282 lines
34 KiB
XML
282 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="393363D21D261355EB940CD40311252C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5405021" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5405021" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1628268785244" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Shelley, Rowland M., Medrano, Michael F., Shear, William A., Ovaska, Kristiina, White, Ken J. & Havard, Erin I." docDate="2009" docId="03CD87EA4110F05C0E873F74B4FF5F55" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0071.1-6.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2009 (71)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Conotylidae Cook 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FFF4FF924114F0590E473C17B6215E2E" masterDocTitle="Distribution extensions of the milliped families Conotylidae and Rhiscosomididae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida) into northern coastal British Columbia and Southern Alaska" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1699038252507" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="7705BF06A8933D1EEC4191B531F865D2">Distribution extensions of the milliped families Conotylidae and Rhiscosomididae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida) into northern coastal British Columbia and Southern Alaska</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="372C131A0A8B9678F24B18E368B29311">Shelley, Rowland M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B312A584305C4BE0ADEC24E9003D15D2">Medrano, Michael F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5213B7BABEE0D0534A894F8B5DFB18CB">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="790D9292BE372AAA865DE82CCC22B348">Ovaska, Kristiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94C0096234FF2F6215E5592970817625">White, Ken J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89C228ED00D6E9FA47183E5D213D9894">Havard, Erin I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="38BB2B0E2ED4CD641A144568680F90A3">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6A8C976BE31DF8CF1C12ACE04A5647A6">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="46C84EB5F7ADCCB410EFF7C18C09F16C">2009-04-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DA37CAE3F216B1A946D32A93B323A051">2009</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="440030968F46B3A2AF0D89A103DB29F7" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C37E65774110F05D0E873F74B5335D95" box="[192,786,867,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0E873F74B7455D55" blockId="4.[192,356,867,891]" box="[192,356,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D09381904110F05D0E873F74B7455D55" bold="true" box="[192,356,867,891]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0E873F74B7455D55" ID-CoL="7NGXD" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[192,356,867,891]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0E873F74B7455D55" bold="true" box="[192,356,867,891]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Conotylidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0EB73FB4B5335D95" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" box="[240,786,931,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0EB73FB4B7B25D95" author="Shear, W. A." box="[240,403,931,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="55 - 97" refId="ref4451" refString="Shear, W. A. 1971. The milliped family Conotylidae in North America, with a description of the new family Adritylidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumida). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 141 (2): 55 - 97." type="journal article" year="1971">Shear (1971</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0FE33FB4B7C45D95" author="Shear, W. A." box="[420,485,931,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="151 - 352" refId="ref4497" refString="Shear, W. A. 1972. Studies in the milliped order Chordeumida (Diplopoda): A revision of the family Cleidogonidae and a reclassification of the order Chordeumida in the New World. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 144 (4): 151 - 352." type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0FB13FB4B4155D95" author="Shear, W. A." box="[502,564,931,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref4609" refString="Shear, W. A. 1976. The milliped family Conotylidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumida). Revision of the genus Taiyutyla, with notes on recently proposed taxa. American Museum Novitates Number 2600: 1 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
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) established the
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37E65774110F05C0E873FD4B4FF5F55" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0E873FD4B5335DF5" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" box="[192,786,963,987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0E873FD4B76F5DF5" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[192,334,963,987]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conotylidae</taxonomicName>
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in south-central and southeastern BC;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0D743FC6B27D5A58" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0D743FC6B58B5DC8" bold="true" box="[819,938,977,999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Distribution of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0AD83FC6B3085DC9" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[1183,1321,977,999]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conotylidae</taxonomicName>
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along the
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0E873FF4B7515DD5" author="Shelley, R. M." box="[192,368,995,1019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="2310 - 2322" refId="ref4805" refString="Shelley, R. M. 1990. A new milliped of the genus Metaxycheir from the Pacific Coast of Canada (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae), with remarks on the tribe Chonaphini and the western Canadian and Alaskan diplopod fauna. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 2310 - 2322." type="journal article" year="1990">Shelley (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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provided additional localities and Pacific Coast of northwestern North America. Stars, extended the family as far north as Pine Pass, 129
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0D74381CB5CB5A0E" baseAuthorityName="Shear" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[819,1002,1035,1056]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shawi">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0D74381CB5CB5A0E" box="[819,1002,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taiyutyla shawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; diamond,
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0A20381CB2E45A0E" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="2004" box="[1127,1221,1035,1056]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lupus">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0A20381CB2E45A0E" box="[1127,1221,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. lupus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; dots,
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0B48381CB3825A0E" box="[1295,1443,1035,1056]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0B48381CB35A5A0E" box="[1295,1403,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taiyutyla</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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km (
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<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0EB13834B71A5A15" box="[246,315,1059,1083]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2874752" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="80.0">80 mi</quantity>
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) west of Dawson Creek and ca.
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<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0CFE3834B5325A15" box="[697,787,1059,1083]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="483.0">483 km</quantity>
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nr.
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0D1B383FB59C5A12" baseAuthorityName="Shear" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[860,957,1063,1085]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shawi">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0D1B383FB59C5A12" box="[860,957,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. shawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0DB0383FB2775A12" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="2004" box="[1015,1110,1063,1085]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lupus">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0DB0383FB2775A12" box="[1015,1110,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. lupus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; asterisk,?
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0A9F3830B3825A13" box="[1240,1443,1063,1085]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Bollmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
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<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0A9F3830B3435A12" box="[1240,1378,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Bollmanella</emphasis>
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sp. A
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0E8F3854B73F5A75" box="[200,286,1091,1115]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="300.0">300 mi</quantity>
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) south of the
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<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4110F05D0F803854B43A5A75" box="[455,539,1091,1115]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Yukon</collectingRegion>
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, where no millipeds few dots denote two closely proximate localities. have been collected. All prior records were sum- Abbreviations as in
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<figureCitation id="135F2A794110F05D0A533876B2775A58" box="[1044,1110,1121,1143]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[816,907,1033,1055]" captionTargetBox="[815,1440,193,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-546@3.[815,1441,193,1009]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Distributions of the Rhiscosomididae, Shear (1972) incorporated Rhiscosomididae Rhiscosomides, and R. mineri along the Pacific Coast of and its lone genus, Rhiscosomides Silvestri, 1909, northwestern North America. AK, Alaska; BC, British into his reclassification of New World Columbia; OR, Oregon; QCI, Queen Charlotte Islands; chordeumatidans, describeda new species from the VI, Vancouver Island; WA, Washington; YT, Yukon central California coast, and depicted the few Territory. known occurrences on a map of the “lower 48” US states. The next year, he provided synoptic accounts of the four established species, described three new species, and mapped occurrences in coastal Oregon (Shear 1973). The familial distribution was characterized as the “Pacific coast region of the United States from the Monterey Peninsula north to the Columbia River,” and the northernmost congener, Rhiscosomides mineri Silvestri, 1909, occupied the northern one-third of coastal Oregon, from near Portland to Linn County (Co.) east of Corvallis. Despite the absence of records, Kevan (1983) and Kevan and Scudder (1989) reported the family from Washington state and considered it a potential inhabitant of BC. Speculating that the species was R. mineri, Shelley (1990) recorded the family and genus from west of Sooke on southern Vancouver Island, thereby establishing occurrences north of the Columbia River and in both BC and Canada. Hoffman (1999) summarized known records but missed the record from BC. Rhiscosomidids were discovered in both southern Alaska and northern BC in 2007, and a sample in the FSCA confirms occurrence in Washington. We now identify the species as R. mineri and report two localities from southern coastal BC based on samples in the NCSM and CNIC. The Oregon samples of R. mineri reported by Shear (1973) were obtained from berlesates of litter, grass, and decaying wood, and from “mixed conifer and deciduous duff.” Those from northern BC were found in temperate rain forests in association with decaying logs under thick layers of moss, and the Alaska individuals were crawling on a Sitka Spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carrière] twig; habitat was not indicated for the samples from Vancouver and Vancouver Island. These records extend the known ranges of the family, genus, and species some 966 km (600 mi) northward and establish their presences in the southern extremity of the Alaskan Panhandle and Alexander Archipelago (Fig. 1). Illustrations and anatomical details are provided by Shear (1973:194-196, figs. 1-3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5405023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5405023/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0E873894B5325AB5" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" box="[192,787,1155,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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marized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0F1F3894B4035AB5" author="Hoffman, R. L." box="[344,546,1155,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 584" refId="ref4329" refString="Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 8: 1 - 584." type="book chapter" year="1999">Hoffman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0C773893B4F85AB5" author="Kevan, D. K." box="[560,729,1155,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="2956 - 2975" refId="ref4361" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipeds (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2956 - 2975." type="journal article" year="1983">Kevan (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05D0E8738B3B2EB5815" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0E8738B3B7D85A95" author="Kevan, D. K. & G. G. E. Scudder" box="[192,505,1187,1211]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref4394" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE., and G. G. E. Scudder. 1989. Illustrated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropods of Canada. 1, Myriapods (millipeds, centipedes, etc.). Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Series No. 1: 1 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1989">Kevan and Scudder (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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cited a number of conotylid genera as potential inhabitants of western
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<collectingCountry id="F373766C4110F05D0B7C38B4B3BA5A95" box="[1339,1435,1187,1211]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Canada</collectingCountry>
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, and Shear (2004) confirmed
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<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0C5C38D4B55B5AF5" authority="Chamberlin, 1952" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1952" box="[539,890,1219,1243]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0C5C38D4B4B25AF5" box="[539,659,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taiyutyla</emphasis>
|
||
Chamberlin, 1952
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for this region by describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0AA638D3B36A5AF5" baseAuthorityName="Shear" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1249,1355,1219,1243]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0AA638D3B36A5AF5" box="[1249,1355,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. shawi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0BC138D3B7245AD5" authorityName="Shear" authorityYear="2004" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0BC138D3B7245AD5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern and southern Vancouver Island, respectively. Sampling by RMS in 2006 and the authors in 2007 establish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0FB63914B4A05B35" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[497,641,1283,1307]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Conotylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Alexander Archipelago, northern coastal BC, the continental land mass as far north as Gustavus, Alaska (only ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0D7B3934B5B45B15" box="[828,917,1315,1339]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="182.0">182 km</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0DE53934B5D95B15" box="[930,1016,1315,1339]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.81855872" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="113.0">113 mi</quantity>
|
||
] south of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4110F05D0ADF3934B2CD5B15" box="[1176,1260,1315,1339]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and also near Hyder, Alaska, and Stewart, BC (Fig. 2), at roughly the same latitude as Pine Pass. These records constitute a familial range extension of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0D0C3974B5985B55" box="[843,953,1379,1403]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.054" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="1054.0">1,054 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0D803974B23A5B55" box="[967,1051,1379,1403]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05412032" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="655.0">655 mi</quantity>
|
||
), the northernmost previous site being the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DF885E4110F05D0F723993B74B5BB2" box="[309,362,1412,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0FAD3993B4D75BB5" authority="(Shear 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Shear" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[490,758,1411,1435]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shawi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0FAD3993B4735BB5" box="[490,594,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T. shawi</emphasis>
|
||
(Shear 2004)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the northernmost continental locality for both the class and order in western North America is that of the female caseyid provisionally assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0E8739D3B4B25BF5" authority="Chamberlin, 1951" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1951" box="[192,659,1475,1499]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columbiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0E8739D3B7915BF5" box="[192,432,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Opiona columbiana</emphasis>
|
||
Chamberlin, 1951
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0C8739D4B58E5BF5" author="Shelley, R. M. & W. A. Shear & W. P. Leonard & K. Ovaska" box="[704,943,1475,1499]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref5072" refString="Shelley, R. M., W. A. Shear, W. P. Leonard, and K. Ovaska. 2007. Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Caseyidae, Opiona columbiana Chamberlin, 1951: Distribution extensions into the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, USA, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada, and eastern & southern Washington State, USA; additional new records from British Columbia and Washington. Check List 3 (1): 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2007">Shelley et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
-- the confluence of the Tatshenshini and O’Connor Rivers in the “Haines Triangle” region of BC, around
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0D9439F4B2005BD5" box="[979,1057,1507,1531]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0A7639F4B2565BD5" box="[1073,1143,1507,1531]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0577536" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="19.0">19 mi</quantity>
|
||
) south of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4110F05D0B6739F4B3545BD5" box="[1312,1397,1507,1531]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
. As
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0E873A14B71F5835" authorityName="de Blainville in Gervais" authorityYear="1844" box="[192,318,1539,1563]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Diplopoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from so proximate a site, it seems a foregone conclusion that millipeds inhabit at least the southern periphery of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4110F05D0C2F3A34B5105815" box="[616,817,1571,1595]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Yukon Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and substantiation is warranted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB36FC4110F05C0EB73A53B4FF5F55" blockId="4.[192,1444,931,1883]" lastBlockId="5.[192,1440,195,379]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Two body forms of conotylids were encountered that we interpret as representing distinct genera. The first is an immature male that we provisionally assign to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0D303A74B2D25855" authority="Chamberlin, 1941" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1941" box="[887,1267,1635,1659]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Bollmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0D303A74B22F5855" box="[887,1038,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Bollmanella</emphasis>
|
||
Chamberlin, 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because of its small size and advanced maturity; a genus of small-bodied conotylids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0A403A94B2B258B5" author="Shear, W. A." box="[1031,1171,1667,1691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="134 - 146" refId="ref4579" refString="Shear, W. A. 1974. The milliped genus Bollmanella (Diplopoda, Chordeumida, Conotylidae). Psyche 81 (1): 134 - 146." type="journal article" year="1974">Shear 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0AE23A94B31B58B5" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1941" box="[1189,1338,1667,1691]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Bollmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0AE23A94B31B58B5" box="[1189,1338,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Bollmanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the potential west Canadian genera cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0CA63AB3B5A45895" author="Kevan, D. K." box="[737,901,1699,1723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="2956 - 2975" refId="ref4361" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE. 1983. A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipeds (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 2956 - 2975." type="journal article" year="1983">Kevan (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4110F05D0DF83AB3B3275895" author="Kevan, D. K. & G. G. E. Scudder" box="[959,1286,1699,1723]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref4394" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE., and G. G. E. Scudder. 1989. Illustrated keys to the families of terrestrial arthropods of Canada. 1, Myriapods (millipeds, centipedes, etc.). Biological Survey of Canada Taxonomic Series No. 1: 1 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1989">Kevan and Scudder (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The second,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0E873AD4B71558F5" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1952" box="[192,308,1731,1755]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0E873AD4B71558F5" box="[192,308,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taiyutyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a large-bodied taxon, is represented by
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754110F05D0D483AD4B54A58F5" box="[783,875,1731,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754110F05D0DE53AD4B20358F5" box="[930,1058,1731,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">33 females</specimenCount>
|
||
that are anatomically similar to the Vancouver Island species;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754110F05D0C7F3AF3B4C758D5" box="[568,742,1763,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">seven females</specimenCount>
|
||
were discovered on a single log on “
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0AE53AF4B2C658D5" box="[1186,1255,1763,1787]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="20.0">20 mi</quantity>
|
||
Spur Trail” on POW. The?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0F173B14B7C95935" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1941" box="[336,488,1795,1819]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Bollmanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0F173B14B7C95935" box="[336,488,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Bollmanella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
juvenile was encountered ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0D143B14B58C5935" box="[851,941,1795,1819]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="160.0">160 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4C9C9B194110F05D0DFC3B14B22E5935" box="[955,1039,1795,1819]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mi" value="100.0">100 mi</quantity>
|
||
) inland under bark of a decaying log at a moderately moist locality, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0CDA3B34B5345915" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1952" box="[669,789,1827,1851]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0CDA3B34B5345915" box="[669,789,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taiyutyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was solely in coastal rain forests in association with decaying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4110F05D0F743B53B7EB5975" box="[307,458,1859,1883]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sitchensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4110F05D0F743B53B7EB5975" box="[307,458,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">P. sitchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
logs and stumps, usually under thick layers of moss. Thirty-four individuals is a sizeable sample, and for only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0C743CD4B4E75EF5" box="[563,710,195,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="male">three males</specimenCount>
|
||
to be collected, and none on the log with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0A8A3CD3B35E5EF5" box="[1229,1407,195,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="female">seven females</specimenCount>
|
||
, is striking.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4111F05C0F773CF4B4745ED5" author="Cook, O. F. & G. N. Collins" box="[304,597,227,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref4241" refString="Cook, O. F., and G. N. Collins. 1895. The Craspedosomatidae of North America. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9: 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1895">Cook and Collins (1895)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0C8B3CF4B5515ED5" box="[716,880,227,251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="generic">80 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of the parthenogenetic caseyid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4111F05C0ABE3CF4B7FD5F35" authority="(Harger, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Harger" baseAuthorityYear="1872" class="Pezizomycetes" family="Caseyidae" genus="Underwoodia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pezizales" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="iuloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4111F05C0ABE3CF4B7005F35" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Underwoodia iuloides</emphasis>
|
||
(Harger, 1872)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4111F05C0C443D14B26B5F35" authority="Cook and Collins, 1895" authorityName="Cook and Collins" authorityYear="1895" box="[515,1098,259,283]" class="Pezizomycetes" family="Caseyidae" genus="Underwoodia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pezizales" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="polygama">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4111F05C0C443D14B5085F35" box="[515,809,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Underwoodia polygama</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4111F05C0D683D14B26B5F35" author="Cook, O. F. & G. N. Collins" box="[815,1098,259,283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref4241" refString="Cook, O. F., and G. N. Collins. 1895. The Craspedosomatidae of North America. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9: 1 - 100." type="journal article" year="1895">Cook and Collins, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on Long Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4111F05C0B593D13B3BA5F35" box="[1310,1435,259,283]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, only two of which were males, yielding a sex ratio of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0D7F3D34B59F5F15" box="[824,958,291,315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="female">40 females</specimenCount>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0D8F3D34B2385F15" box="[968,1049,291,315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF54B0D4111F05C0A603D34B2E95F15" author="Shelley, R. M." box="[1063,1224,291,315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="168 - 176" refId="ref4857" refString="Shelley, R. M. 1992. The milliped genus Underwoodia (Chordeumatida: Caseyidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 168 - 176." type="journal article" year="1992">Shelley 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0B5A3D34B3815F15" box="[1309,1440,291,315]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="female">33 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D62FD754111F05C0EB43D54B7705F75" box="[243,337,323,347]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
, the sex ratio of our samplings in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A0F81E4111F05C0C9E3D54B50C5F75" box="[729,813,323,347]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
and adjacent BC suggests that parthenogenesis may be operative in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C644D7F4111F05C0F3F3D74B7CE5F55" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1952" box="[376,495,355,379]" class="Diplopoda" family="Conotylidae" genus="Taiyutyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910EAEE4111F05C0F3F3D74B7CE5F55" box="[376,495,355,379]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Taiyutyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at higher latitudes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |