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(Weise)
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(
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBDD734F3FED2FD32" box="[159,287,654,681]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 95" captionStart-1="FIGURE 96" captionStart-2="FIGURE 97" captionStartId-0="137.[151,250,1684,1708]" captionStartId-1="138.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-2="139.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[154,1433,184,1657]" captionTargetBox-1="[203,1384,181,1910]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1384,186,1914]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@137.[151,1436,181,1660]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@138.[203,1384,181,1919]" captionTargetId-2="figure-15@139.[200,1388,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId-0="137" captionTargetPageId-1="138" captionTargetPageId-2="139" captionText-0="FIGURE 95. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–t. adult, polymorphic forms." captionText-1="FIGURE 96. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–c. adult, dorsal view; d. spermatheca; e–h. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. penis apex." captionText-2="FIGURE 97. Harmonia expallida (Weise), life stages: a, b. eggs; c–e. larval instars; f. pupa; g. adult, nominate form." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261824" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261828" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261834" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8261824/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8261828/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8261834/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Figs 95–97</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDDF34B0FCADFD7F" authority="Weise, 1907: 15" authorityName="Weise" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,864,716,741]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="quadripunctata" subGenus="Harmonia" variety="expallida">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF34B0FEC8FD7F" box="[151,261,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Coccinella</emphasis>
(
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)
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBCC334B0FDEAFD7F" box="[395,551,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">quadripunctata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBF1134B0FD7AFD7F" box="[601,695,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">expallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBFF534B0FCADFD7F" author="Weise, J." box="[701,864,716,741]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="13 - 15" refId="ref124465" refString="Weise, J. (1907) Kleine Mitteilungen und synonymische Bemerkungen. Entomologische Zeitung, Wien, 26, 13 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 8861" type="journal article" year="1907">Weise, 1907: 15</bibRefCitation>
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(
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locality: ‘Kaschmir’).—
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFB9DF34B0FA40FD7E" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[1175,1421,716,741]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" refId="ref116133" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 472</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDDF3490FD1BFC98" ID-CoL="4TR2" authority=": Sicard 1913: 499" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="499" authorityYear="1846" box="[151,726,747,771]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF3490FEE1FC98" box="[151,300,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Harmonia 4—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD66514D046BFBC643497FD1BFC98" author="Sicard, A." box="[300,726,747,771]" page="499" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" year="1913">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBC643497FE4FFC98" box="[300,386,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">punctata</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBCFB3497FDD5FC98" box="[435,536,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">expalliata</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBF6E3497FD1BFC98" author="Sicard, A." box="[550,726,747,771]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="495 - 506" refId="ref122517" refString="Sicard, A. (1913) Notes sur quelques Coccinellides de l'Inde et de Birmanie appartenant a la collection de M. Andrewes, de Londres et description d'especes et de varietes nouvelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 81, 495 - 506. [1912]" type="journal article" year="1913">Sicard 1913: 499</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A14D046BFBDDF3576FDFCFCB9" box="[151,561,778,802]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD66514D046BFBDDF3576FDE0FCB9" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[151,557,778,802]" page="199" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" year="1963">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDDF3576FDE0FCB9" authority=": Kapur 1963 b: 199" authorityName=": Kapur" authorityPageNumber="199" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,557,778,802]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expallida">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF3576FEA9FCB9" box="[151,356,778,802]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Harmonia expallida</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBC393576FDE0FCB9" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[369,557,778,802]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="199 - 203" refId="ref115436" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1963 b) The taxonomic status and further description of Harmonia expallida Weise (Col., Coccinellidae), feeding on Adelges species (Hem., Adelgidae) in North - western India. Entomophaga, 3, 199 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02376089" type="journal article" year="1963">Kapur 1963b: 199</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBDDF3555FEF2FCC4" blockId="136.[151,1436,716,894]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A14D046BFBDDF3555FEF2FCC4" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDDF3555FE31FCDB" authority="Mader, 1931: 476" authorityName="Mader" authorityPageNumber="476" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,508,808,833]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breiti">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF3555FEF0FCDB" box="[151,317,808,832]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Harmonia breiti</emphasis>
Mader, 1931: 476
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="54D54ED614D046BFBF423555FDF3FCDA" box="[522,574,809,833]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Type</typeStatus>
locality: ‘Kaschmir (
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9614D046BFBE533554FCF2FCDB" box="[795,831,808,832]" country="Switzerland" name="Uri" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Uri</collectingRegion>
) / Manali Kulu’).—
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD66514D046BFB9423554FA8CFCDA" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." box="[1034,1345,808,833]" page="78" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFB9423554FA8CFCDA" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." box="[1034,1345,808,833]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref118026" refString="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.), Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Statio, pp. 58 - 88" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972: 78</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD66514D046BFB8053554FEF6FCC4" author="Poorani, J." page="331" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFB8053554FEF6FCC4" author="Poorani, J." pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="307 - 383" refId="ref118931" refString="Poorani, J. (2002 a) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Oriental Insects, 36, 307 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2002.10417335" type="journal article" year="2002">Poorani 2002a: 331</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBDDF351AFDE6FCE5" blockId="136.[151,1436,716,894]" box="[151,555,870,894]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7ED75A14D046BFBDDF351AFDE6FCE5" box="[151,555,870,894]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<treatmentCitation id="0ACFD66514D046BFBDDF351AFDEAFCE5" author="Kovar, I." box="[151,551,870,894]" page="615" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" year="2007">
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDDF351AFDEAFCE5" authority=": Kovar 2007: 615" authorityName="Kovar" authorityPageNumber="615" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,551,870,894]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expalliata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF351AFEA6FCE5" box="[151,363,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Harmonia expalliata</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBC30351AFDEAFCE5" author="Kovar, I." box="[376,551,870,894]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1807" refId="ref116365" refString="Kovar, I. (2007) Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807. In: L ˆ bl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 568 - 631." type="book chapter" year="2007">Kovář 2007: 615</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14D046BFBDDF35D9FC6DFB0C" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBDDF35D9FC6DFB0C" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDDF35D9FEDFFC24" bold="true" box="[151,274,933,959]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length: 6.00–
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; width: 3.20–5.00 mm. Form (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBED735D9FBEEFC24" box="[927,1059,933,959]" captionStart="FIGURE 96" captionStartId="138.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-20@138.[203,1384,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="FIGURE 96. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–c. adult, dorsal view; d. spermatheca; e–h. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261828/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Figs 96a–c</figureCitation>
,
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</figureCitation>
) elongate oval, posteriorly distinctly narrowed and apically pointed, dorsum weakly convex to somewhat flattened, glabrous. Head dull yellow to pale testaceous, with a pair of black spots, sometimes fused to form a basal black band. Scutellar shield yellow to black. Pronotum with a pair of elongate, oblique spots or a pair of broad, posteriorly connected black stripes on either side of median line or plain; elytra dull yellow or with black spots, usually arranged in a 1-3-3-1 pattern, highly variable in their number, size and arrangement (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBFBE3225FC84FBEF" box="[758,841,1113,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 95" captionStartId="137.[151,250,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,184,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-15@137.[151,1436,181,1660]" captionTargetPageId="137" captionText="FIGURE 95. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–t. adult, polymorphic forms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261824/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
), about 20 different
<typeStatus id="54D54ED614D046BFB9603226FBAEFBEF" box="[1064,1123,1114,1140]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">types</typeStatus>
of elytral patterns recorded. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBC0F3201FE0CFB0C" box="[327,449,1149,1175]" captionStart="FIGURE 96" captionStartId="138.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-20@138.[203,1384,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="FIGURE 96. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–c. adult, dorsal view; d. spermatheca; e–h. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261828/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Fig. 96e–h</figureCitation>
) and spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBFD33201FD36FB0C" box="[667,763,1149,1175]" captionStart="FIGURE 96" captionStartId="138.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,181,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-20@138.[203,1384,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="FIGURE 96. Harmonia expallida (Weise): a–c. adult, dorsal view; d. spermatheca; e–h. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. penis apex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261828/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Fig. 96d</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14D046BFBD8F32DDFC96FB20" box="[199,859,1185,1212]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F32DDFC96FB20" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" box="[199,859,1185,1212]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F32DDFE5BFB20" bold="true" box="[199,406,1185,1211]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Immature stages (
<figureCitation id="1355ECF114D046BFBF2C32DDFD78FB20" box="[612,693,1185,1211]" captionStart="FIGURE 97" captionStartId="139.[151,250,1942,1966]" captionTargetBox="[203,1384,186,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-15@139.[200,1388,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="139" captionText="FIGURE 97. Harmonia expallida (Weise), life stages: a, b. eggs; c–e. larval instars; f. pupa; g. adult, nominate form." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8261834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8261834/files/figure.png" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14D046BFBD8F32B9FECCFAD0" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F32B9FECCFAD0" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F32B9FEACFB44" bold="true" box="[199,353,1221,1247]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFBC2632B9FE61FB44" box="[366,428,1221,1247]" name="India" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">India</collectingCountry>
: Northwestern region (
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9614D046BFBFF632B9FC5BFB44" box="[702,918,1221,1247]" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
, Jammu &amp; Kashmir,
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9614D046BFB9D332B9FAE6FB44" box="[1179,1323,1221,1247]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
);
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFB80C32B9FA55FB44" box="[1348,1432,1221,1247]" name="Bhutan" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFBDDF3295FF10FA98" box="[151,221,1257,1283]" name="Nepal" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Nepal</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFBDA43295FE82FA98" box="[236,335,1257,1283]" name="Pakistan" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
; Northwestern Himalayas. Widely distributed in fir forests in the Himalayas between 2100 and
<quantity id="4C965D9114D046BFBDDF3371FF22FAB3" box="[151,239,1293,1320]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="2700.0">2700 m</quantity>
. Introduced in the
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFBCF73371FE38FABC" box="[447,501,1293,1319]" name="United States of America" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9614D046BFBF4C3371FD7DFABC" box="[516,688,1293,1319]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
) for balsam woolly aphid (
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBE973371FAD1FABC" authority="(Ratzeburg))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[991,1308,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceae">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBE973371FB4AFABC" box="[991,1159,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges piceae</emphasis>
(Ratzeburg))
</taxonomicName>
but did not establish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14D046BFBD8F3329FEE6F884" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F3329FD82F9B8" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F3329FE28FAF4" bold="true" box="[199,485,1365,1391]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Prey/associated habitat.</emphasis>
The earliest mention of this species was by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBEAA3329FB55FAF4" author="Stebbing, E. P." box="[994,1176,1365,1391]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 62" refId="ref122979" refString="Stebbing, E. P. (1903) Coleoptera 2. Notes upon the known predaceous Coccinellidae of the Indian region, Part I. Indian Museum Notes, VI (1), 47 - 62." type="journal article" year="1903">Stebbing (1903)</bibRefCitation>
who recorded it under the name “
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBC5A3305FDBAFA08" authority="Crotch" authorityName="Crotch" box="[274,631,1401,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hippodamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constellata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBC5A3305FDEDFA08" box="[274,544,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Hippodamia constellata</emphasis>
Crotch
</taxonomicName>
” as a predator of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBE763305FB77FA08" baseAuthorityName="Stebbing" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[830,1210,1401,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abietispiceae" subGenus="Dreyfusia">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBE763305FC5AFA08" box="[830,919,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBEE03305FBD8FA08" box="[936,1045,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dreyfusia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB96E3305FB77FA08" box="[1062,1210,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">abietispiceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and blue pine aphis in the Jaunsar Hills of northwestern Himalayas. During March–April, it attacks fundatrix adults and eggs of adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBDFF33BDFD03FA40" authority="Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider" authorityName="Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider" box="[183,718,1473,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knucheli">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBDFF33BDFEBBFA40" box="[183,374,1473,1499]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges knucheli</emphasis>
Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider
</taxonomicName>
on spruce and silver fir (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBEA433BDFA91FA40" author="Krishnaswamy, S. &amp; Chacko, M. J." box="[1004,1372,1473,1499]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="92 - 96" refId="ref116416" refString="Krishnaswamy, S. &amp; Chacko, M. J. (1988) Population dynamics of Adelges knucheli and its predators in the north-western Himalayas I. Host phase: Gallicola. Journal of Biological Control, 2 (2), 92 - 96." type="journal article" year="1988">Krishnaswamy &amp; Chacko, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). It is associated with adelgids on spruce, silver fir, blue pine and other conifers at high altitudes (
<quantity id="4C965D9114D046BFB9D33399FAF8FA64" box="[1179,1333,1509,1535]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" metricValueMax="2.7432" metricValueMin="1.8288" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" unit="ft" value="7500.0" valueMax="9000.0" valueMin="6000.0">6000–9000 ft</quantity>
) in north and northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F379B0E414D046BFBC283075FE57F9B8" box="[352,410,1545,1571]" name="India" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">India</collectingCountry>
and Himalayas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F3051FC77F914" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
Recorded hosts include the following:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBF3C3051FD21F9DC" box="[628,748,1581,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Adelgidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBFBE3051FC48F9D3" box="[758,901,1581,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBFBE3051FC82F9DC" box="[758,847,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBED83051FC30F9DC" box="[912,1021,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dreyfusia</emphasis>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFB9643051FB48F9DC" authorityName="Vallot" authorityYear="1836" box="[1068,1157,1581,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB9643051FB48F9DC" box="[1068,1157,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFB9DC3051FEE2F9F0" authority="(Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider)" baseAuthorityName="Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joshii">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB9DC3051FB1FF9DC" box="[1172,1234,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">joshii</emphasis>
(Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBC71302DFE6BF9F0" box="[313,422,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dreyfusia</emphasis>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBC9A302DFDE6F9F0" authorityName="Vallot" authorityYear="1836" box="[466,555,1617,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBC9A302DFDE6F9F0" box="[466,555,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Adelges</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBF72302DFBCDF9F0" authority="(Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider)" baseAuthorityName="Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[570,1024,1617,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knucheli">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBF72302DFD54F9F0" box="[570,665,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">knucheli</emphasis>
(Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFB941302DFAAFF9F0" authority="Takahashi" authorityName="Takahashi" authorityYear="1931" box="[1033,1378,1617,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Mindarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB941302DFB24F9F0" box="[1033,1257,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Mindarus japonicus</emphasis>
Takahashi
</taxonomicName>
, blue pine aphis.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBC5E3009FE42F914" box="[278,399,1653,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphididae</taxonomicName>
: Indeterminate aphids on
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBFE7300AFCE0F90B" box="[687,813,1654,1680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Spiraea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBFE7300AFCCBF90B" box="[687,774,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Spiraea</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(label data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F30E5FC10F94C" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F30E5FE73F928" bold="true" box="[199,446,1689,1715]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
March–August.Collected during November,December.Commonly found in northwestern Himalayas at elevations of 7000–9000’ during May–June (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBE6F30C1FC1DF94C" author="Stebbing, E. P." box="[807,976,1725,1751]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 62" refId="ref122979" refString="Stebbing, E. P. (1903) Coleoptera 2. Notes upon the known predaceous Coccinellidae of the Indian region, Part I. Indian Museum Notes, VI (1), 47 - 62." type="journal article" year="1903">Stebbing 1903</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F309DFEE6F884" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F309DFE5EF960" bold="true" box="[199,403,1761,1787]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBCD3309DFD49F967" box="[411,644,1761,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBCD3309DFD96F960" box="[411,603,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Phalacrotophora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
nr.
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBFF9309DFCA6F960" authority="(Fallen)" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[689,875,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Phalacrotophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBFF9309DFCC7F960" box="[689,778,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">fasciata</emphasis>
(Fallén)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBEED309EFBFEF960" authorityName="Förster" authorityYear="1862" box="[933,1075,1762,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Dinocampus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBEED309EFBFEF960" box="[933,1075,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Dinocampus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFB92C309DFB09F960" box="[1124,1220,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Perilitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB92C309DFB09F960" box="[1124,1220,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Perilitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFB84E309DFED2F884" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref118026" refString="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.), Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Statio, pp. 58 - 88" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF14D046BFBD8F3155FEEEF86C" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD1F07414D046BFBD8F3155FEEEF86C" blockId="136.[151,1437,933,2039]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBD8F3155FEDCF8D8" bold="true" box="[199,273,1833,1859]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBC553155FE77F8D8" author="Kovar, I." box="[285,442,1833,1859]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="1807" refId="ref116365" refString="Kovar, I. (2007) Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807. In: L ˆ bl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 568 - 631." type="book chapter" year="2007">Kovář (2007)</bibRefCitation>
wrongly used the name
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBFAE3156FBE7F8D8" authority="Sicard" authorityName="Sicard" box="[742,1066,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expalliata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBFAE3156FC1BF8D8" box="[742,982,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Harmonia expalliata</emphasis>
Sicard
</taxonomicName>
for this species and treated
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFB8C93156FF32F8FC" authorityName=": Kapur" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Harmonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="expallida">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFB8C93156FF32F8FC" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">H. expallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as its synonym. Kapur (1963) clarified the nomenclature of this species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFB90A3131FB35F8FC" author="Stebbing, E. P." box="[1090,1272,1869,1895]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 62" refId="ref122979" refString="Stebbing, E. P. (1903) Coleoptera 2. Notes upon the known predaceous Coccinellidae of the Indian region, Part I. Indian Museum Notes, VI (1), 47 - 62." type="journal article" year="1903">Stebbing (1903)</bibRefCitation>
described and illustrated this species under the name “
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF714D046BFBF20310DFC1DF810" authority="Crotch" authorityName="Crotch" box="[616,976,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Hippodamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constellata">
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBF20310DFCB7F810" box="[616,890,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Hippodamia constellata</emphasis>
Crotch
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91A2C6614D046BFBE98310EFC2DF817" box="[976,992,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="136" pageNumber="137">”</emphasis>
and provided notes on its life history, hosts and distribution. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBCAA31E9FCD9F834" author="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A." box="[482,788,1941,1967]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="58 - 88" refId="ref118026" refString="Nagarkatti, S. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (1972) Ecology and biology of predators. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Rao, V. P. &amp; Ghani, M. A. (Eds.), Studies on predators of Adelges spp. in the Himalayas. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Statio, pp. 58 - 88" type="book chapter" year="1972">Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972)</bibRefCitation>
studied its biology in detail and described and illustrated the immature stages and polymorphic forms of the adult. See
<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8514D046BFBE1931C6FC3AF848" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[849,1015,1977,2004]" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" pagination="199 - 203" refId="ref115436" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1963 b) The taxonomic status and further description of Harmonia expallida Weise (Col., Coccinellidae), feeding on Adelges species (Hem., Adelgidae) in North - western India. Entomophaga, 3, 199 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02376089" type="journal article" year="1963">Kapur (1963b)</bibRefCitation>
for detailed description and genitalia illustrations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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