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<document id="A43ED3C9F306F89D39E3F7E3F897AC80" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.173590" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c239348b-1c2b-4f64-b6e7-7a9df3888afa" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="173590" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459776809185" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bravo, Freddy, Cordeiro, Danilo &amp; Chagas, Cinthia" docDate="2006" docId="03C3F6389513FFC8FEBEFC2CF8AE00F1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01298p015.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1298" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Psychoda Latreille" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFFA8E409511FFCBFFB6FF98FA0C065F" masterDocTitle="Two new species and new records of Psychoda Latreille (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) from Brazil, with comments on supraspecific classification of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698217843713" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2CE6B69213E168781511B63BA85C2B76">Two new species and new records of Psychoda Latreille (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) from Brazil, with comments on supraspecific classification of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48E90E9CE4F9FC6698F51B937CBE8A20">Bravo, Freddy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="63E2A56DE0BFA6EFC65578FF3B74520E">Cordeiro, Danilo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78A454036B1550C32CE2B375730FBE9B">Chagas, Cinthia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="748435FC133E05FC498CBC9F1999DB59">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EF707D06FD0F6936C704492FD20A4F45">
<mods:date id="8656CD5899C8D073D6B0610DF372E6C4">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="B409BB4DC24142A15B8EB9366F52FFD4" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6377CCAAAE810C7B1A41951267E45E8E">1298</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B12D13240FD8D34E16A74F7A21D2ECBC">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="64EC5A2E7CF836BE30C82A031A79603F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.173590</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="26F8B0536FD0B9CEDE562E6CACEF28CE" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C3F6389513FFC8FEBEFC2CF8AE00F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6263407" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119348226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6263407" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C3F6389513FFC8FEBEFC2CF8AE00F1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3F6389513FFC8FEBEFC2CF8AE00F1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C37014A59513FFC9FEBEFC2CF8490591" box="[264,581,948,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9513FFC9FEBEFC2CF8490591" blockId="2.[264,581,948,974]" box="[264,581,948,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D09DF0429513FFC9FEBEFC2CF8490591" bold="true" box="[264,581,948,974]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEBEFC2CF8490591" bold="true" box="[264,581,948,974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEE9FC2CF8490591" ID-CoL="74FB" ID-ENA="7201" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[351,581,948,974]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEE9FC2CFBDE0591" bold="true" box="[351,466,948,974]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychoda</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37014A59513FFC9FEBEFC62FBBF026F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9513FFC9FEBEFC62FBBF026F" blockId="2.[264,1324,1017,1072]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A60009513FFC9FEBEFC62FBBF026F" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEBEFC62F858024F" ID-CoL="74FB" authority="Latreille, 1796: 152" authorityName="Latreille" authorityPageNumber="152" authorityYear="1796" box="[264,596,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEBEFC62FB7C024E" box="[264,368,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychoda</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ACB613F9513FFC9FECFFC61F858024F" author="Latreille" box="[377,596,1017,1040]" page="152" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1796">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FECFFC61F810024F" author="Latreille" box="[377,540,1017,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1796) Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel. Paris: Prevot xiv + 201 pp." type="book" year="1796">Latreille, 1796</bibRefCitation>
: 152
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54D1F98C9513FFC9FDD6FC61F899024F" box="[608,661,1017,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD4AFC62FE8B024F" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[764,1159,1017,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Tipula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phalaenoides">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FD4AFC62F9DB024E" box="[764,983,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tipula phalaenoides</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
by subsequent designation
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37014A59513FFC9FEBEFBC6FE4C03CB" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9513FFC9FEBEFBC6FE4C03CB" blockId="2.[264,1324,1118,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEBEFBC6FB840227" bold="true" box="[264,392,1118,1144]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Species with short vertex; eye bridge with 4, or rarely 3 or 5 facet rows; labellum flattened with 3, 4, 5, or occasionally 6 “teeth” at apex; antenna with 12–14 flagellomeres, those beyond 11th always reduced and showing different
<typeStatus id="54D1F98C9513FFC9FBD9FB37FEA10296" box="[1135,1197,1199,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">types</typeStatus>
of fusion; flagellomeres flask shaped; last 3 flagellomeres usually without necks; ascoids usually Yshaped; upper part of anepimeron (= pteropleurite of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FCCDFB66FE0D0346" author="Jezek" box="[891,1025,1278,1305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1983) Intergeneric relationships of selected tribes of the subfamily Psychodinae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 41, 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1983">Ježek 1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FBB9FB67FE470346" author="Jezek" box="[1039,1099,1279,1305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
) entirely delimited by suture; additional anterior sclerite of anepimeron missing; wing pointed, with R5 ending at tip; radial fork distal to medial; aedeagus asymmetrical, simple paramere usually present; cercus with 1 tenaculum at tip; genital digit present in female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37014A59513FFC8FE8EFA39F8AE00F1" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9513FFC9FE8EFA39FE69017B" blockId="2.[264,1324,1118,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FE8EFA39FBCA03E4" bold="true" box="[312,454,1441,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Comments.</emphasis>
The diagnosis presented above delimits a particular group of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEBEFA52FBAC03BB" box="[264,416,1482,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psychodinae">Psychodinae</taxonomicName>
. The name given to this group varies according to the author, but refers to the same group of species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FDAEFA6AF8B60053" author="Quate" box="[536,698,1522,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1959 a) Classification of the Psychodini (Psychodidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 444 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Quate (1959a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FD73FA6AF90E0053" author="Quate" box="[709,770,1522,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1996) Preliminary taxonomy of Costa Rican Psychodidae (Diptera), exclusive of Phlebotominae. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 1 - 81 (Supplement 1)." type="journal article" year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FCB8FA6AF9460053" author="Quate" box="[782,842,1522,1548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1999) Taxonomy of neotropical Psychodidae (Diptera 3. Psychodines of Barro Colorado Island and San Blas, Panama, pp. 409 - 441. In: J. F. Burger (Ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 14, 409 - 441." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
) believes that this group of species could be considered as representing the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD57F982F95F006C" box="[737,851,1562,1587]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FD57F982F95F006C" box="[737,851,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FCD7F982FE1E006B" author="Vaillant" box="[865,1042,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Vaillant, F. (1990) Proposition pour une revision de la classification des Dipteres Psychodidae Psychodinae. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 80,141 - 163." type="book" year="1990">Vaillant (1990)</bibRefCitation>
considered this group a tribe,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEE4F9DAFBDB0003" box="[338,471,1602,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Psychodini">Psychodini</taxonomicName>
, and included only two genera in it:
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FC02F9DAFE610004" box="[948,1133,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Copropsychoda</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FB07F9DAFF2F0004" box="[1201,1315,1602,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FB07F9DAFF2F0004" box="[1201,1315,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FEDEF9F1F80C00DB" author="Jezek" box="[360,512,1641,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and Ježek &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FD15F9F2F94E00DB" author="Harten" box="[675,834,1642,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (1996) Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands, captured with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Historia Natural, 48, 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Harten (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FCF9F9F2F98700DB" author="Harten" box="[847,907,1642,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (2005) Further new taxa and little-known species of non-biting moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Yemen. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45, 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
) also considered this group a tribe, but included 12 genera in it:
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD25F90AF9DA00F4" authority="Copropsychoda" authorityName="Copropsychoda" box="[659,982,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FD25F90AF90900F4" box="[659,773,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychoda</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FCABF90AF9DA00F4" box="[797,982,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Copropsychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FC58F90AFF2800F4" authority="Psychodula" authorityName="Psychodula" box="[1006,1316,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Falsologima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FC58F90AFE8E00F4" box="[1006,1154,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Falsologima</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FB2DF90AFF2800F4" box="[1179,1316,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychodula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEBEF922F813008C" authority="Psychana" authorityName="Psychana" box="[264,543,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychomora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEBEF922FB96008C" box="[264,410,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychomora</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FE1BF922F813008C" box="[429,543,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD87F922F886008C" box="[561,650,1722,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Logima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FD87F922F886008C" box="[561,650,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Logima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD2AF922FE4C008C" authority="Chodopsycha, Ypsydocha" authorityName="Chodopsycha, Ypsydocha" box="[668,1088,1722,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Tinearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FD2AF922F8F2008C" box="[668,766,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tinearia</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FCA4F922F9BD008C" box="[786,945,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Chodopsycha</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FC72F922FE4C008C" box="[964,1088,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ypsydocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FBE4F922FEE2008C" box="[1106,1262,1722,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Psychodocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FBE4F922FEE2008C" box="[1106,1262,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psychodocha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9513FFC9FEBEF97AFB5000A4" box="[264,348,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Psycha</emphasis>
. The delimitation of the tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FD09F97AF94D00A3" box="[703,833,1762,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Psychodini">Psychodini</taxonomicName>
is controversial within the systematics of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9513FFC9FEBEF892FB90017B" box="[264,412,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FE1DF892F849017B" author="Quate" box="[427,581,1802,1828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1959 a) Classification of the Psychodini (Psychodidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 444 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Quate 1959a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FDE7F891F8DA017B" author="Jezek" box="[593,726,1801,1828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FD55F892F98E017B" author="Vaillant" box="[739,898,1802,1828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Vaillant, F. (1990) Proposition pour une revision de la classification des Dipteres Psychodidae Psychodinae. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 80,141 - 163." type="book" year="1990">Vaillant 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FC38F892FE54017B" author="Duckhouse" box="[910,1112,1802,1828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Duckhouse, D. A. (1985) A re-examination of Neomaruina (Diptera, Psychodidae), with observations on its life-history and affinities and redefinition of the tribe Psychodini. Annals of the Natal Museum, 26 (2), 601 - 620." type="journal article" year="1985">Duckhouse 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9513FFC8FE8EF8AAFBF307A1" blockId="2.[264,1324,1118,1868]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1324,283,1710]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The classificatory proposals of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FD11F8AAF9430113" author="Quate" box="[679,847,1842,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1959 a) Classification of the Psychodini (Psychodidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 444 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Quate (1959a)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9513FFC9FC3FF8AAFE350113" author="Vaillant" box="[905,1081,1842,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="15" refString="Vaillant, F. (1990) Proposition pour une revision de la classification des Dipteres Psychodidae Psychodinae. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 80,141 - 163." type="book" year="1990">Vaillant (1990)</bibRefCitation>
do not comprise the morphological diversity observed in
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FD0DFE84F96C076A" box="[699,864,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FD0DFE84F921076A" box="[699,813,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Psychoda</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D26479512FFC8FC83FE84F96C076A" box="[821,864,284,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FC3CFE84FE1E0769" box="[906,1042,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Psychodini">Psychodini</taxonomicName>
). The proposal of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FB5EFE83FB5A0701" author="Jezek" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and Ježek &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FE40FEDCF8980701" author="Harten" box="[502,660,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (1996) Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands, captured with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Historia Natural, 48, 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Harten (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FD16FEDCF8D00701" author="Harten" box="[672,732,324,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (2005) Further new taxa and little-known species of non-biting moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Yemen. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45, 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
) was an advance in the taxonomy of this taxon, as it became possible to identify and name morphological groups of
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB9CFEF4FED807DA" box="[1066,1236,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FB9CFEF4FE9007DA" box="[1066,1180,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Psychoda</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D26479512FFC8FB11FEF4FED807DA" box="[1191,1236,364,389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Future studies with other morphological characters in addition to the antenna should be undertaken to corroborate the 12 taxa (genera) proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FC79FE23FE640789" author="Jezek" box="[975,1128,443,470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and by Ježek &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FEBEFE7CFBAA07A1" author="Harten" box="[264,422,484,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (1996) Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands, captured with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Historia Natural, 48, 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Harten (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FE04FE7CFBFE07A1" author="Harten" box="[434,498,484,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (2005) Further new taxa and little-known species of non-biting moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Yemen. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45, 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9512FFC8FE8EFD94F98D0581" blockId="3.[264,1324,283,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Three problems can be detected in applying the classificatory proposal of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FB23FD93FF260479" author="Jezek" box="[1173,1322,523,550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and Ježek &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FE07FDACF8580411" author="Harten" box="[433,596,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (1996) Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands, captured with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Historia Natural, 48, 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Harten (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FDD0FDACF8AA0411" author="Harten" box="[614,678,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (2005) Further new taxa and little-known species of non-biting moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Yemen. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45, 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
): a) some species originally described for
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FB0FFDACFF270412" box="[1209,1323,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB0FFDACFF270412" box="[1209,1323,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be assigned to any of the 12 genera proposed because they may have lost their apical flagellomeres, making it difficult to determine the genera of these described species; b) some Neotropical species of
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FDCDFD34F912049A" box="[635,798,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FDCDFD34F8E1049A" box="[635,749,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Psychoda</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D26479512FFC8FD42FD34F912049A" box="[756,798,684,709]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
do not correspond to any of the 12 proposed genera and their description will increase the number of monospecific genera (Ibáñez­
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FEBEFD64FB920549" author="Bernal" box="[264,414,764,790]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Ibanez-Bernal, S. (1993) Psychoda velita, a new species of moth fly from central Mexico (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37, 107 - 11." type="journal article" year="1993">Bernal 1993</bibRefCitation>
); c) some museum specimens loose the apical flagellomeres of the antenna, making their generic identification difficult using the classificatory system proposed by Ježek, and creating the same problem described in point “a” above. A fourth problem is related to the lack of nomenclatural stability; in some cases, a single species can be cited in the literature under two different names:
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FD4EFC04FE1605E9" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[760,1050,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Tinearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FD4EFC04F9DD05EA" box="[760,977,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tinearia alternata</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FBDFFC04FB480581" author="Wagner" pageId="3" pageNumber="15" refString="Wagner, R. &amp; Joost, W. (1994) On a small collection of Psychodidae (Diptera) from Colombia. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 29, 75 - 86." type="journal article" year="1994">Wagner &amp; Joost 1994</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FE33FC5CF8920581" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[389,670,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE33FC5CF8670582" box="[389,619,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda alternata</emphasis>
Say
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FD5EFC5CF9780581" author="Quate" box="[744,884,964,990]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1996) Preliminary taxonomy of Costa Rican Psychodidae (Diptera), exclusive of Phlebotominae. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44, 1 - 81 (Supplement 1)." type="journal article" year="1996">Quate 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9512FFC8FE8EFC74F82E0342" blockId="3.[264,1324,283,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
To solve these four problems, an alternative classification is presented for the species of
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE9DFB8CFBD90272" box="[299,469,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FE9DFB8CFB910272" box="[299,413,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Psychoda</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D26479512FFC8FE1EFB8CFBD90272" box="[424,469,1044,1069]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, namely that the following 12 genera considered by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FBEAFB8BFEF90271" author="Jezek" box="[1116,1269,1043,1070]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1984) Six new genera of the tribe Psychodini End. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 17, 133 - 153." type="journal article" year="1984">Ježek (1984)</bibRefCitation>
and Ježek &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FED8FBA4F8070209" author="Harten" box="[366,523,1084,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (1996) Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Cape Verde Islands, captured with a Johnson-Taylor suction trap. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, Historia Natural, 48, 63 - 86." type="journal article" year="1996">Harten (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FDA1FBA4F85F0209" author="Harten" box="[535,595,1084,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. &amp; van Harten, A (2005) Further new taxa and little-known species of non-biting moth flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Yemen. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45, 199 - 220." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
) be considered as subgenera of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FB8AFBA4FEA2020A" box="[1084,1198,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB8AFBA4FEA2020A" box="[1084,1198,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FEBEFBFCFBE20221" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[264,494,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FEBEFBFCFB760222" box="[264,378,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FDCEFBFCF93D0222" box="[632,817,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Copropsychoda</emphasis>
Vaillant; subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FB90FBFCFB5702F9" authority="Jezek &amp; Harten" authorityName="Jezek &amp; Harten" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Falsologima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB90FBFCFEB60222" box="[1062,1210,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Falsologima</emphasis>
Ježek &amp; Harten
</taxonomicName>
; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE50FB14F86302FA" box="[486,623,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychodula</emphasis>
Ježek; subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FCFCFB14FE2202FA" authority="Jezek" authorityName="Jezek" box="[842,1070,1163,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychomora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FCFCFB14F9D102FA" box="[842,989,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychomora</emphasis>
Ježek
</taxonomicName>
; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB0FFB14FF2702FA" box="[1209,1323,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychana</emphasis>
Ježek &amp; Harten; subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FDC4FB2CF92A0291" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" box="[626,806,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Logima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FDC4FB2CF8C70292" box="[626,715,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Logima</emphasis>
Eaton
</taxonomicName>
, subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FC08FB2CFF2A0291" authority="Schellenberg, 1803" authorityName="Schellenberg" authorityYear="1803" box="[958,1318,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Tinearia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FC08FB2CFE2D0292" box="[958,1057,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tinearia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FB83FB2CFF2A0291" author="Schellenberg" box="[1077,1318,1204,1230]" pageId="3" pageNumber="15" refString="Schellenberg, J. R. (1803) Genres des mouches dipteres, representes en XLII planches projettees et dessinees par Mr. J. R. Schellenberg et expliquees par deux amateurs de l'Entomologie. Zurich, Orell, 95 pp." type="book" year="1803">Schellenberg, 1803</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FEC8FB44F81202AA" box="[382,542,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chodopsycha</emphasis>
Ježek; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FD59FB44F96002AA" box="[751,876,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ypsydocha</emphasis>
Ježek; subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FB8AFB44FF2A02AA" authority="Jezek" authorityName="Jezek" box="[1084,1318,1243,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Psychodocha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FB8AFB44FED402AA" box="[1084,1240,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychodocha</emphasis>
Ježek
</taxonomicName>
; subgenus
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FECAFA9CFBDD0342" box="[380,465,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psycha</emphasis>
Ježek.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD5472E9512FFC8FE8EFAB4F8AE00F1" blockId="3.[264,1324,283,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE8EFAB4F87C0319" bold="true" box="[312,624,1324,1350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FE40FAB4F8660319" box="[502,618,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE40FAB4F8660319" bold="true" box="[502,618,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Two putative apomorphies previously were proposed for the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FE55FACCF8590332" box="[483,597,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FE55FACCF8590332" box="[483,597,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as proposed in this paper): additional anterior sclerite of the anepimeron (= pteropleurite of
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FDC0FAE3F8F503C9" author="Jezek" box="[630,761,1403,1430]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1983) Intergeneric relationships of selected tribes of the subfamily Psychodinae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 41, 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1983">Ježek 1983</bibRefCitation>
) not developed on the thorax of the adult (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FB51FAE3FB4A03E1" author="Jezek" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="JeZek, J. (1983) Intergeneric relationships of selected tribes of the subfamily Psychodinae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 41, 254 - 259." type="journal article" year="1983">Ježek 1983</bibRefCitation>
), and larval antenna with two mushroom­shaped elements flanking sensory rod or secondarily reduced from this condition (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FD5AFA54F9B403B9" author="Duckhouse" box="[748,952,1484,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Duckhouse, D. A. (1985) A re-examination of Neomaruina (Diptera, Psychodidae), with observations on its life-history and affinities and redefinition of the tribe Psychodini. Annals of the Natal Museum, 26 (2), 601 - 620." type="journal article" year="1985">Duckhouse 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Another two apomorphies are proposed for this taxon in the present paper: a) asymmetrical aedeagus with a simple paramere; a similar pattern of the aedeagus is observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FC0AF984FE750069" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" box="[956,1145,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Threticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FC0AF984FE25006A" box="[956,1065,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Threticus</emphasis>
Eaton
</taxonomicName>
, another genus of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FE9EF9DCFBB30001" box="[296,447,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psychodinae">Psychodinae</taxonomicName>
, and b) the presence of a genital digit in the subgenital plate of the female, a character observed only in the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C6A3CAD9512FFC8FCB3F9F4FE2700D9" authority="(Quate 1959a)" baseAuthorityName="Quate" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[773,1067,1644,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Psychoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91E9B3C9512FFC8FCB3F9F4F97B00DA" box="[773,887,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Psychoda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB3ADF9512FFC8FC31F9F4FE2E00D9" author="Quate" box="[903,1058,1644,1670]" pageId="3" pageNumber="14" refString="Quate, L. W. (1959 a) Classification of the Psychodini (Psychodidae: Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 52, 444 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Quate 1959a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; in some species, this structure has been secondarily lost.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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