181 lines
19 KiB
XML
181 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="90BB0796B5A6A547A4BC0D92165213AA" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFDAFFDBFF74FA76EFFBFC29" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pudu mephistophiles De Winton 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="438" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="438" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4FF86C403488ECEABE79D964E3B7D7A7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3EC22060B771E177950545758DCA6E3C">
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<mods:title id="F96A306368C7A388F4AB0DCE9854ADA2">Cervidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5021DC9E55AB1139EF3CFC85BE3026AF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="676285418FFCD3AF75F689C51150490E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="861184BD610E57245DA18F5A4C02CC96" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="79396F3914C48FCDEB6E1425F148881C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D4B1C1431CC4DAFC53C2EBDE0ADCFC2E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5C932B69F8D97E3C20B5BE2C667FD75F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C618D962D20B2BD634A4B9F58E4ECDBE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="1B146E77B2F4B7E69E7F30E37847B985" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0FCE502A935A8374B5A9E56883CF6453">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="A22C8DDFE21359DE3BF118A62C09C983">
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<mods:placeTerm id="F0B972346EF6D33DCD804F21200D445A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="BA2593B8C8BC5FE34028F46EF58C1ED0">
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<mods:title id="E30D1D8A2DFE063B9746FB27FDE50504">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2916B7D824F3EF76E14644907C8E966B">
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<mods:classification id="EC7082A1E0F5AD241C75811FCBC4DA04">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="278878928C6B499225A35D3D9C7F9018" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1C2C074C8063F28F6A4552827C566A0F" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFDAFFDBFF74FA76EFFBFC29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514654" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514654" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFDAFFDBFF74FA76EFFBFC29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFDAFFDBFF74FA76EFFBFC29" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF74FA76E6C5FA0A" box="[191,248,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF74FA76E6C5FA0A" blockId="31.[189,1391,1306,1567]" box="[191,248,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFF74FA76E6C5FA0A" box="[191,248,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFDAFFDBFF74FA76E6C5FA0A" box="[191,248,1473,1523]" captionStart="Plate 20: Cervidae" captionStartId="28.[133,165,3398,3419]" captionTargetBox="[11,2785,16,3635]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="36. White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 37. Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 38. Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), 39. Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), 41. South Andean Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), 42. Northern Pudu (Pudu mephistophiles), 43. Southern Pudu (Pudu puda)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514571/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">42.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFEC3FA76E476FA0A" box="[264,587,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFEC3FA76E476FA0A" blockId="31.[189,1391,1306,1567]" box="[264,587,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFEC3FA76E476FA0A" box="[264,587,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBFEC3FA76E476FA0A" box="[264,587,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Northern Pudu</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFD59FA76E5C3FA0A" box="[658,1022,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFD59FA76E5C3FA0A" blockId="31.[189,1391,1306,1567]" box="[658,1022,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFD59FA76E5C3FA0A" box="[658,1022,1473,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDAFFDBFD59FA76E5C3FA0A" ID-CoL="4QFSH" authorityName="De Winton" authorityYear="1896" box="[658,1022,1473,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Pudu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mephistophiles">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFD59FA76E5C3FA0A" box="[658,1022,1473,1523]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Pudu mephistophiles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF75F9B1E591F9E2" box="[190,940,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF75F9B1E591F9E2" blockId="31.[189,1391,1306,1567]" box="[190,940,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFDAFFDBFF75F9B1E591F9E2" box="[190,940,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF75F9B1E736F9E2" bold="true" box="[190,267,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBFEDEF9B1E7D6F9E2" box="[277,491,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Poudou de I'Equateur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFDCBF9B1E466F9E2" bold="true" box="[512,603,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBFDAEF9B1E4F8F9E2" box="[613,709,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Nordpudu</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFD10F9B1E508F9E2" bold="true" box="[731,821,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFDAFFDBFC8BF9B1E591F9E2" box="[832,940,1542,1563]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Pudu chico</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFCEEF9FAE588F96B" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFCEEF9FAE588F96B" blockId="31.[804,1390,1613,2036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFCEEF9FAE5FDF993" bold="true" box="[805,960,1613,1642]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFDAFFDBFC1AF9FAE58DF96B" authority="De Winton, 1896" authorityName="De Winton" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Pudua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mephistophiles">Pudua mephistophiles De Winton, 1896</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFC03F9CEE5B1F941" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFC03F9CEE5B1F941" blockId="31.[804,1390,1613,2036]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFDAFFDBFC03F9CEE5B1F941" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196313" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Papallacta, Napo-Pastaza (Ecuador).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFCEEF974E2B3F919" box="[805,1166,1731,1760]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFCEEF974E2B3F919" blockId="31.[804,1390,1613,2036]" box="[805,1166,1731,1760]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFCEFF950E7DCF79E" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFDAFFDBFCEFF950E7DCF79E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514537/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" targetBox="[187,781,1616,2032]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFCEFF950E7DCF79E" blockId="31.[804,1390,1613,2036]" lastBlockId="31.[186,1389,2041,3134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFCEFF950E5E9F8F1" bold="true" box="[804,980,1767,1800]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Distribution.</emphasis>
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It ranges through temperate zone forests and paramos from the Cordillera Central in C
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFB2FF882E350F8AF" box="[1252,1389,1845,1878]" name="Colombia" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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through the Cordillera Oriental of
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFAEAF8EAE56BF85C" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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to the eastern Andean cloud forests in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFC87F81CE5B3F835" box="[844,910,1963,1996]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, southward to
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFDAFFDBFBABF81CE28FF835" box="[1120,1202,1963,1996]" country="Peru" name="Junin" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Junin</collectingRegion>
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department. The exact range is unknown and there are obvious distributional gaps. One major natural gap is the dry forest south of the Huancabamba depression, which separates the northern population from the main Peruvian population.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF70F7D8E4C7F633" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF70F7D8E4C7F633" blockId="31.[186,1389,2041,3134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF70F7D8E785F769" bold="true" box="[187,440,2159,2192]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFDB2F7D8E4EFF769" box="[633,722,2159,2192]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="75.0">75 cm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFCEAF7D8E554F769" box="[801,873,2159,2192]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 25-38 cm; weight 5-6 kg. Very small-sized deer, the smallest species of the family. The legs are short, the rostrum and the neck are shortened; the ears are rounded. The rhinarium is bulbous. The tail is rudimentary. Males and females are of similar size. The coatis rufous with dark brown on the back. The face is black; the legs are dark brown. Fawns are unspotted. Preorbital glands are very small or absent. Tarsal and metatarsal glands are lacking. There are small interdigital glands. Permanent dentition of 32-34 teeth. Antlers of adults are spikes about
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFDD4F635E462F65A" box="[543,607,2434,2467]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
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long (up to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFCC7F635E56EF65A" box="[780,851,2434,2467]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
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). Pedicles begin to grow at about three months. Hooves are narrow and pointed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF70F667E4B8F458" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF70F667E4B8F458" blockId="31.[186,1389,2041,3134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF70F667E714F608" bold="true" box="[187,297,2512,2545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Habitat.</emphasis>
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It mainly occurs in mountain forests and high elevation grasslands, from
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFF75F64FE71BF5E0" box="[190,294,2552,2585]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFE96F64FE7FAF5E0" box="[349,455,2552,2585]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="m" value="4500.0">4500 m</quantity>
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above sea level. Throughoutits range, the Northern Pudu uses several habitat types, especially high altitude montane forests and the humid paramo grasslands above the tree-line. Montane forests occupied are humid rainforests such as elfin and cloud forests, frequently close to paramo grasslands, which are primarily used by populations in the northern part of the range. The main altitude used by Northern Pudus is 2000-4000 m, with records as high as
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||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFDAFFDBFC2AF572E275F527" box="[993,1096,2757,2782]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" unit="m" value="4500.0">4500 m</quantity>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFBB2F572E2D2F527" box="[1145,1263,2757,2782]" name="Ecuador" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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. Paramo can be characterized as a humid grassland mixed with short, flowering vegetation such as terrestrial bromeliads, mosses, lichens, tree-ferns, and various other bushes. Throughout its distribution, this species endures low temperatures, with frequent night-time frost in the higher altitudes. Precipitation is high in all habitat types used, and includes rain, snow, and fog.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFF71F41FE52FF3C7" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFF71F41FE52FF3C7" blockId="31.[186,1389,2041,3134]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFF71F41FE7FDF430" bold="true" box="[186,448,2984,3017]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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||
The Northern Pudu is assumed to be a browser feeding mainly on leaves and fruits. According to the observations of local people in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFDAFFDBFB9CF478E2AEF409" box="[1111,1171,3023,3056]" name="Peru" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,it climbs trees to forage on fruit. The species is known to encroach on agriculturalfields to feed on crops in areas of higher human habitation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA72FEA3EEF0FE00" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA72FEA3EEF0FE00" blockId="31.[1462,2670,276,981]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA72FEA3E002FECC" bold="true" box="[1465,1599,276,309]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Breeding.</emphasis>
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It is not known at what age females attain puberty. Since the climate and the environment are less seasonal than in the southern Andes, reproduction is probably less seasonal. There are probably two main peaks of rutting activity, one in August— September and one in March-April. After a gestation of about seven months, a single fawn is born, weighing about 0-4 kg. Females experience a postpartum estrus. Fawns are precocious and at six months of age reach adult size.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA7DFDB7E10BFD97" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA7DFDB7E10BFD97" blockId="31.[1462,2670,276,981]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA7DFDB7E098FDD8" bold="true" box="[1462,1701,512,545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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It is crepuscular and nocturnal, but given the lack of good observational data on this species, it may have more complicated patterns of foraging and resting throughout the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA73FDC1EC12FD1C" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA73FDC1EC12FD1C" blockId="31.[1462,2670,276,981]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA73FDC1EE42FD6E" bold="true" box="[1464,2175,630,663]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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It is a saltatorial, duiker-like deer, able to flee zig-zagging in dense cover. Pudus are mostly solitary but are sometimes seen in pairs. They are probably territorial, but no long term studies are available.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA73FD5BEE12FC50" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA73FD5BEE12FC50" blockId="31.[1462,2670,276,981]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA73FD5BE127FCF4" bold="true" box="[1464,1818,748,781]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List and decreasing. Overhunting from the 1950s through the early 1980s and habitat loss have fragmented the distribution range and decreased the population size. The expansion of human settlements, with consequent habitat conversion and persecution by dogs are important current threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFDAFFDBFA73FC00EFFBFC29" box="[1464,2502,951,976]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFDAFFDBFA73FC00EFFBFC29" blockId="31.[1462,2670,276,981]" box="[1464,2502,951,976]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFDAFFDBFA73FC00E06FFC29" bold="true" box="[1464,1618,951,976]" pageId="31" pageNumber="438">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Barrio & Tirira (2008), Czernay (1987), Escamilo et al. (2010), Hershkovitz (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |