269 lines
30 KiB
XML
269 lines
30 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EED4400E3E56F70C549F1EBB9C211854">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7861C9521A4B320B789A3E918548F1CC">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C0F6C0CB269C6DC7562013C3F76AA6BB">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0998952AC7002BCDDE39EB4EA3356C81">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588437FF84FE22F9ACFE37F9A2" bold="true" box="[389,500,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="465">schistosus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588437FF84FC78F9ACFB4CF9A2" bold="true" box="[991,1167,1536,1560]" pageId="66" pageNumber="465">Photo figure 99</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8437FF84FFDCF98CFDA2F982" blockId="66.[123,1167,1536,1592]" box="[123,609,1568,1592]" pageId="66" pageNumber="465">Beaked Sea Snake; Hooked-nosed Sea Snake</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588437FF84FF7CF9E1FE64F9D8" box="[219,423,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="465">Hydrophis schistosus</emphasis>
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, 7:386.
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,
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,
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<figureCitation id="132126CF8437FF84FDE0F9C1FD44F938" box="[583,647,1645,1667]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="153.[687,699,1365,1384]" captionTargetPageId="153" captionText="FIGURE 17. Chrysopelea paradisi (adult) (Sorsogon Prov., Luzon Id.) (KU uncat.; field no. RMB 22665). Photo © RMB." pageId="66" pageNumber="465">fig. 17</figureCitation>
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; 1943:449, fig. 144.—
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8437FF84FCC2F9C1FBF4F939" author="MCCARTHY, COLIN" box="[869,1079,1645,1667]" pageId="66" pageNumber="465" refId="ref68766" refString="MCCARTHY, COLIN. 1993 b. Enhydrina Gray, 1849. Pages 227 - 228 in P. Golay, H. M. Smith, D. G. Broadley, J. R. Dixon, C. McCarthy, J. - C. Rage, B. Schatti, and M. Toriba, eds., Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. Azemiops S. A., Aire-Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">McCarthy, 1993b:227</bibRefCitation>
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.— David and Ineich, 1999:92.— Whitaker and Captain, 2004:390, photo (p. 391).— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:265.
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FF7CFF71FE4BFF48" box="[219,392,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Disteira schistosa</emphasis>
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,
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.
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FF7CFF51FEFCFEA8" box="[219,319,253,274]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Hydrophis</emphasis>
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[
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FEE9FF51FE70FEA8" box="[334,435,253,274]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Enhydrina</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FE65FF51FDE0FEA8" box="[450,547,253,274]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">schistosus</emphasis>
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,
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, 21B, 22,
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18436FF85FFDCFE8AFE5BFE05" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFE8AFE5BFE05" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFE8AFDEFFE84" bold="true" box="[123,556,294,318]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
|
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.—
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7230178436FF85FDF3FE8AFE5BFE05" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4905143462" collectionCode="RCSM" country="India" location="Tranquebar" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1.10.7, BMNH 1921.7.28.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu State" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
“Restricted to
|
||
<location id="8EC56C918436FF85FD52FE8AFCACFE84" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8437FF85FFDCF9ACFCFDFCD8:8EC56C918436FF85FD52FE8AFCACFE84" box="[757,879,294,318]" country="India" name="Tranquebar" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu State">Tranquebar</location>
|
||
[=
|
||
<location id="8EC56C918436FF85FC30FE8AFB87FE84" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8437FF85FFDCF9ACFCFDFCD8:8EC56C918436FF85FC30FE8AFB87FE84" box="[919,1092,294,318]" country="India" name="Tharangambadi" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu State">Tharangambadi</location>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A88436FF85FBFFFE8AFE96FEE5" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Tamil Nadu State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A1723688436FF85FEC5FEEBFE42FEE5" box="[354,385,327,351]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">SE</locationDeviation>
|
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FE2DFEEAFE02FEE4" box="[394,449,326,350]" name="India" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
...
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FE5FFEEAFDE3FEE4" box="[504,544,326,350]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">fide</emphasis>
|
||
M.A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8436FF85FDCDFEEAFD36FEE4" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[618,757,326,350]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith (1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a: 39)” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8436FF85FCEBFEEAFBA4FEE4" author="WALLACH, VAN & KENNETH L. & WILLIAMS, AND" box="[844,1127,326,350]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" refId="ref78804" refString="WALLACH, VAN, KENNETH L. WILLIAMS, AND JEFF BOUNDY. 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">Wallach et al. [2014:265]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8436FF85FEABFECBFE03FEC5" author="BAUER, AARON" box="[268,448,359,383]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" pagination="18 - 65" refId="ref58019" refString="BAUER, AARON M. 2015. Patrick Russell's snakes and their role as type specimens. Hamadryad 37 (1 & 2): 18 - 65." type="journal article" year="2015">Bauer [2015:46]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Type based on Russell, 1801, p. 11, pl. x and p. 13, pl. xi. According to Wallach et al. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FE1CFE24FDC7FE25" box="[443,516,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">op. cit.</emphasis>
|
||
), “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A184E88436FF85FD84FE2BFD48FE25" box="[547,651,391,415]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318436FF85FD33FE2BFCAAFE25" box="[660,873,391,415]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">BMNH 1946.1.10.7</specimenCode>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0BA28F8436FF85FC7CFE2BFBE6FE25" box="[987,1061,391,415]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">RCSM</collectionCode>
|
||
&
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318436FF85FBE2FE2BFE98FE05" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">BMNH 1921.7.28.1</specimenCode>
|
||
)...”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18436FF85FFDCFE6BFD71FD3B" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFE6BFB55FD9A" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFE6BFE4EFE64" bold="true" box="[123,397,455,479]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
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<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968436FF85FF5EFE67FE4EFE64" baselines="473" box="[249,397,459,478]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="distribution" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">DISTRIBUTION</smallCapsWord>
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</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FE12FE6BFDEEFE65" box="[437,557,455,479]" name="Philippines" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(although there are no specific records, its wide range and occurrence in the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FE78FE4BFDDCFE45" box="[479,543,487,511]" name="China" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea in muddy bottoms of coastal waters and at the mouths of streams, makes its occurrence in the coastal waters of southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FC6DFDA4FB81FD9A" box="[970,1090,520,544]" name="Philippines" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
likely).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFD84FD71FD3B" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFD84FD73FDFA" bold="true" box="[123,688,552,576]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
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||
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(
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968436FF85FE37FD87FE1BFD84" baselines="569" box="[400,472,555,574]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="other" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">OTHER</smallCapsWord>
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|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FD83FD84FD6BFD84" box="[548,680,552,576]" name="Philippines" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.— Persian/Arabian Gulf (Iraq, Iran), Oman, Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, east to New Guinea and Australia (David and Ineich [1999:92]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18436FF85FFDCFD25FB55FCF8" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFD25FBCEFCBB" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968436FF85FFDCFD25FF25FD25" baselines="667,666" box="[123,230,649,673]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFD25FF25FD25" bold="true" box="[123,230,649,673]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— Stuebing and Inger note that “The Beaked Sea Snake is a dangerous species, with potent venom and a reputation in Peninsula
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8436FF85FD15FD05FCD7FD7B" box="[690,788,681,705]" name="Malaysia" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for biting fishermen. Because of its preference for muddy bottoms, it is sometimes trod upon in shallow tidal flats by people who wade barefoot while netting prawns.” (Stuebing and Inger [1999:207].)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFCA6FB55FCF8" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
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|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFCA6FF25FC9A" bold="true" box="[123,230,778,802]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
.— We have tentatively assigned this species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98436FF85FD44FCA5FC90FC9B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[739,851,777,801]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FD44FCA5FC90FC9B" box="[739,851,777,801]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consistent with the treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98436FF85FF50FC86FEA4FCF8" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[247,359,810,834]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FF50FC86FEA4FCF8" box="[247,359,810,834]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related nominal genera by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8436FF85FD10FC86FC57FCF8" author="SANDERS, KATE & S. Y & LEE, MUMPUNI & TERRY BERTOZZI, AND" box="[695,916,810,834]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" pagination="575 - 591" refId="ref72853" refString="SANDERS, KATE L., MICHAEL S. Y. LEE, MUMPUNI, TERRY BERTOZZI, AND ARNE REDSTED RASMUSSEN. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 575 - 591, 4 figs., 1 table, Appendices A and B." type="book chapter" year="2013">Sanders et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8436FF85FC60FC86FB51FCF8" author="PYRON, R. & ALEXANDER, FRANK & T. BURBRINK & AND JOHN & J. WIENS" box="[967,1170,810,834]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref71760" refString="PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, FRANK T. BURBRINK, AND JOHN J. WIENS. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (93): 26 - 53." type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18436FF85FFDCFCE6FCFDFCD8" box="[123,830,842,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8436FF85FFDCFCE6FCFDFCD8" blockId="67.[123,1174,294,866]" box="[123,830,842,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588436FF85FFDCFCE6FE0DFCD8" bold="true" box="[123,462,842,866]" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">
|
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<smallCapsWord id="8D43AC968436FF85FE82FCE1FEB3FCDA" baselines="859" box="[293,368,845,864]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="status" pageId="67" pageNumber="466">STATUS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
[IUCN]
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |