651 lines
75 KiB
XML
651 lines
75 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="08416C72E0017A9DF3C59DC3B3D434E0">Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the Catharus fuscater (Passeriformes: Turdidae) complex in Central and South America</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="587A9E0217007BAEF7198F9E61672261" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0304002D30E3F772A86553E498F37FCC">Halley, Maưhew R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2B85C6EB2ED1A17F15F98CF6EF87A18">Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 19104</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1328A4CD9A425412CD5CC2117D3CE203">Catanach, Therese A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B264541ED9515446730BF53ED78BE8CF">Ornithology Department, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 19103</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="808F83FD6D849F705882D56A341364A2">Klicka, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5629E04257340D164E07AC59FE429919">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seaưle, Washington, USA, 98105</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E8ED0AF37FD1CEC8F32A66110C9E8BC6">Weckstein, Jason D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC455953F3DB8F33E6252F5CA2F12DC2">Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 19104 & Ornithology Department, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 19103</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="AC254231EFA6B81581E6AB1F4FC0416E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C80213274C83C0589875E6FF1AC49B37">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8328707" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212969829" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8328707" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<subSubSection id="C31365458367FFC5B1BE4EB92276FC54" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1BE4EB92298FC60" blockId="29.[236,670,942,969]" box="[236,670,942,969]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<heading id="D0FE81A28367FFC5B1BE4EB92298FC60" bold="true" box="[236,670,942,969]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B1BE4EB92298FC60" authority="Sclater and Salvin 1879" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1879" box="[236,670,942,969]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
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<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1BE4EB92298FC60" bold="true" box="[236,670,942,969]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1BE4EB921A2FC60" bold="true" box="[236,420,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Catharus mentalis</emphasis>
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Sclater and Salvin 1879
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B04B4EF42276FC54" blockId="29.[281,624,995,1021]" box="[281,624,995,1021]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B04B4EF42276FC54" bold="true" box="[281,624,995,1021]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B04B4EF421A1FC54" box="[281,423,995,1021]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
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||
nightingale-thrush
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||
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31365458367FFC5B02D490F220DFB9B" box="[383,523,1048,1074]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B02D490F220DFB9B" blockId="29.[383,523,1048,1074]" box="[383,523,1048,1074]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B02D490F220DFB9B" bold="true" box="[383,523,1048,1074]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13322A4B8367FFC5B0D4490F21DDFB9B" box="[390,475,1048,1074]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="23.[129,194,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[257,1346,156,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-75@23.[247,1356,144,1680]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 15. Ventral and dorsal views of the adult male plumages in C. b. berlepschi, C. b. caniceps, C. o.tenebris ssp. nov., C. b. nebulus ssp.nov., and C. mentalis. Photograph by M.R.H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326332/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8367FFC5B0B6490F2206FB9B" box="[484,512,1048,1074]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="24.[113,178,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[285,1290,156,1680]" captionTargetId="figure-124@24.[282,1290,144,1680]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 16. Ventral and dorsal views of the adult female plumages in C. b. berlepschi, C. b. caniceps, C. o.tenebris ssp. nov., C. b. nebulus ssp.nov., and C. mentalis. Photograph by M.R.H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326334/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">16</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31365458367FFC5B1DD494922E4FA06" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1DD49492171FB1D" blockId="29.[143,778,1118,1455]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B1DD49492303FBDF" authority="Sclater and Salvin 1876: 352" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityPageNumber="352" authorityYear="1876" box="[143,773,1118,1142]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1DD49492140FBDF" box="[143,326,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Catharus mentalis</emphasis>
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||
Sclater and Salvin 1876: 352, 1879: 591
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; Seebohm 1881: 285; Sharpe 1902: 182; Warren and Harrison 1971: 346.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1DD49AB216EFAF8" blockId="29.[143,778,1118,1455]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1911E08367FFC5B1DD49AB216EFAF8" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B1DD49AB2256FB7D" ID-CoL="7JGYV" authority="Berlepsch 1902" authorityName="Berlepsch" authorityYear="1902" box="[143,592,1212,1236]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="fuscater" subSpecies="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1DD49AB2199FB7D" box="[143,415,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Catharus fuscater mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B0F949AB2256FB7D" author="von Berlepsch HG" box="[427,592,1212,1236]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" pagination="69 - 71" refId="ref29526" refString="von Berlepsch HG. Beschreibung zweier neuer Drosselformen aus Sudamerika. Ornithologische Monatsberichte 1902; 5: 69 - 71." type="journal article" year="1902">Berlepsch 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA810DF8367FFC5B33049AB20D7FB5A" author="Hellmayr CE" page="467" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" year="1934">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B33049AB20D7FB5A" author="Hellmayr CE" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 531" refId="ref31543" refString="Hellmayr CE. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History, including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Archipelago and other islands which may be included on account of their faunal affinities. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 13 1934; 7: 1 - 531." type="journal article" year="1934">Hellmayr 1934: 467</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B18849CC2252FB5A" author="Bond J & Meyer de Schauensee R" box="[218,596,1243,1268]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref29701" refString="Bond J, Meyer de Schauensee R. The Birds of Bolivia. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1942." type="book" year="1942">Bond and Meyer de Schauensee 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA810DF8367FFC5B30C49CC2303FB5A" author="Bond J" box="[606,773,1243,1267]" page="242" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B30C49CC2303FB5A" author="Bond J" box="[606,773,1243,1267]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" pagination="227 - 47" refId="ref29674" refString="Bond J. Additional notes on Peruvian Birds II. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1956; 108: 227 - 47." type="journal article" year="1956">Bond 1956: 242</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Ridgley and Tudor 1989: 109;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA810DF8367FFC5B0A549ED20D7FA9B" author="Fjeldsa J & Krabbe N" page="554" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B0A549ED20D7FA9B" author="Fjeldsa J & Krabbe N" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref30694" refString="Fjeldsa J, Krabbe N. Birds of the High Andes. Svendborg, Denmark: Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, and Apollo Books, 1990." type="book" year="1990">Fjeldså and Krabbe 1990: 554</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA810DF8367FFC5B189480D21A3FA9B" author="Clement P" box="[219,421,1306,1330]" page="299" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B189480D21A3FA9B" author="Clement P" box="[219,421,1306,1330]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref30112" refString="Clement P. Thrushes. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2000." type="book" year="2000">Clement 2000: 299</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AA810DF8367FFC5B0FD480D225AFA9B" author="Collar NJ" box="[431,604,1306,1330]" page="700" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B0FD480D225AFA9B" author="Collar NJ" box="[431,604,1306,1330]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref30149" refString="Collar NJ. Family Turdidae (Thrushes). In del Hoyo J, Elliou A, Christie DA, (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes, pp. 514 - 807. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 2005." type="book" year="2005">Collar 2005: 700</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(in part);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B394480D20DDFAF8" author="Halley MR" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref31093" refString="Halley MR. Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush (Catharus fuscater), version 1.0. In: Schulenberg TS, ed. Birds of the World. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2020. hups: // doi. org / 10.2173 / bow. sbnthr 1.01" type="book" year="2020">Halley 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B3F8367FFC5B1B4482E2164FAF8" author="Halley MR" box="[230,354,1337,1361]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" refId="ref31140" refString="Halley MR. Integrative systematics and evolution of seasonal migration in the nightingale-thrushes (Aves: Turdidae: Catharus). Ph. D. Thesis, Drexel University, Proºuest Dissertations Publishing. 2021." type="book" year="2021">Halley 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1DD484F22E4FA06" blockId="29.[143,778,1118,1455]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B1DD484F2298FAD8" ID-CoL="69G37" authority="Meyer de Schauensee 1966: 412" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityPageNumber="412" authorityYear="1966" box="[143,670,1368,1393]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1DD484F2138FAD8" box="[143,318,1368,1393]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Catharus fuscater</emphasis>
|
||
Meyer de Schauensee 1966: 412
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in part); Meyer de Schauensee 1970: 342 (in part); Schulenberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B38E486E230CFA39" box="[732,778,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007(in part); Vidoz 2009, Remsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B34A488F2241FA06" box="[536,583,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023 (in part).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31365458367FFC6B0D648C222E9FC12" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="258" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B0D648C22200FA47" blockId="29.[129,778,1492,1837]" box="[388,518,1492,1518]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B0D648C22200FA47" box="[388,518,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2886C8367FFC5B0D648C221B4FA47" box="[388,434,1493,1518]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1D348ED2110F884" blockId="29.[129,778,1492,1837]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
Monotypic species.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B00C48EC221DF939" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001490" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="C. Buckley" county="Suapi" location="Warren" municipality="Paynter" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="NHMUK 1885.3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B00C48EC221EF9BB" box="[350,536,1530,1554]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">NHMUK 1885.3</specimenCode>
|
||
.2.35 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2886C8367FFC5B30D48EC22BFF9BA" box="[607,697,1531,1555]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
), study skin, from the Salvin–Godman Collection, collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B3A34B0D20D2F9F8" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. Buckley</collectorName>
|
||
at ‘Suape’ in ‘prov. Yungas, Bolivia’ (=
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D74E428367FFC5B33D4B2E22A9F9F8" box="[623,687,1593,1617]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Suapi</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B3EE4B2D2303F9F8" box="[700,773,1594,1617]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
, approximately –15.30˚, –67.31˚; see:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B3444B4E2260F9D8" box="[534,614,1625,1649]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Paynter</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
1992: 141), in 1876 (
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B1974B6F2114F926" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B1974B6F2114F926" box="[197,274,1656,1679]" county="Suapi" municipality="Paynter" name="Warren" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="La Paz">Warren</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B0134B6F2199F939" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B0134B6F2199F939" box="[321,415,1656,1680]" county="Suapi" municipality="Paynter" name="Harrison" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="La Paz">Harrison</location>
|
||
1971: 346)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B3764B6F2175F967" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001357" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="C. Buckley" location="Suapi" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="NHMUK 1885.3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Paz" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B3764B6F22D1F939" box="[548,727,1656,1680]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">NHMUK 1885.3</specimenCode>
|
||
.2.36 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2886C8367FFC5B1DA4B8020E4F906" box="[136,226,1687,1711]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
), collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B0284B8021EDF906" box="[378,491,1687,1711]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. Buckley</collectorName>
|
||
in ‘Yungas’ (presumably at
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B1D34BA120BBF967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B1D34BA120BBF967" box="[129,189,1718,1742]" name="Suapi" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="La Paz">Suapi</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B19A4BA02117F966" box="[200,273,1719,1743]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
) in 1876
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B02C4BA02117F884" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001484" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="C. Buckley & A. L. Bond" country="Bolivia" location="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="NHMUK 1886.8" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B02C4BA02232F967" box="[382,564,1718,1742]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">NHMUK 1886.8</specimenCode>
|
||
.2.20 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2886C8367FFC5B3274BA022C9F966" box="[629,719,1719,1743]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
), collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B1B54BC1215FF947" box="[231,345,1750,1774]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. Buckley</collectorName>
|
||
at ‘Suapi’,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B09B4BC12213F947" box="[457,533,1750,1774]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These specimens were not examined in this study. Label data were provided by
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B38E4BE220BCF885" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">A.L. Bond</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B1994A022103F885" box="[203,261,1812,1836]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">in litt.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B0214A422210F8C6" blockId="29.[129,777,1877,1971]" box="[371,534,1877,1903]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B0214A422210F8C6" box="[371,534,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Geographic range</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B1D34A6C219BF81A" blockId="29.[129,777,1877,1971]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
Occurs in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B01B4A6B217DF83A" box="[329,379,1916,1939]" name="Peru" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, east of the Río
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B3484A6C2284F83A" box="[538,642,1915,1939]" country="Peru" name="Apurimac" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Apurímac</collectingRegion>
|
||
, east to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B3834A6C20B0F81A" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B1ED4A8D2101F81B" box="[191,263,1946,1970]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Vidoz 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B5514D8724FEFF03" blockId="29.[825,1475,144,582]" box="[1027,1272,144,170]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B5514D8724FEFF03" box="[1027,1272,144,170]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Adult specimens examined</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B26B4DA125A7FE23" blockId="29.[825,1475,144,582]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B26B4DA1237FFEC2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001451" collectionCode="DMNH, AMNH" country="Bolivia" location="Rio Aceramarca" municipality="Laguna Zongo" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="DMNH 67204, 67207, DMNH 67201, 67206, AMNH 229261, AMNH 138743, AMNH 229258, AMNH 229257" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="La Paz">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B26B4DA12387FF67" box="[825,897,182,206]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2C44DA023AFFF67" box="[918,937,183,206]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 12):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2AE4DA02445FF67" box="[1020,1091,183,206]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5064DA124C7FF67" box="[1108,1217,182,206]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B59D4DA12567FF67" box="[1231,1377,182,206]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="female">three females</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B4244DA02384FF47" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Laguna Zongo</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B2CA4DC12444FF47" box="[920,1090,214,238]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">DMNH 67204</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B50B4DC1249CFF47" box="[1113,1178,214,238]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67207</specimenCode>
|
||
(males),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B4474DC125B8FF47" box="[1301,1470,214,238]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">DMNH 67201</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B26B4DE2237CFEA4" box="[825,890,245,269]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67206</specimenCode>
|
||
(females); unspecified locality on the
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B4464DE225B9FEA4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B4464DE225B9FEA4" box="[1300,1471,245,269]" country="Bolivia" municipality="Laguna Zongo" name="Rio Aceramarca" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="La Paz">Río Aceramarca</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B26B4C0323E5FE85" box="[825,995,276,300]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">AMNH 229261</specimenCode>
|
||
(male); Sandillani:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5924C03256CFE85" box="[1216,1386,276,300]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">AMNH 138743</specimenCode>
|
||
(male); Nequejahuruira:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B2B94C232494FEE2" box="[1003,1170,307,332]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">AMNH 229258</specimenCode>
|
||
(male),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5BC4C232593FEE2" box="[1262,1429,307,332]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">AMNH 229257</specimenCode>
|
||
(female)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2D04C44259BFE23" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001354" collectionCode="CM, FMNH" country="Bolivia" location="Cerro Incachaca" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="CM 120346, FMNH 181675, CM 120345" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cochabamba">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2D04C44240FFEC2" box="[898,1033,339,363]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5454C442484FEC2" box="[1047,1154,339,363]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5DE4C442505FEC2" box="[1164,1283,339,363]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B4464C4425B9FEC2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B4464C4425B9FEC2" box="[1300,1471,339,363]" country="Bolivia" name="Cerro Incachaca" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="Cochabamba">Cerro Incachaca</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B26B4C6523BEFE23" box="[825,952,370,394]" collectionCode="CM" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">CM 120346</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B2934C642464FE23" box="[961,1122,370,394]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 181675</specimenCode>
|
||
(males),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5934C652538FE23" box="[1217,1342,370,394]" collectionCode="CM" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">CM 120345</specimenCode>
|
||
(female)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B2074C8525A4FDEF" blockId="29.[825,1475,144,582]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2074C85239FFE41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001396" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Peru" county="La Esperanza" location="Paucartambo" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 433742, FMNH 433738, FMNH 433740" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B2074C852380FE00" box="[853,902,402,425]" name="Peru" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2C64C8523A1FE00" box="[916,935,402,425]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 9):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2BA4C85242FFE03" box="[1000,1065,402,426]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cusco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5664C85249AFE03" box="[1076,1180,402,426]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5F74C852523FE03" box="[1189,1317,402,426]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B4674C8525B9FE00" box="[1333,1471,402,425]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Esperanza</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B26B4CA623C3FE60" box="[825,965,433,457]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Paucartambo</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B29F4CA62469FE60" box="[973,1135,433,457]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 433742</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5254CA624C3FE60" box="[1143,1221,433,457]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">433738</specimenCode>
|
||
(males),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B4734CA625C4FE60" box="[1313,1474,433,457]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 433740</specimenCode>
|
||
(female);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2F74CC725C4FE41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001426" box="[933,1474,464,488]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Peru" county="Pillahuaua" location="Paucartambo" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 430057" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B2F74CC72412FE41" box="[933,1044,464,488]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Pillahuatta</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B5764CC724B7FE41" box="[1060,1201,464,488]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Puacartambo</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5934CC6256FFE41" box="[1217,1385,464,488]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 430057</specimenCode>
|
||
(male);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B26B4CE7252CFDA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001376" box="[825,1322,495,520]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Peru" location="Bosque San Luis" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 299706" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B26B4CE723FDFDA1" box="[825,1019,496,520]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bosque San Luis</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B55D4CE724BDFDAE" box="[1039,1211,495,519]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 299706</specimenCode>
|
||
(female);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B4684CE72430FD8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001416" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Peru" location="Limacpunco" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 222381" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B4684CE725B9FDA1" box="[1338,1471,496,520]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Limacpunco</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B26B4F1823E4FD8E" box="[825,994,527,551]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 222381</specimenCode>
|
||
(male)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B5144F182380FDEF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001337" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Peru" location="San Pedro Village" municipality="Village" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 364458" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B5144F1824B3FD8E" box="[1094,1205,527,551]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B5924F18250DFD8E" box="[1216,1291,527,551]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Village</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B4484F1825C4FD8E" box="[1306,1474,527,551]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 364458</specimenCode>
|
||
(male);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2D94F382446FDEF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001447" box="[907,1088,558,582]" country="Peru" location="Puno" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B2D94F3823C4FDEF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B2D94F3823C4FDEF" box="[907,962,559,582]" country="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" municipality="Village" name="Puno" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Puno</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B29D4F392433FDEF" box="[975,1077,558,582]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B5174F392598FDEF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001341" box="[1093,1438,558,582]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="Peru" location="Oconeque" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="ANSP 102367" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FC53188367FFC5B5174F3924B3FDEF" box="[1093,1205,558,582]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Oconeque</collectorName>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5EF4F392557FDEF" box="[1213,1361,558,582]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ANSP 102367</specimenCode>
|
||
(male)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B2BD4F7C250AFD2D" blockId="29.[825,1475,618,868]" box="[1007,1292,618,644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2BD4F7C250AFD2D" box="[1007,1292,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Immature specimens examined</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B26B4F872573FD4E" blockId="29.[825,1475,618,868]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B26B4F872577FD4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001386" collectionCode="DMNH, AMNH" country="Bolivia" location="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="DMNH 67200, 67202, 67203, 67205, DMNH 67198, 67199, AMNH 229260" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="La Paz">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B26B4F872387FD01" box="[825,897,656,680]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2CB4F8623AAFD01" box="[921,940,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 6):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2A74F862446FD01" box="[1013,1088,657,680]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5064F8724C2FD01" box="[1108,1220,656,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">five males</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5844F862558FD01" box="[1238,1374,656,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
): Laguna Zongo:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B2DE4FA7242EFD61" box="[908,1064,688,712]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">DMNH 67200</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5604FA72473FD61" box="[1074,1141,688,712]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67202</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5D24FA724C5FD61" box="[1152,1219,688,712]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67203</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B59F4FA72508FD61" box="[1229,1294,688,712]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67205</specimenCode>
|
||
(males),
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B43D4FA7237AFD4E" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">DMNH 67198</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B2D74FD823C0FD4E" box="[901,966,719,743]" collectionCode="DMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34940" name="Delaware Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">67199</specimenCode>
|
||
(females); Acara:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5D24FD82522FD4E" box="[1152,1316,719,743]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">AMNH 229260</specimenCode>
|
||
(male)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B2074FF825BCFCCD" blockId="29.[825,1475,618,868]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2074FF82489FCEC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001466" collectionCode="USNM, FMNH" country="Peru" location="Tocopoquen" municipality="Occobauiba Valley" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="USNM 273314, FMNH 299705" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Cusco">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B2074FF82380FCAF" box="[853,902,751,774]" name="Peru" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2CA4FF823ADFCAF" box="[920,939,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2BD4FF82436FCAE" box="[1007,1072,751,775]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cusco</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5124FF824A2FCAF" box="[1088,1188,750,775]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478367FFC5B5E24FF82532FCAF" box="[1200,1332,750,774]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B4154FF92371FC8F" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Occobauiba Valley</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B22D4E192400FC8C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B22D4E192400FC8C" box="[895,1030,782,805]" country="Peru" municipality="Occobauiba Valley" name="Tocopoquen" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="Cusco">Tocopoquen</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B55C4E1924AAFC8F" box="[1038,1196,782,806]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">USNM 273314</specimenCode>
|
||
(female); Bosque San Luis:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B26B4E3923D9FCEC" box="[825,991,813,837]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 299705</specimenCode>
|
||
(male); Pensión
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B5CA4E3A25B0FCCD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001301" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Sweden" location="Cosnipata Valley" municipality="Shintuya Highway" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="FMNH 398318" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B5CA4E3A24DAFCEC" box="[1176,1244,813,837]" name="Sweden" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Suecia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, km 138.5 on
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B42B4E3A23F3FCCD" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cusco-Shintuya Highway</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B2AC4E5B24ABFCCD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B2AC4E5B24ABFCCD" box="[1022,1197,844,868]" country="Sweden" municipality="Shintuya Highway" name="Cosnipata Valley" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cosnipata Valley</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B5E74E5A2551FCCD" box="[1205,1367,844,868]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH 398318</specimenCode>
|
||
(female)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B5524E9F24FDFC0B" blockId="29.[1024,1275,904,930]" box="[1024,1275,904,930]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B5524E9F24FDFC0B" box="[1024,1275,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Audio recordings examined</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B26B4EB825BBFC4F" blockId="29.[825,1474,943,1092]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B26B4EB82387FC6E" box="[825,897,943,967]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2C64EB823A1FC6F" box="[916,935,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 3):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2BE4EB82430FC6F" box="[1004,1078,943,966]" country="Bolivia" name="La Paz" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">La Paz</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Fuertecillo: XC 123041; Río Milluni near Titi Amaya, Inquisivi: XC 1998; Muñamachay: XC 73252.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B2074EF92388FBED" blockId="29.[825,1474,943,1092]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B613C938367FFC5B2074EF92457FB8D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4406001492" collectionCode="ML" country="Peru" location="Rio Poyeni" municipality="Cordillera Vilcabamba" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" specimenCode="ML 92162" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Junin">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8367FFC5B2074EF92380FBAC" box="[853,902,1006,1029]" name="Peru" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2CD4EF923B4FBAC" box="[927,946,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B2AF4EFA243EFBAC" box="[1021,1080,1005,1029]" country="Peru" name="Junin" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Junín</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD2ACB48367FFC5B5194EFA253BFBAC" box="[1099,1341,1005,1029]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Cordillera Vilcabamba</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, headwaters of
|
||
<location id="8ED660158367FFC5B205491A23D6FB8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087D88367FFC6B1BE4EB922E9FC12:8ED660158367FFC5B205491A23D6FB8D" box="[855,976,1036,1061]" country="Peru" municipality="Cordillera Vilcabamba" name="Rio Poyeni" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" stateProvince="Junin">Río Poyeni</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBAF9EB58367FFC5B28E491A2457FB8D" box="[988,1105,1036,1060]" collectionCode="ML" country="France" name="Musee de Lectoure" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ML 92162</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8367FFC5B50C491A249FFB8D" box="[1118,1177,1037,1060]" country="Peru" name="Puno" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Puno</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B5F7491B250EFB8D" authority=": ML" authorityName="ML" box="[1189,1288,1036,1060]" class="Insecta" genus="Sina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sina: ML</taxonomicName>
|
||
148105, 148129, 148130.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B51D497F24AAFB28" blockId="29.[1103,1196,1128,1153]" box="[1103,1196,1128,1153]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B51D497F24AAFB28" box="[1103,1196,1128,1153]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B26B499923D7F9B7" blockId="29.[825,1475,1166,1566]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B26B49992394FB0C" box="[825,914,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Genetics:</emphasis>
|
||
In the UCE tree, samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B5EA49992523FB0F" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1208,1317,1166,1190]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B5EA49992523FB0F" box="[1208,1317,1166,1190]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formed a clade that was sister to a large South American clade composed of samples of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2D249DA241FFB4D" box="[896,1049,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
C. o.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B2E249DA241FFB4D" box="[944,1049,1229,1252]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opertaneus">opertaneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B57649DA2499FB4C" box="[1060,1183,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. o. tenebris</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B45049DA2594FB4C" box="[1282,1426,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
C. b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B46149DA2594FB4C" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1888" box="[1331,1426,1229,1253]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B26B49FB23B4FAAD" box="[825,946,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.. In the
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B50149FB2480FAAD" box="[1107,1158,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ND2</emphasis>
|
||
tree, samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B47B49FB2593FAAD" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1321,1429,1260,1284]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B47B49FB2593FAAD" box="[1321,1429,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also formed a clade, but its placement in the broader phylogeny of the complex was unresolved. The divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B44C483C258DFAEA" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1310,1419,1323,1347]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B44C483C258DFAEA" box="[1310,1419,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B26B485D23B0FACB" box="[825,950,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
C. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B239485D23B0FACB" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityYear="1966" box="[875,950,1354,1378]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">fuscater</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was estimated at 2.4 Mya (95% HPD = 1.9–3.0), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B234487D23D2FA28" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[870,980,1385,1409]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B234487D23D2FA28" box="[870,980,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also highly divergent from
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B448487D2591FA28" box="[1306,1431,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov., its northern geographic neighbour and the only population likely to establish secondary contact with it during glacial maxima (mean uncorrected
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B50848DF2461FA76" box="[1114,1127,1480,1503]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">p</emphasis>
|
||
-distance = 0.07 ± <0.01).
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B42948D025C4FA76" box="[1403,1474,1479,1503]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ABGD</collectionCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B23648F023A4FA56" box="[868,930,1511,1535]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ASAP</collectionCode>
|
||
analyses both identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B5C848F02500FA56" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1178,1286,1511,1535]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B5C848F02500FA56" box="[1178,1286,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an independent genetic cluster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8367FFC5B26B4B28257FF819" blockId="29.[825,1476,1599,1968]" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B26B4B2823B3F9FE" box="[825,949,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Morphology:</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B5004B5724C7F9FE" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1106,1217,1599,1623]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B5004B5724C7F9FE" box="[1106,1217,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibited polychromatic plumage colour, with two distinct colour phenotypes in males, unlike other taxa in the complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8367FFC5B5384B6924A6F93F" box="[1130,1184,1662,1686]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[128,193,915,939]" captionTargetBox="[321,1266,185,887]" captionTargetId="figure-204@13.[321,1281,144,887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Side view of polychromatic adult plumages in C. [f.] mentalis (from left to right): 1, FMNH 433742, a ‘grey’ male with enlarged testes; 2, FMNH 433738, a ‘brown’ male with enlarged testes; 3, FMNH 364458, a ‘brown’ male with testes not enlarged; 4, FMNH 433740, an adult female with an enlarged ovary.Adults of both colour types (FMNH 433742, 433738) were collected at the same site in November 2001. Photograph by M.R.H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326318/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), except possibly
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B4024B6925C4F93F" box="[1360,1474,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
C. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B42B4B6925C4F93F" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityYear="1966" box="[1401,1474,1662,1686]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">fuscater</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B23B4B8923EBF91C" box="[873,1005,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov. (see above). Male specimens were clearly separable into ‘grey’ (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B5324BAA24B7F97C" box="[1120,1201,1725,1749]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
222381,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B4464BAA2564F97D" box="[1300,1378,1725,1748]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
430057) and ‘brown’ (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B2914BCB2400F95D" box="[963,1030,1756,1780]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">ANSP</collectionCode>
|
||
102367,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B53B4BCB24B1F95A" box="[1129,1207,1756,1779]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
181675,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B4484BCB256EF95A" box="[1306,1384,1756,1779]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
299705,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8367FFC5B26B4BEB2381F8BA" box="[825,903,1788,1811]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
364458) phenotypes. ‘Grey’ males were similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B4CB4BEB23C5F89B" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. f. sanctaemartae</emphasis>
|
||
males, but with slightly browner (and less dark) breasts and throats and reduced black on the chin. ‘Brown’ males resembled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B2F54A4D2414F8D8" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[935,1042,1881,1905]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B2F54A4D2414F8D8" box="[935,1042,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females in plumage colour, and in having a black maxilla (a retained juvenile character).Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B40B4A6E25C4F839" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[1369,1474,1912,1936]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B40B4A6E25C4F839" box="[1369,1474,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were similar in colour to
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8367FFC5B57C4A8F24A7F819" box="[1070,1185,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="257">
|
||
C. f.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8367FFC5B50A4A8F24A7F819" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityYear="1966" box="[1112,1185,1944,1968]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">fuscater</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
females (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68B03758367FFC5B4524A8F2554F819" box="[1280,1362,1944,1968]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="12.[115,170,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Table 3. Adult plumage colour variation in the C.[fuscater] complex based on specimens in the ANSP, DMNH, FMNH, and LSUMZ. Numbers taken from Smithe (1975) denote colours on the crown, back, undertail coverts (tl-covs), flanks, breast, and throat. ‘Chin’ is scored with two levels (0,1) referring to the absence or presence, respectively, of an unbroken (although sometimes faint) line of darker feathers connecting the malar regions across the chin.Specimens from southern Ecuador and north-western Peru (C. [f.] caniceps) were scored separately from north-western Ecuador (C. [f.] berlepschi), despite showing low genetic divergence, to illustrate plumage colour differences. Specimens from eastern Panama (C.[f.] mirabilis, Undescribed 1) were scored using non-fresh (faded) specimens (see text). Color scores from a ‘brown type’ unsexed specimen of C. [f.] fuscater, the only study skin of that taxon available for the formal analysis, are included below as ‘female’." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7666468376FFD4B1214D9820BBFEC2" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" tableUuid="DF7666468376FFD4B1214D9820BBFEC2">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68B03758367FFC5B40E4A8F256FF819" box="[1372,1385,1944,1968]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="13.[129,184,1058,1082]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 4. Taxonomic, sexual, and age-related variation in the extent of black on the maxilla, scored with five levels (see text) in a geographically broad sample of C. [fuscater] study skins (N = 295). The endpoints of the scale are no black (0) and completely black (4). Means (±SD) are shown for adults of each sex, and immatures (both sexes combined)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7666468377FFD5B1D349352306FBDB" pageId="29" pageNumber="257" tableUuid="DF7666468377FFD5B1D349352306FBDB">4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8364FFC6B1234D8622ABFD34" blockId="30.[113,763,144,669]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B1234D862162FF01" box="[113,356,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
Voice:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B1E64D872162FF01" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[180,356,144,168]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">Catharus mentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was distinguished from all taxa except
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B1234DA720EAFF6E" box="[113,236,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. o. tenebris</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0034DA721EFFF6E" box="[337,489,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
C. o.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B0D64DA721EFFF6E" box="[388,489,176,199]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opertaneus">opertaneus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3734DA7229DFF6E" box="[545,667,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov., by its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B2886C8364FFC6B1E34DD820E3FF4E" box="[177,229,207,231]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
3 (‘short/simple’) punctuation call structure. Its ‘ascending’ blurred call was of higher frequency, simpler in structure, and shorter in duration than the ‘check-shaped’ blurred calls of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3B64C1920CBFEEC" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov. and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0004C3A21DBFEEC" box="[338,477,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
C. b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B0D04C3A21DBFEEC" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1888" box="[386,477,301,325]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="berlepschi">berlepschi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8364FFC6B0BE4C3A2228FEEC" box="[492,558,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="16.[113,178,1881,1905]" captionTargetBox="[305,1267,1451,1852]" captionTargetId="figure-38@16.[304,1267,1449,1853]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 11. Taxonomic variation in the structure of ‘blurred calls’, visualized in RavenPro 1.5 (Cornell University). The black line divides calls that modulate upward in frequency (left) and downward in frequency (right); both types were detected in C. [f.] berlepschi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326324/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Among these taxa, the punctuation calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B0314C5B21CBFECD" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[355,461,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0314C5B21CBFECD" box="[355,461,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the simplest in structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8364FFC6B12E4C7C20B3FE2A" box="[124,181,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="15.[129,194,1289,1313]" captionTargetBox="[322,1283,146,1261]" captionTargetId="figure-252@15.[320,1283,144,1262]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 9. Taxonomic variation in the structure of ‘punctuation calls’, visualized in RavenPro 1.5 (Cornell University). We recognize three groups based on shared acoustic structure: (Type 1) pulsed/rippling:C. [f.] hellmayri, Undescribed 1, C. [f.] mirabilis; (Type 2) long/sinuous: C. [f.] sanctaemartae, C. [f.] fuscater, C. [f.] berplepschi; (Type 3) short/simple: Undescribed 2, C. [f.] opertaneus, Undescribed 3, C. [f.] mentalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326320/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). No tetradic song contours were detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B3DC4C7B22FCFE2A" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[654,762,363,387]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3DC4C7B22FCFE2A" box="[654,762,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8364FFC6B12E4C9C20C6FE0A" box="[124,192,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="17.[129,194,540,564]" captionTargetBox="[161,1443,145,511]" captionTargetId="figure-579@17.[160,1443,144,512]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 12. Heat map showing frequency distributions of song contours within each population. Dyadic, triadic, and tetradic song contour names follow Fig.5. Single-note songs are shown in the first column (A) and songs with five or six notes were combined into a single category, shown in the last column (FIVESIX). Open (white) circles denote song contours that were not detected in C. [f.] hellmayri, despite it having a much larger sample size than other taxa. Closed (black) circles denote contours that were only detected in one taxon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326326/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our classification system for song contours was unable to score a remarkably slow-paced song (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B0AB4CBD2237FE6B" box="[505,561,426,450]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9vf4-x1yw" name="Beijing Agricultural College" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">BAC</collectionCode>
|
||
) followed by a rapid trill (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B1F64CDE20CCFE48" box="[164,202,457,481]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">XC</collectionCode>
|
||
123041) and a six-note contour that featured a typical BA contour followed by an extremely rapid
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B37F4CFE2277FDA8" box="[557,625,489,513]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">CDAB</collectionCode>
|
||
contour (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B3874CFE22FDFDA8" box="[725,763,489,513]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">XC</collectionCode>
|
||
1998). Although our sample of recordings is small, these two songs were unique in our dataset, suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B3464F3F227BFD96" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[532,637,551,575]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3464F3F227BFD96" box="[532,637,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is vocally divergent from the rest of the complex. Of the three triadic contours (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B12A4F7120A8FDD7" box="[120,174,614,638]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">ACB</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B1E54F7120ECFDD7" box="[183,234,614,638]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9vf4-x1yw" name="Beijing Agricultural College" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">BAC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B1A04F712121FDD7" box="[242,295,614,638]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">CBA</collectionCode>
|
||
) detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B0F44F712209FDD7" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[422,527,614,638]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0F44F712209FDD7" box="[422,527,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B31E4F712284FDD7" box="[588,642,614,638]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">ACB</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B3D84F7122B9FDD7" box="[650,703,614,638]" country="China" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9vf4-x1yw" name="Beijing Agricultural College" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">BAC</collectionCode>
|
||
) were detected in its northern neighbour (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0834F912241FD34" box="[465,583,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8364FFC6B0D14FD621EFFD72" blockId="30.[113,763,705,955]" box="[387,489,705,731]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B0D14FD621EFFD72" box="[387,489,705,731]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636CE8364FFC6B1234FF022E9FC12" blockId="30.[113,763,705,955]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">
|
||
To our knowledge, the plumage polychromatism of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B32B4FF022E3FD56" authorityName="Sclater and Salvin" authorityYear="1876" box="[633,741,743,767]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B32B4FF022E3FD56" box="[633,741,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. mentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is novel in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B1B94E112157FCB7" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityYear="1966" box="[235,337,774,798]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B1B94E112157FCB7" box="[235,337,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. fuscater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (except possibly in
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3224E11229EFCB7" box="[624,664,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. f.</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B3F74E1122F6FCB7" authorityName="Meyer de Schauensee" authorityYear="1966" box="[677,752,774,798]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscater">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B3F74E1122F6FCB7" box="[677,752,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">fuscater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B1CC4E31211CFC94" box="[158,282,805,829]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">C. b. nebulus</emphasis>
|
||
ssp. nov., see above) and unprecedented in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D4D8364FFC6B1E34E52210AFCF4" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1850" box="[177,268,837,861]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Catharus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEADC8364FFC6B1E34E52210AFCF4" box="[177,268,837,861]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Catharus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This pattern is illustrated by
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0FFD478364FFC6B3634E5222CEFCF4" box="[561,712,837,861]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
with enlarged testes (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE0B8364FFC6B0414E732163FCD5" box="[275,357,868,892]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
433738, 433742), collected at the same site in
|
||
<date id="FFB7100E8364FFC6B1E54E942167FC32" box="[183,353,899,923]" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" value="2001-11">November 2001</date>
|
||
, a ‘mossy forest’ at La Esperanza (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B2B8364FFC6B3904E94208EFC13" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="30" pageNumber="258" unit="m" value="2800.0">2800 m</quantity>
|
||
. elevation), north-east of Paucartambo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CDF82C8364FFC6B34E4EB42258FC12" box="[540,606,931,955]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Cusco</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E765E8364FFC6B3344EB42290FC13" box="[614,662,931,954]" name="Peru" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A4B8364FFC6B3F44EB422D8FC12" box="[678,734,931,955]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="13.[128,193,915,939]" captionTargetBox="[321,1266,185,887]" captionTargetId="figure-204@13.[321,1281,144,887]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 8. Side view of polychromatic adult plumages in C. [f.] mentalis (from left to right): 1, FMNH 433742, a ‘grey’ male with enlarged testes; 2, FMNH 433738, a ‘brown’ male with enlarged testes; 3, FMNH 364458, a ‘brown’ male with testes not enlarged; 4, FMNH 433740, an adult female with an enlarged ovary.Adults of both colour types (FMNH 433742, 433738) were collected at the same site in November 2001. Photograph by M.R.H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326318/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="258">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |