63BD2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
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entirely polished and moderately setose; pronotum moderately punctate with a large median smooth area; mesopleuron densely punctate, speculum smooth; metapleuron coarsely
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<normalizedToken id="FC2F42828A6F085A4F663A545C9E2B4F" originalValue="punctate–rugose">punctate-rugose</normalizedToken>
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; mesonotum moderately punctate;
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<normalizedToken id="A06194412459AEB9DE9084EB654B7ACD" originalValue="scuto–scutellar">scuto-scutellar</normalizedToken>
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groove smooth; scutellum carinate to
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<normalizedToken id="D66EB294ECB63078F7F65F37D438FDE8" originalValue="mid–length">mid-length</normalizedToken>
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; propodeum shallowly punctate rugose, area petiolaris concave, carination complete with area superomedia hexagonal, slightly wider than long; hind wing with distal abscissa of Cu1 discernible though faint; metasoma alutaceous but apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 2 longitudinally stri
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<pageBreakToken id="8C33F6D9B042A08150E621D09CD703D3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">ate</pageBreakToken>
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. B 4.5-5.3; A 3.1-3.2; F 3.3-3.7 (ranges measured on all observed material); HdWi 1.7; HfWi 1.2; Ci 1.8; Mi 0.9; Di 3.2; IOi 1.6; OOi 1.6; Fli1 3.5; Fli15 1.4; Fli23 1.1; OTi 0.4 (indices measured on BMNH South African female specimen).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="04325F6F82FA4CC1B895189D1CA71198" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="943F2058D0D1FE2E43A732364831D5DE" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="245FDEEB041B84097A7E8B24E43E8B14" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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South Africa, Mexico. Otherwise widespread from Europe and the Middle East to the
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<normalizedToken id="C09C45371FF8094A4A1B3C6C3A31CCCE" originalValue="Indo–Australian">Indo-Australian</normalizedToken>
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region, China and Japan. Introduced into numerous countries in the
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<normalizedToken id="2F190FED7D7E17CC9779497D4BCFF159" originalValue="Indo–Australian">Indo-Australian</normalizedToken>
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and West Indies regions for biocontrol purpose.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="422996527B826716160018442F6D26C2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="ecology">
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<paragraph id="327BE5A160AC922DD587B4A646BEB485" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<pageBreakToken id="18E14CBCBBDA82E0ED04A4BFF184A7A2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="09B2B516E9792F3980568BF099D5F024" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Commonly used as a biological control agent of
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<taxonomicName id="1BE1E343D6A90D81E0D211637663E099" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Plutella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plutella xylostella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylostella">Plutella xylostella</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="CF82AE58A9B4EB298200B1362AD7315C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="5DFD1A2ABB7B7FB9DA9377016392AE73" family="Plutellidae" lsidName="" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="family">Plutellidae</taxonomicName>
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) on cultivated cruciferous crops (
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<taxonomicName id="C901B15606DAE8E0A68B9EAC31EA5D07" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Brassica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brassica" order="Brassicales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brassica</taxonomicName>
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spp.). Also reared from
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<taxonomicName id="BD22BC2372FD7C8C3F8F58972DDD2565" genus="Acrolepiopis" lsidName="Acrolepiopis assectella" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species" species="assectella">Acrolepiopis assectella</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="9D2C313A9DA49E20007E2E1DA22D4EA4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4B2C7D290A6883B9E92FC36747FF58C9" family="Plutellidae" lsidName="" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="family">Plutellidae</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="842D7DC4DBE81888F768F38D56E10295" author="Kalmes, R" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="59 - 68" title="Etude du bilan nutritionnel de Diadromus collaris et D. pulchellus (Hymenopteres, Ichneumonidae) appartenant a deux populations sympatriques, endoparasites solitaire des chrysalides d'Acrolepiopsis assectella (Lepidoptere, Yponomeutidae)." url="10.1111/j.1570-7458.1980.tb02946.x" volume="27" year="1980">
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<normalizedToken id="18C04C9FB002CCDCBA26EFEB025BF53F" originalValue="Kalmès">Kalmes</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken id="67CF9FABE2E586F8315AC82C208002DB" originalValue="Rojas–Rousse">Rojas-Rousse</normalizedToken>
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1980
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The geographical origin of this species is not clear, neither is that of its host
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<taxonomicName id="E3A84E577BEE693CEA0A8418EE4D87D6" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" genus="Plutella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plutella xylostella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xylostella">Plutella xylostella</taxonomicName>
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, which was originally considered to be European.
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<bibRefCitation id="E3A8C1A5D78B478A636DECCB1D996557" author="Kfir, R" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="164 - 167" title="Origin of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." volume="91" year="1998">Kfir (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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, based on an assessment of the origins of the
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<normalizedToken id="2F66F74356E208F312C8BDF568EEB7DE" originalValue="moth’s">moth's</normalizedToken>
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host plants and the complex of natural enemies attacking the diamondback moth, suggested that the host species is from southern Africa.
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<taxonomicName id="6EA1A6C6142011BE9FF1F0CA0F602F5E" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris</taxonomicName>
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is very common in South Africa, where it reproduces sexually (
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<bibRefCitation id="D80035D4E265CB6735CA060F1D5E47BE" author="Kfir, R" journalOrPublisher="Entomophaga" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="517 - 523" title="Parasitoids of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), in South Africa: an annotated list." url="10.1007/BF02769811" volume="42" year="1997">Kfir 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="50684168D45AF41692F5C833D1BE8082" author="Kfir, R" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="164 - 167" title="Origin of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." volume="91" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
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), and in Europe, where it was reported to be thelytokous with mainly females known. It hence was speculated to be of African origin (
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<bibRefCitation id="2AA809F05B31C92B2E68F3911ADCF829" author="Kfir, R" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="164 - 167" title="Origin of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)." volume="91" year="1998">Kfir 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="8662CFDB522DDFC0A173A5B73682BC72" author="Liu, SS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="461 - 469" title="The biology of Diadromus collaris (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a pupal parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its interactions with Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." volume="91" year="2001">Liu et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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report that
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<taxonomicName id="356881923B7143A11E5CE029198B00C4" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris</taxonomicName>
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is arrhenotokous in Australia, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and France, and suggested that the diamondback moth originates in China.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0CD224B93C8885AF9208A83590AF523" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris</taxonomicName>
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is probably present throughout the Afrotropical region; however, it is not present in Reunion, where the diamondback moth is only a minor pest (Rousse pers. obs.).
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="32A9C6ADE25B7955377A70E2D9D88ABE" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="498F4448696356185D0FFBA9CB9FB30C" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7ABDF0E49CC5C788E8D89D98B452E682" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris</taxonomicName>
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Holotype female. A habitus lateral view B habitus dorsal view C head, mesosoma, dorsal view.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47FA0EA0C3AAFB4638BC35379120FFDB" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E2CC1E76A0A9229C85DDE9251D2B8F3" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Figure 12.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="719EAE3987254EBB001BF25033A95635" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadromus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadromus collaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">Diadromus collaris</taxonomicName>
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Holotype female. A metapleuron, ventral view B propodeum dorsal view C head, anterior view D tergites 2-4, dorsal view E wings F mesosoma, lateral view.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |