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<mods:title id="E3B092B8F8DF3189C7F3B9693687E2D4">Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0D48187FFDDFFC261C32626FD6FC58E" bold="true" box="[151,731,1145,1170]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC261C32626FD6FC58E" bold="true" box="[151,731,1145,1170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
Redescription of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC260372626FDF2C58E" box="[355,582,1145,1170]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC260372626FDF2C58E" bold="true" box="[355,582,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC263192625FD34C58E" box="[589,640,1146,1170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
species
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261C326C2FE94C5A9" blockId="5.[151,731,1145,1205]" box="[151,288,1181,1205]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDDFFC261CB26C2FEACC5A9" box="[159,280,1181,1205]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURES 7 – 15" captionStart-3="FIGURES 16 – 19" captionStart-4="FIGURE 20" captionStart-5="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1841,1864]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,264,1795,1818]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,264,1718,1741]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionStartId-5="12.[151,264,1774,1797]" captionTargetBox-0="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1432,891,1817]" captionTargetBox-2="[224,1364,181,1768]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetBox-4="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetBox-5="[492,1094,193,1752]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[152,1437,884,1824]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[224,1365,181,1769]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[492,1094,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Scheme of the ectosomal region (modified from Bergquist 1996). 1 — the upper layer; 2 — the middle layer; 3 — the inner layer. Abbreviation: ex—exopinacocytes." captionText-2="FIGURES 7 – 15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7 — 7 µm; 8 — 2 µm; 9 — 3 µm; 10 — 2 µm; 11 — 7 µm; 12 — 3 µm; 13 — 7 µm; 14 — 1.5 µm; 15 — 10 µm." captionText-3="FIGURES 16 – 19. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of mesohylar cells. TEM of nucleolated amoebocytes (archaeocytes) from Barents (16) and Japan (17) Seas; TEM of lophocytes from Barents Sea (18) and SEM of lophocyte from White Sea (19). Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; L—lophocyte; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. Ps—pseudopodia. Scale bars: 16 — 2 µm; 17 — 2 µm; 18 — 1.5 µm; 19 — 7 µm." captionText-4="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." captionText-5="FIGURES 21 – 23. Halisarca dujardini. TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vacuoles. Scale bars: 21 — 2.5 µm; 22 — 15 µm; 23 — 3 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/206845/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/206847/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/206849/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2–23</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261C326BAFCDBC5E7" blockId="5.[151,879,1253,1276]" box="[151,879,1253,1276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC261C326BAFEE6C5E0" bold="true" box="[151,338,1253,1276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Previous reviews.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC2600D26BAFE77C5E7" author="Levi" box="[345,451,1253,1275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systematique des demosponges. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 93, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC2609926BAFDDFC5E7" author="Bergquist" box="[461,619,1253,1275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand. Porifera, Class Demospongiae. Part 5: Dendroceratida &amp; Halisarcida. Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Bergquist 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC2632126BAFCDFC5E7" author="Bergquist" box="[629,875,1253,1275]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. C. (2002) Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest van, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1089." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist &amp; Cook 2002</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFDDFFC261C3277CFD64C4AF" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261C3277CFE4AC424" blockId="5.[151,1436,1314,1459]" box="[151,510,1314,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC261C3277CFE4AC424" authority="Johnston, 1842" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,510,1314,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC261C3277CFEEAC425" box="[151,350,1315,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC26031277DFE4AC424" author="Johnston" box="[357,510,1314,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Johnston, G. (1842) A history of British sponges and lithophytes. Lizard, WH, Edinburgh, 264 pp." type="book" year="1842">Johnston, 1842</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261C3271EFD64C4AF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1314,1459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
Synonymy. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC26046271EFD0EC44B" authority="Johnston, 1842: 192" authorityName="Johnston" authorityPageNumber="192" authorityYear="1842" box="[274,698,1345,1367]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC26046271EFE69C44B" box="[274,477,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC260B2271EFD33C44B" author="Johnston" box="[486,647,1345,1367]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Johnston, G. (1842) A history of British sponges and lithophytes. Lizard, WH, Edinburgh, 264 pp." type="book" year="1842">Johnston, 1842</bibRefCitation>
: 192
</taxonomicName>
–193; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC263A9271EFC1BC44B" author="Lendenfeld" box="[765,943,1345,1367]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Lendenfeld, R. von (1889) A monograph of the Horny Sponges. Trubner and Co, Ludgate Hill, EC, London, 936 pp." type="book" year="1889">Lendenfeld 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 729–730; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC26513271EFB43C44B" author="Laubenfels" box="[1095,1271,1345,1367]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1948) The order Keratosa of the phylum Porifera. A monographic study. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications Occasional Paper, 3, 1 - 217." type="journal article" year="1948">Laubenfels 1948</bibRefCitation>
: 175–176; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC26439271EFF49C46A" author="Levi" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systematique des demosponges. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 93, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 184; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC2606F273FFE1AC46A" author="Chen" box="[315,430,1376,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Chen, W. T. (1976) Reproduction and speciation in Halisarca. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds.), Aspects of sponge biology, Academic Press, New York, pp. 113 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1976">Chen 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 113–139; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC2634A273FFD65C469" author="Ereskovsky" box="[542,721,1376,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V. (1993) Addition to the fauna of sponges (Porifera) of the White Sea. Vestnik of St-Petersburg University, 2, 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1993">Ereskovsky 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 8; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC263A2273FFC21C46A" author="Bergquist" box="[758,917,1376,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand. Porifera, Class Demospongiae. Part 5: Dendroceratida &amp; Halisarcida. Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Bergquist 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 24–27; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC262B8273FFB50C469" author="Bergquist" box="[1004,1252,1376,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. C. (2002) Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest van, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1089." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist &amp; Cook 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC265BA273FFAD7C469" box="[1262,1379,1376,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="1090" valueMax="1091">1090–1091</date>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC26439273FFE29C489" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC26439273FFEB1C489" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halisarca</taxonomicName>
franz-schulzei
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC260F22721FDC6C488" author="Merejkowsky" box="[422,626,1406,1428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Merejkowsky, C. D. (1878) Les eponges de la mer Blanche. Memoires de l'Academie imperiales des Sciences de St Petersbourg, 26, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1878">Merejkowsky 1878</bibRefCitation>
: 27–36, Pl. I, fig. 1–6; Pl. II, fig. 9–15. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC265772720FE84C4AF" authority="Bowerbank 1866: 224" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1866" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Hymeniacidon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC265772720FAA9C489" box="[1059,1309,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Hymeniacidon dujardini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC264732721FF49C4AF" author="Bowerbank" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A monograph of the British Spongiadae. Robert Hardwicke, London, 388 pp." type="book" year="1866">Bowerbank 1866</bibRefCitation>
: 224
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC2606D27C2FD10C4AF" authority="Topsent 1893: 38" authorityName="Topsent" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1893" box="[313,676,1437,1459]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sputum">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC2606D27C2FE59C4AF" box="[313,493,1437,1459]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca sputum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC260A027C1FD34C4AF" author="Topsent" box="[500,640,1438,1459]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" refString="Topsent, E. (1893) Nouvelle serie de diagnoses d'eponges de Roscoff et de Banyuls Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 1, 33 - 43." type="journal article" year="1893">Topsent 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 38
</taxonomicName>
–39.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261C32780FC33C4E4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1503,1961]" box="[151,903,1503,1528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC261C32780FE24C4E4" bold="true" box="[151,400,1503,1528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Original description.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC260C327BFFC9AC4E4" authority="Johnston, 1842" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1842" box="[407,814,1504,1528]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC260C327BFFDC0C4E4" box="[407,628,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC263D627BFFC9AC4E4" author="Johnston" box="[642,814,1504,1528]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" refString="Johnston, G. (1842) A history of British sponges and lithophytes. Lizard, WH, Edinburgh, 264 pp." type="book" year="1842">Johnston, 1842</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 192.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFDDFFC26193245BFA20C6B4" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC26193245BFB26C75C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1503,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC26193245BFECCC700" bold="true" box="[199,376,1539,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC26193245BFEB4C700" box="[199,256,1540,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC260D2245BFE47C700" box="[390,499,1540,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: presumably lost. 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC26399245AFC84C701" box="[717,816,1541,1565]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED32AE2EFFDDFFC26214245AFC20C700" box="[832,916,1541,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">BMNH</collectionCode>
1960.1.7.1—Black Rock, Brighton, English Channel (epizootic on algae, collected close to the 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC263852476FCB5C75D" box="[721,769,1577,1601]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
locality) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDDFFC262272477FB32C75C" author="Bergquist" box="[883,1158,1576,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. C. (2002) Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest van, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1089." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist &amp; Cook 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDDFFC261932414FA20C6B4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1503,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC261932414FDE2C778" bold="true" box="[199,598,1611,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Comparative material examined.</emphasis>
Sponge specimens used in the revision of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC265132413FA93C778" box="[1095,1319,1612,1636]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC265132413FA93C778" box="[1095,1319,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected using 
<collectionCode id="ED32AE2EFFDDFFC26071242FFE32C794" box="[293,390,1648,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">SCUBA</collectionCode>
, in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC260FA2430FD9DC794" bold="true" box="[430,553,1647,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">White Sea</emphasis>
(Kandalaksha Bay, Chupa Inlet (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC262CB242FFB90C794" box="[927,1060,1648,1672]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="66.29222">66°17'32&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC26560242FFB02C794" box="[1076,1206,1648,1672]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="33.660835">33°39'39&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDDFFC2659E242FFAA6C794" box="[1226,1298,1648,1672]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 m</quantity>
depth, from algae 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC2618D24CAFE30C7B0" box="[217,388,1685,1708]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Fucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="species" species="ramosus">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC2618D24CAFE30C7B0" box="[217,388,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Fucus ramosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC260EF24CAFD01C7B0" box="[443,693,1684,1708]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Laminariaceae" genus="Laminaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Laminariales" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="saccharina">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC260EF24CAFD01C7B0" box="[443,693,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Laminaria saccharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, July 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC263AD24CBFCCFC7B0" box="[761,891,1684,1708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="2000" valueMax="2004">2000–2004</date>
; in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC262F024CBFB86C7B0" bold="true" box="[932,1074,1683,1708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Barents Sea</emphasis>
, Kola Peninsula, Dalnije Zelentsi (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2619224E7FEFEC7CC" box="[198,330,1720,1744]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="69.12195">69°07'19&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2600E24E7FE6EC7CC" box="[346,474,1720,1744]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="36.055832">36°03'21&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDDFFC260BB24E7FDD1C7CC" box="[495,613,1720,1744]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC2639724E7FD47C7CC" box="[707,755,1720,1744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="2003-07">July</date>
, 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC2625724E6FC2FC7CC" box="[771,923,1720,1745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="2003-08">August 2003</date>
; in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC2629924E8FBE1C7CC" bold="true" box="[973,1109,1719,1744]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Bering Sea</emphasis>
, Avacha Bay (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2645D24E7FA38C7CC" box="[1289,1420,1720,1744]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="52.775555">52°46'32&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC261C32483FE92C7E8" box="[151,294,1756,1780]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="158.60445">158°36'16&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDDFFC260632483FE21C7E8" box="[311,405,1756,1780]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10-11 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC260BE2483FD1FC7E8" box="[490,683,1756,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="2008-10-18">October 18 2008</date>
; in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC263822483FCE5C7E8" bold="true" box="[726,849,1755,1780]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFDDFFC263822483FCABC7E8" box="[726,799,1756,1780]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Japan</collectingCountry>
Sea
</emphasis>
the Gulf of Peter the Great near of the Marine Biological station “Vostok” (Marine Biological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences) (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2652C255FFB62C604" box="[1144,1238,1792,1816]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="925" value="42.9">42°54'N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC265B1255FFAE2C604" box="[1253,1366,1792,1816]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="925" value="-132.63333">132°38'W</geoCoordinate>
) from rocks and boulders at a depth 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDDFFC260BB257BFDFBC620" box="[495,591,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="2.2" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.4">0.4–4 m</quantity>
; in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC2632F257BFD41C620" bold="true" box="[635,757,1827,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">North Sea</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFDDFFC26251257AFCD4C621" box="[773,864,1829,1853]" name="Norway" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Norway</collectingCountry>
, Bergen (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2629A257BFBE2C620" box="[974,1110,1828,1852]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="60.39139">60°23'29&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC26532257BFB62C620" box="[1126,1238,1828,1852]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="5.2294445">5°13'46&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
), 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC265B8257AFAC9C620" box="[1260,1405,1828,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="2009-06-06">June 2009, 6</date>
m depth; in 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC260552517FE35C67C" bold="true" box="[257,385,1863,1888]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">North Sea,</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFDDFFC260DC2517FDA7C67C" box="[392,531,1864,1888]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
, Zeeland, Goese Sas (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2625F2517FC24C67C" box="[779,912,1864,1888]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="51.64778">51°38'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC262F42517FBB7C67C" box="[928,1027,1864,1888]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="3.8">3°48'0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDDFFC265462517FBF8C67C" box="[1042,1100,1864,1888]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
depth, July, 2009; 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC264752517FF00C698" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">NE Atlantic</emphasis>
, North 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFDDFFC2605F2533FEFBC698" box="[267,335,1900,1924]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Wales</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC2600A2533FE67C698" box="[350,467,1900,1924]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="53.235">53°14'6&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFDDFFC260B72533FDE6C698" box="[483,594,1900,1924]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" precision="15" value="-4.13">4°7'48&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
) 
<date id="FF9D102BFFDDFFC263362533FD5FC698" box="[610,747,1900,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" value="1988-07-03">
July 1988, 
<specimenCount id="9D25FD62FFDDFFC263892533FD5FC698" box="[733,747,1900,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="generic">3</specimenCount>
</date>
m. We also investigated histologically a piece of the 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFDDFFC264172532FA28C699" box="[1347,1436,1901,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and a piece of 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDDFFC2606E25CFFDFAC6B4" box="[314,590,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDDFFC2606E25CFFE1DC6B4" box="[314,425,1936,1960]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Halisarca</taxonomicName>
franz-schulzei
</emphasis>
Merejkovsky, 1879 from Zoological Institute RAN, St-Petersburg, 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFDDFFC2641625CFFA24C6B4" box="[1346,1424,1936,1960]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFDEFFC161C32524FB8EC6F1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDEFFC161C32524FB8EC6F1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1915,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDEFFC161C32524FE8EC68C" bold="true" box="[151,314,1915,1938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">FIGURES 2–5.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDEFFC160142524FDE7C68D" box="[320,595,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDEFFC160142524FDB8C68D" box="[320,524,1915,1937]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">Halisarca dujardini</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFDEFFC163402523FDE7C68D" box="[532,595,1916,1937]" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">In situ</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDEFFC163D12523FD7DC68D" box="[645,713,1916,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">in vivo</emphasis>
photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2–10 mm; 3–5 mm; 4–650 µm; 5–150 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFDFFFCA619322C8FD41C65C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDFFFC0619322C8FACCC0D2" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC0619322C8FDD3C1AC" bold="true" box="[199,615,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Description. External morphology</emphasis>
. Predominantly incrusting sponge, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDFFFC0655C22C8FB39C1B3" box="[1032,1165,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="6.15" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–12 mm</quantity>
thick, forming smooth crusts on shallow water hard surfaces, or globular, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDFFFC0639922E4FC80C1CF" box="[717,820,187,211]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–2 cm</quantity>
in diameter. Frequently a fouling organism (on red and brown algae, ascidians, shells of bivalves and brachiopods, tubes of sedentary polychaetes, hydroid stalks) (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC0641C2280FF13C007" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Figs. 2, 3</figureCitation>
). Incrusting forms have multiple oscula 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDFFFC0632E235CFD5BC007" box="[634,751,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–1 mm</quantity>
in diameter, scattered regularly; globular sponges have one osculum or, occasionally, two oscula with raised rims, approximately 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFDFFFC062F82378FBBEC023" box="[940,1034,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Pores are dispersed. A significant reduction in the aquiferous system is characteristic for the latest phases of reproduction (embryo and larvae development). During these periods oscula and pores are rarely observed. Colour is yellow-beige to pale brown (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC061BA23CDFE80C0B6" box="[238,308,402,426]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); during last phases of reproduction the specimens have ivory or whitish colour due to the presence of embryos and larvae (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC060F423E9FE57C0D2" box="[416,483,438,462]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Surface is smooth and slimy. Consistency is soft, gelatinous and slightly elastic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDFFFC061932386FAA5C24B" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC061932386FE8FC0EE" bold="true" box="[199,315,473,498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Anatomy.</emphasis>
Soft tissues. An ectosomal region up to 27 µm thick, consists of three layers: (1) The upper layer composed of a mucous acellular cuticle 0.1–0.2 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC0627C23A2FCCCC309" box="[808,888,509,533]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC062D023A2FC20C309" box="[900,916,509,533]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1841,1864]" captionTargetBox="[161,1432,891,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1437,884,1824]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scheme of the ectosomal region (modified from Bergquist 1996). 1 — the upper layer; 2 — the middle layer; 3 — the inner layer. Abbreviation: ex—exopinacocytes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206845/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">6</figureCitation>
), underlying external parts of T-shaped exopinacocytes and a diffuse collagen region 0.9–3 µm thick beneath it; (2) the middle layer ~ 5–10 µm thick containing interlaced collagen fibrils organized into firm tracts. This layer can include rare spherulous cells; and (3) the inner layer, up to 3–7 µm thick, consisting of condensed collagen fibrils and the cell bodies of T-shape exopinacocytes. The choanosome makes up the greatest volume of the sponge body and is composed of choanocyte chambers, canals and mesohyl (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC060C520EFFE68C3D4" box="[401,476,688,712]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The organization of the aquiferous system is reminiscent of a syconoid system described earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDFFFC06035208CFE6CC3F7" author="Levi" box="[353,472,723,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systematique des demosponges. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 93, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDFFFC060B0208CFD0FC3F7" author="Vacelet" box="[484,699,723,748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refString="Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N., De Vos, L. &amp; Donadey, C. (1989) Comparative study of the choanosome of Porifera: II. The Keratose Sponges. Journal of Morphology, 201, 119 - 129." type="journal article" year="1989">
Vacelet 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC0636A208AFDC4C3F0" box="[574,624,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1989
</bibRefCitation>
). The long, branching, tubular, meandering choanocyte chambers are arranged radially around a large exhalant canal (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC063BB20A8FC82C213" box="[751,822,759,783]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Choanocyte chambers could vary in abundance and size depending on life cycle. During active growth period choanocyte chambers are 120–600 µm long and 24–90 µm in diameter. Abundance and length of choanocyte chambers decrease during reproduction (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC065EA2160FAB7C24B" box="[1214,1283,831,855]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 5" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[436,1153,195,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[436,1154,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 5. Halisarca dujardini. In situ and in vivo photos of non reproductive sponge from Bering Sea (Fig. 2) and reproductive sponge (arrows indicated embryos) from White Sea (Fig. 3) sponges. Histological section of non-reproductive sponge (Fig. 4) and reproductive (Fig. 5) sponge. Abbreviations: Bc—blastocoel; CC—choanocyte chambers; CE—cleaving embryos; Ex—exopinacoderm; M—mesohyle. Scale bars: 2 – 10 mm; 3 – 5 mm; 4 – 650 µm; 5 – 150 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206844/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFDFFFC061C3256EFDC3C67A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206845/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[161,1432,891,1817]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDFFFC061C3256EFDC3C67A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1841,1894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC061C3256EFEA6C65B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1841,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Scheme of the ectosomal region (modified from Bergquist 1996). 1—the upper layer; 2—the middle layer; 3—the inner layer. Abbreviation: ex—exopinacocytes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFDFFFCF619325CDFD44C007" blockId="7.[151,1436,1938,2035]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC0619325CDFE63C6B7" bold="true" box="[199,471,1938,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Cytology. Choanocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFDFFFC060BC25CDFDE6C6B6" box="[488,594,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 15" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1795,1818]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[224,1365,181,1769]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7 — 7 µm; 8 — 2 µm; 9 — 3 µm; 10 — 2 µm; 11 — 7 µm; 12 — 3 µm; 13 — 7 µm; 14 — 1.5 µm; 15 — 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7, 8</figureCitation>
) are cylindrical or trapeziform, with long and numerous basal pseudopods (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDFFFC061CA25E9FECEC6D2" author="Vacelet" box="[158,378,1974,1999]" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" refString="Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N., De Vos, L. &amp; Donadey, C. (1989) Comparative study of the choanosome of Porifera: II. The Keratose Sponges. Journal of Morphology, 201, 119 - 129." type="journal article" year="1989">
Vacelet 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC061A825E7FE9BC6D2" box="[252,303,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1989
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDFFFC060D325E9FD06C6D2" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[391,690,1974,1999]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Boury-Esnault, N., De Vos, L., Donadey, C. &amp; Vacelet, J. (1990) Ultrastructure of choanosome and sponge classification. In: Rutzler, K. (Ed.), New Perspectives in Sponge Biology, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 237 - 244." type="book chapter" year="1990">
Boury-Esnault 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFDFFFC0636025E7FDD3C6D2" box="[564,615,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFDFFFC0639425E9FBF0C6D2" author="Gonobobleva" box="[704,1092,1974,1998]" pageId="7" pageNumber="28" refString="Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Maldonado, M. (2009) Choanocyte ultrastructure in Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)." type="book" year="2009">Gonobobleva &amp; Maldonado 2009</bibRefCitation>
). The cells are 6–9.5 μm long and 3.5–5 μm wide, with a smooth flagellum and a collar composed of 30–40 microvilli. Some but not all cells have a periflagellar asymmetrical cytoplasmic sleeve. Choanocytes within a choanocyte chamber are connected with each other at the basal-lateral surfaces with numerous interdigitations. Nuclei are pyriform (2.5 x 4.8 μm) with apical thinning and often with one to three nucleoli. Cytoplasm contains phagosomes, electron transparent vacuoles, perinuclear Golgi complexes, and mitochondria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF61912379FADDC09A" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61912379FECAC023" bold="true" box="[197,382,294,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Exopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60D82378FDB7C023" box="[396,515,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 15" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1795,1818]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[224,1365,181,1769]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7 — 7 µm; 8 — 2 µm; 9 — 3 µm; 10 — 2 µm; 11 — 7 µm; 12 — 3 µm; 13 — 7 µm; 14 — 1.5 µm; 15 — 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Figs. 9–11</figureCitation>
) are T-shaped. External flat cytoplasmic parts connect with each other by interdigitations. Cell bodies, including the nucleus and the main cytoplasm volume, are situated beneath the ectosome. Cell bodies are connected with flat cytoplasmic parts by thin and long cytoplasmic bridges. Nuclei are nucleolated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF619123CEFBE0C0ED" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF619123CEFE3BC0B6" bold="true" box="[197,399,401,426]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Endopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60CA23CDFD90C0B6" box="[414,548,402,426]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 15" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1795,1818]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[224,1365,181,1769]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7 — 7 µm; 8 — 2 µm; 9 — 3 µm; 10 — 2 µm; 11 — 7 µm; 12 — 3 µm; 13 — 7 µm; 14 — 1.5 µm; 15 — 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Figs. 12, 13</figureCitation>
) are flat fusiform or polygonal in shape. A nucleolated nucleus is oval, 1.6– 
<date id="FF9D102BFFD0FFCF642D23CDFA33C0B6" box="[1401,1415,402,426]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">2</date>
x 3–3.8 μm in size, and is located in the center of the cell. The cytoplasm includes well-developed Golgi complexes, small electron dense spherical inclusions and abundant electron-transparent vacuoles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF619123A2FEB4C341" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF619123A2FE3DC30A" bold="true" box="[197,393,509,534]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Basopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60CC23A2FDA8C309" box="[408,540,509,533]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 15" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1795,1818]" captionTargetBox="[224,1364,181,1768]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[224,1365,181,1769]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7 — 7 µm; 8 — 2 µm; 9 — 3 µm; 10 — 2 µm; 11 — 7 µm; 12 — 3 µm; 13 — 7 µm; 14 — 1.5 µm; 15 — 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Figs. 14, 15</figureCitation>
) are flattened and polygonal, about 8–14 μm in length and about 2 μm in width. The cytoplasm includes a well-developed Golgi complex, small electron dense spherical inclusions and some phagosomes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF61912036FF55C515" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61912036FE3CC39D" bold="true" box="[197,392,617,641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Mesohylar cells.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD0FFCF60C62037FDAEC39C" author="Levi" box="[402,538,616,640]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systematique des demosponges. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 93, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi (1956)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to describe the free cells in the mesohyl of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD0FFCF65E12036FAF5C39C" box="[1205,1345,616,640]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF65E12036FAF5C39C" box="[1205,1345,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at light microscopy level. He distinguished three cells populations (
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD0FFCF626520D3FCC6C3B8" box="[817,882,652,676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
): (1) amoeboid or star-shaped cells with spherical central nucleus and clear cytoplasm containing small granules, called “amoebocytes I and II”, or amoebocytes and collencytes; (2) the cells with the cytoplasm filled with acidophilic granules, called “amoebocytes III”, or fuchsinophil cells, or granular cells; and (3) cells with large peripheral nucleus and the cytoplasm filled with big spherical inclusions – spherulous cells. In subsequent works (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD0FFCF62552144FC02C22F" author="Bergquist" box="[769,950,795,819]" pageId="8" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand. Porifera, Class Demospongiae. Part 5: Dendroceratida &amp; Halisarcida. Memoirs of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 107, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1996">Bergquist 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD0FFCF62932144FB51C22F" author="Bergquist" box="[967,1253,795,819]" pageId="8" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. C. (2002) Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest van, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1089." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist &amp; Cook 2002</bibRefCitation>
) three 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD0FFCF64692143FACCC228" box="[1341,1400,796,820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
of mesohylar cells were also mentioned: (1) lophocytes; (2) spherulous cells, common in the zone between ectosome and choanosome and along canals; and (3) fuchsinophilic cells scattered throughout the choanosome. However, the use of electron microscopy led to recognition of six mesohylar cells 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD0FFCF62DA21D8FC7DC283" box="[910,969,903,927]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD0FFCF62B821D8FBC0C282" box="[1004,1140,902,926]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF62B821D8FBC0C282" box="[1004,1140,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (1) amoebocytes, (2) collencytes or lophocytes, (3) spherulous cells, (4) granular cells, (5) microgranular cells, and (6) vacuolar cells (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD0FFCF640821F5FE2AC2FA" author="Volkova" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" refString="Volkova, M. A. &amp; Zolotareva, G. A. (1981) The development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston from conglomerates of somatic cells. In: Korotkova, G. P., (Ed.), Morphogenesis in sponges, Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp. 74 - 92." type="book chapter" year="1981">Volkova &amp; Zolotareva 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Korotkova &amp; Ermolina 1986; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD0FFCF63AF2191FB1DC2FA" author="Sukhodolskaya" box="[763,1193,974,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" refString="Sukhodolskaya, A. N. &amp; Krasukevitch, T. N. (1984) The effect of inozine on the development of Halisarca dujardini from small fragments of the body. Vestnik of Leningrad University, 3, 56 - 62." type="journal article" year="1984">Sukhodolskaya &amp; Krasukevitch, 1984</bibRefCitation>
), which are described below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF6191264AFE1CC5FC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
(1) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61BB264AFE3BC532" bold="true" box="[239,399,1045,1070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Archaeocytes</emphasis>
(“amoebocytes I”) (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF6328264AFCBDC531" box="[636,777,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1718,1741]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 19. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of mesohylar cells. TEM of nucleolated amoebocytes (archaeocytes) from Barents (16) and Japan (17) Seas; TEM of lophocytes from Barents Sea (18) and SEM of lophocyte from White Sea (19). Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; L—lophocyte; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. Ps—pseudopodia. Scale bars: 16 — 2 µm; 17 — 2 µm; 18 — 1.5 µm; 19 — 7 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Figs. 16, 17</figureCitation>
) are abundant cells in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD0FFCF65412649FB16C531" box="[1045,1186,1045,1069]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF65412649FB16C531" box="[1045,1186,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mesohyl. These cells have an irregular amoeboid shape and often produce pseudopodia. A large spherical nucleolated nucleus (2.5–3.5 µm in diameter) is located in the center of the cell. Cytoplasm is characterized by the absence of any special or monotypical inclusions, although it can contain heterophagosomes and various osmiophilic or electron-transparent inclusions. There are well developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. Archaeocytes are distributed throughout the mesohyl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF619126B4FBAFC457" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
(2) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61BB26B3FECCC418" bold="true" box="[239,376,1260,1284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Lophocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60DF26B4FDA3C41F" box="[395,535,1259,1283]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1718,1741]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,187,1700]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 19. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of mesohylar cells. TEM of nucleolated amoebocytes (archaeocytes) from Barents (16) and Japan (17) Seas; TEM of lophocytes from Barents Sea (18) and SEM of lophocyte from White Sea (19). Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; L—lophocyte; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. Ps—pseudopodia. Scale bars: 16 — 2 µm; 17 — 2 µm; 18 — 1.5 µm; 19 — 7 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Figs. 18, 19</figureCitation>
) have a star-like, clavate, or oval form, often with a tuft of secreted collagen fibrils attached to the lateral and posterior ends. The cytoplasm contains some phagosomes and small osmiophilic inclusions. An oval nucleolated nucleus is located in the anterior part of the cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF61912708FB3FC759" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
(3) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61B82709FE1AC473" bold="true" box="[236,430,1366,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Spherulous cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60E92708FDBBC473" box="[445,527,1367,1391]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) are oval or round in appearance (8–12 µm in diameter) and are characterized by the presence in the cytoplasm of 2–7 large trapeziform, spherical, or oval homogenous osmiophilic inclusions 2–8 µm in diameter. These inclusions have a microgranular structure. The cytosol is reduced to a thin layer between these inclusions. The cytoplasm sometimes contains large heterogenous inclusions and small electron transparent vacuoles. The Golgi complex is well developed. A nucleus without nucleoli could be in the cell’s center or at the periphery. Spherulous cells can be distributed anywhere in the mesohyl, but are more common in external parts of the choanosome. They often occupy the collagen-reinforced layer in the sponge ectosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF6191240EFE62C7E4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
(4) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61BB240FFE2BC775" bold="true" box="[239,415,1616,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Granular cells</emphasis>
(amoebocytes III or fuchsinophilic cells) (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF62DB240EFC50C775" box="[911,996,1617,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) form one of the more numerous cell 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD0FFCF61C3242AFF66C791" box="[151,210,1653,1677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
in the mesohyl. The shape of these cells is highly variable; usually cells are irregular, ovoid or elongate with a mean diameter about 8 µm. The cytoplasm is filed with round or oval electron-dense homogenous granules (0.5– 2 µm in diameter). The nucleus has a peripheral, or, rarely, central location in the cell. The cells are distributed throughout the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD0FFCF6191255CFD9DC6D2" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
(5) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF61B8255CFE6DC600" bold="true" box="[236,473,1795,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Microgranular cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD0FFCF60BD255CFD8AC607" box="[489,574,1795,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). We propose to distinguish this cell 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD0FFCF628F255BFBBFC600" box="[987,1035,1796,1820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD0FFCF657B255AFB0DC600" box="[1071,1209,1796,1820]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD0FFCF657B255AFB0DC600" box="[1071,1209,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from granular cells. Microgranular cells are characterized by irregular, amoeboid or, rarely, oval shape and have large lobopodia. The cytoplasm is filed with abundant small (0.2–0.5 µm in diameter) electron-dense spherical or oval inclusions. These inclusions can be of oval shape or rod-shaped. The Golgi complex is well developed. The nucleus can be nucleolated or without nucleoli, located in the cell’s center or at the periphery. Microgranular cells do not display any special localization in the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD1FFCE61C3255CFEDCC6EC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206846/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[224,1364,181,1768]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD1FFCE61C3255CFEDCC6EC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1795,2032]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD1FFCE61C3255CFEFCC604" bold="true" box="[151,328,1795,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="14">FIGURES 7–15.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD1FFCE601B255CFDABC605" box="[335,543,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD1FFCE601B255CFDAFC605" box="[335,539,1795,1817]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">Halisarca dujardini</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7—7 µm; 8—2 µm; 9—3 µm; 10—2 µm; 11—7 µm; 12—3 µm; 13—7 µm; 14— 1.5 µm; 15—10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD2FFCD61C324E9FD04C635" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206847/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[151,1436,187,1700]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD2FFCD61C324E9FD04C635" blockId="10.[151,1436,1718,1833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD2FFCD61C324E9FEE3C7D0" bold="true" box="[151,343,1718,1741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">FIGURES 16–19.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD2FFCD603424E8FD86C7D1" box="[352,562,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD2FFCD603424E8FD9AC7D1" box="[352,558,1719,1741]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">Halisarca dujardini</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Ultrastructure of mesohylar cells. TEM of nucleolated amoebocytes (archaeocytes) from Barents (16) and Japan (17) Seas; TEM of lophocytes from Barents Sea (18) and SEM of lophocyte from White Sea (19). Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; L—lophocyte; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. Ps—pseudopodia. Scale bars: 16—2 µm; 17—2 µm; 18—1.5 µm; 19—7 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD2FFCD61912512FC78C6E9" blockId="10.[151,1436,1869,2037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">
(6) 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD2FFCD61B82511FE26C67A" bold="true" box="[236,402,1870,1894]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">Vacuolar cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD2FFCD60F62512FE47C679" box="[418,499,1869,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) are rare in the mesohyl of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD2FFCD627C2510FC05C679" box="[808,945,1869,1894]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD2FFCD627C2510FC05C679" box="[808,945,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but do not represent a stage in the ontogenesis of spherulous cell, as thought by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD2FFCD6317252EFD78C695" author="Levi" box="[579,716,1905,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="29" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Etude des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systematique des demosponges. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 93, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi (1956)</bibRefCitation>
. Cells are irregular to oval in shape, 
<date id="FF9D102BFFD2FFCD6525252EFB39C695" box="[1137,1165,1905,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15">5x</date>
<date id="FF9D102BFFD2FFCD65D9252EFB55C695" box="[1165,1249,1905,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="15" value="1912-10-07" valueMax="1912-10-09" valueMin="1912-10-07">7–9x12</date>
µm in size. The cytoplasm contains one to 12 vacuoles of oval or elongated shape 0.5–7.2 µm in diameter. Vacuoles are electrontransparent or could contain very loose mucus-like inclusions, and in sometimes intact symbiotic bacteria. Vacuolar cells are predominantly distributed in the middle part of the choanosome.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD3FFCC61C327F3FED0C4E3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD3FFCC61C327F3FED0C4E3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1452,1535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD3FFCC61C327F3FEABC4DD" bold="true" box="[151,287,1452,1475]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD3FFCC607027F3FE47C4DE" box="[292,499,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD3FFCC607027F3FE5BC4DE" box="[292,495,1452,1474]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">Halisarca dujardini</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD3FFCC61C32794FED6C4FD" box="[151,354,1483,1505]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD3FFCC61C32794FED6C4FD" box="[151,354,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD3FFCC61912476FB61C779" blockId="11.[151,1436,1577,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">
Additional transient mesohylar cell 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD3FFCC63352475FD28C75E" box="[609,668,1578,1602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">types</typeStatus>
could differentiate at various stages in the life cycle. They can be nutritive cells, macrophages, and special granular cells containing cationic peptides and proteins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD3FFCC6191242EFD20C605" blockId="11.[151,1436,1577,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD3FFCC6191242EFED8C796" bold="true" box="[197,364,1649,1674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">Nutritive cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD3FFCC602E242EFE7FC795" box="[378,459,1649,1673]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1774,1797]" captionTargetBox="[492,1094,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[492,1094,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Halisarca dujardini. TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vacuoles. Scale bars: 21 — 2.5 µm; 22 — 15 µm; 23 — 3 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206849/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
) are a mixed heterogeneous cell population with predominance of dedifferentiated choanocytes. Choanocytes filled with phagosomes leave choanocyte chambers and enter the mesohyl during oocytes vitellogenesis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD3FFCC601624E6FD2DC7CD" author="Korotkova" box="[322,665,1721,1745]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" refString="Korotkova, G. P. &amp; Apalkova, L. V. (1975) Oogenesis of the Barents Sea sponge Halisarca dujardini Johnston. In: Tokin, B. P., (Ed.), Comparative and experimental morphology of the sea organisms, Kola Filial Academy of Sciences USSR Press, Murmansk, pp. 9 - 26." type="book chapter" year="1975">Korotkova &amp; Apalkova 1975</bibRefCitation>
; Korotkova &amp; Aisenshtadt 1976; Aisenshtadt &amp; Korotkova 1976). Among the nutritive cells there are also amoebocytes I and spherulous cells. Nutritive cells are phagocyted by growing oocytes for yolk granules formation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD3FFCC61912579FBE2C6D1" blockId="11.[151,1436,1577,1998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD3FFCC61912579FED2C622" bold="true" box="[197,358,1830,1854]" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">Macrophages</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD3FFCC602D257AFE79C621" box="[377,461,1829,1853]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1774,1797]" captionTargetBox="[492,1094,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[492,1094,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Halisarca dujardini. TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vacuoles. Scale bars: 21 — 2.5 µm; 22 — 15 µm; 23 — 3 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206849/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="16">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
) are large cells that appear at the end of sexual reproduction when begins the postreproductive restoration phase of the life cycle (Ereskovsky 2000), or during the regeneration when it undergoes destructive processes in the mesohyl (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD3FFCC631B2532FC15C699" author="Korotkova" box="[591,929,1901,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" refString="Korotkova, G. P. &amp; Movchan N. A. (1973) The peculiarities of defensive-regenerational processes of the sponge Halisarca dujardini. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 21, 16 - 25." type="journal article" year="1973">Korotkova &amp; Movchan 1973</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD3FFCC62E42532FB41C699" author="Volkova" box="[944,1269,1901,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" refString="Volkova, M. A. &amp; Zolotareva, G. A. (1981) The development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston from conglomerates of somatic cells. In: Korotkova, G. P., (Ed.), Morphogenesis in sponges, Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp. 74 - 92." type="book chapter" year="1981">Volkova &amp; Zolotareva 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD3FFCC64502532FEE6C6B5" author="Korotkova" pageId="11" pageNumber="29" refString="Korotkova, G. P. &amp; Ermolina, N. O. (1986 b) Destruction of embryos during the reproductive period in the White Sea sponge Halisarca dujardini Johnston (Demospongiae). Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta (Biologia), 4, 104 - 106." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="b">Korotkova &amp; Ermolina 1986b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD3FFCC603425CEFCBAC6B5" author="Sukhodolskaya" box="[352,782,1937,1961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="30" refString="Sukhodolskaya, A. N. &amp; Krasukevitch, T. N. (1984) The effect of inozine on the development of Halisarca dujardini from small fragments of the body. Vestnik of Leningrad University, 3, 56 - 62." type="journal article" year="1984">Sukhodolskaya &amp; Krasukevitch 1984</bibRefCitation>
). Cell dimensions can reach 30–35 µm, the cytoplasm is filled with large heterogeneous phagosomes. A large spherical nucleus is nucleolated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD4FFCB61C324B1FD67C65E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206849/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[492,1094,193,1752]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD4FFCB61C324B1FD67C65E" blockId="12.[151,1436,1774,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD4FFCB61C324B1FEFAC618" bold="true" box="[151,334,1774,1797]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">FIGURES 21–23</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD4FFCB600824B0FD98C619" box="[348,556,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD4FFCB600824B0FD9DC619" box="[348,553,1775,1797]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">Halisarca dujardini</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vac-uoles. Scale bars: 21—2.5 µm; 22—15 µm; 23—3 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD4FFCA61912531FEBCC078" blockId="12.[151,1436,1902,2035]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,644]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD4FFCB61912531FDD1C69B" bold="true" box="[197,613,1902,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">Special eosinophilic granular cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD4FFCB63232530FD78C69B" box="[631,716,1903,1927]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1774,1797]" captionTargetBox="[492,1094,193,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[492,1094,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Halisarca dujardini. TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vacuoles. Scale bars: 21 — 2.5 µm; 22 — 15 µm; 23 — 3 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206849/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
) contain cationic peptides and proteins (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD4FFCB65F22530FA24C69B" author="Krylova" box="[1190,1424,1903,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="29" refString="Krylova, D. D., Aleshina, G. M., Kokryakov, V. N. &amp; Ereskovsky, A. V. (2004) Antimicrobal propeties of mesohylar granular cells of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 Demospongiae, Halisarcida). In: Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G., &amp; Manconi, R., (Eds.), Sponge science in the new millennium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici dell' Universita di Genova, 68, pp. 399 - 404." type="journal article" year="2004">
Krylova 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD4FFCB6459252FFAF6C69B" box="[1293,1346,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). These cells are amoeboid or oval in shape (about 8–12 µm in diameter); the nucleus is oval and voluminous (about 3.2 µm in diameter) with condensed heterochromatin or a small nucleolus. The cytoplasm contains several specific inclusions: (1) vacuoles that include one to ten round or oval electron-dense granules with peripheral thinly-fibrillar material; (2) vacuoles with electron-dense fine-granular inclusions; (3) electron-dense thinly-fibrillar inclusions located in the cytoplasm. Cells differentiate at the beginning of vitellogenesis of oocytes. During the embryonic development they concentrate in the mesohyl surrounding embryos. These eosinophilic granular cells (or eosinophilic amoebocytes) of maternal sponge penetrate developing embryos and remain there until the beginning of metamorphosis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA60012378FD1DC023" author="Korotkova" box="[341,681,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="29" refString="Korotkova, G. P. &amp; Ermolina, N. O. (1982) The larval development of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae). Zoological Journal, 61, 1472 - 1480." type="journal article" year="1982">Korotkova &amp; Ermolina 1982</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA63ED2378FBF1C023" author="Ereskovsky" box="[697,1093,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V. &amp; Gonobobleva, E. L. (2000) New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Zoosystema, 22, 355 - 368." type="journal article" year="2000">Ereskovsky &amp; Gonobobleva 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA65012378FF6AC078" author="Gonobobleva" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Ereskovsky, A. V. (2004 a) Metamorphosis of the larva of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 74, 101 - 115." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Gonobobleva &amp; Ereskovsky 2004a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA61BD2313FF4EC078" author="Gonobobleva" box="[233,250,332,356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Ereskovsky, A. V. (2004 b) Polymorphism in free-swimming larvae of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). In: Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Manconi, R., (Eds.), Sponge science in the new millennium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici dell' Universita di Genova, 68, pp. 349 - 356." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD5FFCA61932330FBAEC398" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA61932330FE1BC094" bold="true" box="[199,431,367,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Symbiotic bacteria.</emphasis>
Symbiotic bacteria of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA63E4232EFC8EC094" box="[688,826,368,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA63E4232EFC8EC094" box="[688,826,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are represented by a single morphotype found both in the mesohyl of all investigated adults (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD5FFCA631B23CBFD15C0B0" box="[591,673,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
) and during all stages of embryonic development of the White Sea specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA604F23E8FD92C0D3" author="Ereskovsky" box="[283,550,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V., Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Vishnyakov, A. E. (2005) Morphological evidence for vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria in the viviparous sponge Halisarca dujardini Johnston (Porifera, Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Marine Biology, 146, 869 - 875." type="journal article" year="2005">
Ereskovsky 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA60FC23E6FE6EC0CC" box="[424,474,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). Bacteria are almost evenly distributed in the mesohyl and do not form accumulations. Sometimes bacteria are located in vacuoles of archaeocytes. Bacteria (likely gram-positive) have a curved spiral form, characteristic of spirills (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD5FFCA63C123A0FD5FC30B" box="[661,747,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1452,1475]" captionTargetBox="[160,1436,204,1429]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1431]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206848/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Their length is about 0.45 µm, thickness 0.18 µm, the cell wall is 0.05 µm thick. No flagella or piles are found at the surface of bacterial wall. The cytoplasm is heterogeneous. Its peripheral part has a medium electronic density, while the central part is electron dense and possibly corresponds to the nucleoid. In-between, a thin electron-transparent layer is visible.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD5FFCA61C327B6FBB8C4E3" box="[151,1036,1513,1536]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206850/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[192,1405,684,1489]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD5FFCA61C327B6FBB8C4E3" blockId="13.[151,1036,1513,1536]" box="[151,1036,1513,1536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA61C327B6FE94C4E3" bold="true" box="[151,288,1513,1536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
Geographical records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA637427B6FD5CC4E3" box="[544,744,1513,1535]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA637427B6FD5CC4E3" box="[544,744,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in World Ocean (red drops).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD5FFCA61932473FAFDC7AC" blockId="13.[151,1436,1580,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA61932473FEC6C759" bold="true" box="[199,370,1580,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Reproduction.</emphasis>
The sponge is dioecious (however some rare individuals could be hermaphrodites) with short seasonal period of reproduction (
<tableCitation id="C6A10350FFD5FFCA6345240FFDDFC774" box="[529,619,1616,1640]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="14.[151,235,154,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,626]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="TABLE 2. Period of reproduction (embryonic development and larvae release) in Halisarca dujardini from different geographical regions." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Spermatogenesis occurs only during the cold part of the year (Ereskovsky 2000). Larvae are sub-spherical to oval dispherulae, 100–200 µm in diameter, completely ciliated but only sparsely so at the posterior pole (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA635324C7FC3CC7AC" author="Ereskovsky" box="[519,904,1688,1712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Ereskovsky, A. V. &amp; Gonobobleva, E. L. (2000) New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Zoosystema, 22, 355 - 368." type="journal article" year="2000">Ereskovsky &amp; Gonobobleva 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA62C024C7FAABC7AC" author="Gonobobleva" box="[916,1311,1688,1712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Ereskovsky, A. V. (2004 a) Metamorphosis of the larva of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 74, 101 - 115." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Gonobobleva &amp; Ereskovsky 2004a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA647E24C7FA8FC7AC" author="Gonobobleva" box="[1322,1339,1688,1712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Gonobobleva, E. L. &amp; Ereskovsky, A. V. (2004 b) Polymorphism in free-swimming larvae of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). In: Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G. &amp; Manconi, R., (Eds.), Sponge science in the new millennium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici dell' Universita di Genova, 68, pp. 349 - 356." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD5FFCA619124E3FD41C65C" blockId="13.[151,1436,1580,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA619124E3FE9CC7C9" bold="true" box="[197,296,1724,1749]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA606424E3FDBBC7C8" box="[304,527,1724,1748]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA606424E3FDBBC7C8" box="[304,527,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found at depths from 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD5FFCA62D224E3FC42C7C8" box="[902,1014,1724,1748]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="10.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 20 m</quantity>
but also from upper littoral (Barents Sea) to 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD5FFCA61BB24BFFE8CC7E4" box="[239,312,1760,1784]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
(Skagerrak), mainly on the algae 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA63E924BEFA94C7E4" box="[701,1312,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA63E924BEFC38C7E4" box="[701,908,1760,1784]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Fucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="species" species="vesiculosus">Fucus vesiculosus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA62CD24BEFB06C7E4" authority="Ascophyllum" authorityName="Ascophyllum" box="[921,1202,1760,1784]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Fucus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="species" species="serratus">F. serratus, Ascophyllum</taxonomicName>
nodosum
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA640D24BEFEE9C600" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA640D24BEFEEDC600" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Laminariaceae" genus="Laminaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Laminariales" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="saccharina">Laminaria saccharina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
under and on stones and boulders, in empty shells of lamellibranchs, on carapaces of crabs, at the base of gorgonians, and on the ascidian 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA63022577FD5BC65C" box="[598,751,1832,1856]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rustica">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA63022577FD5BC65C" box="[598,751,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Styela rustica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFD5FFCA61912513FC0BC6E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD5FFCA61912513FC0BC6E8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1580,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA61912513FEEAC679" bold="true" box="[197,350,1868,1893]" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD5FFCA60302513FDF6C678" box="[356,578,1868,1892]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="13" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD5FFCA60302513FDF6C678" box="[356,578,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex is considered to be cosmopolitan (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFD5FFCA65D42513FA25C678" author="Bergquist" box="[1152,1425,1868,1892]" pageId="13" pageNumber="28" refString="Bergquist, P. R. &amp; Cook, S. C. (2002) Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest van, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1089." type="book chapter" year="2002">Bergquist &amp; Cook 2002</bibRefCitation>
). In fact, however, its distribution is limited to temperate waters: in the North Atlantic—along the European costs from English Channel to White Sea and in Atlantic coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFD5FFCA626925CBFCC1C6B0" box="[829,885,1940,1964]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">USA</collectingCountry>
(Massachusetts) and in the North-West of Mediterranean Sea; in North Pacific—Bering Sea, Avacha Bay and in Russian coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFD5FFCA657925E6FBD9C6CC" box="[1069,1133,1977,2000]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Japan</collectingCountry>
Sea; in South Pacific—the 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFD5FFCA61C32582FE99C6E8" box="[151,301,2012,2036]" name="New Zealand" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
coasts (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD5FFCA60DC2583FE68C6E8" box="[392,476,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1513,1536]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,684,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[186,1410,679,1493]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 24. Geographical records of Halisarca dujardini in World Ocean (red drops)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206850/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="18">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
). See Annex 1 for the detailed distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD" ID-Table-UUID="DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[151,1436,237,626]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC961C322C5FEA0C1CD" blockId="14.[151,1436,153,209]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC961C322C5FEB0C1B3" bold="true" box="[151,260,154,175]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Period of reproduction (embryonic development and larvae release) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD6FFC9628022C6FB2FC1B3" box="[980,1179,153,175]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC9628022C6FB2FC1B3" box="[980,1179,153,175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from different geographical regions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC961CB22B2FE81C36E" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<table id="F923C44BFFD6003861C322B2FA28C36E" box="[151,1436,237,626]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<tr id="351334A9FFD6003861C322B2FA28C030" box="[151,1436,237,300]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<th id="76C25DD5FFD6003861C322B2FE44C030" box="[151,496,237,300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Region White Sea</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFD60038637A22B2FD47C030" box="[558,755,237,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Months End of June-July</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFD60038655C22B2FA28C030" box="[1032,1436,237,300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Ref Ereskovsky 2000</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFD6003861C3231FFA28C0CD" box="[151,1436,320,465]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<th id="76C25DD5FFD6003861C3231FFE44C0CD" box="[151,496,320,465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Barents Sea North Sea (Bergen) English Channel (Roscoff) SW Pacific (New Zealand)</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFD60038637A231FFD47C0CD" box="[558,755,320,465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">July-August June-July June-September October-November</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFD60038655C231FFA28C0CD" box="[1032,1436,320,465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Korotkova &amp; Apalkova 1975 Personal observations Lévi 1956 Bergquist 1996</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFD6003861C32068FA28C36E" box="[151,1436,567,626]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C25DD5FFD6003861C32068FE44C36E" box="[151,496,567,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC961C32068FE44C34D" bold="true" box="[151,496,567,593]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD6FFC961C32068FE38C34D" box="[151,396,567,593]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC961C32068FE38C34D" bold="true" box="[151,396,567,593]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFD6FFC960C72068FE44C34D" box="[403,496,567,593]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Figs. 25–46).
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFD6FFC961C320FDFE14C23A" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC961C320FDFE14C23A" blockId="14.[151,1436,674,1059]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC961C320FDFE3DC3A7" bold="true" box="[151,393,674,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD6FFC960CC20FDFDB1C3A6" box="[408,517,674,698]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: collected in “Grotte à Corail” Maire Island, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD6FFC9651520FDFB37C3A6" box="[1089,1155,674,698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
depth, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFD6FFC965B320FDFA39C3A6" box="[1255,1421,674,698]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="43.210567">43°12'38.04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFD6FFC961C32099FE9BC3C2" box="[151,303,710,734]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="5.332444">5°19'56.80&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFD6FFC962302099FC06C3C2" box="[868,946,710,734]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">France</collectingCountry>
) 
<collectionCode id="ED32AE2EFFD6FFC9629C2098FBA9C3C2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[968,1053,711,734]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">MNHN</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED32AE2EFFD6FFC9657E2099FBD5C3C2" box="[1066,1121,710,734]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">DJV</collectionCode>
128. 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFD6FFC965C82098FAB6C3C3" box="[1180,1282,711,735]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: collected in “Grotte à Corail” Maire Island, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD6FFC960A820B5FD81C21E" box="[508,565,746,770]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
depth, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFD6FFC963DC20B5FC85C21E" box="[648,817,746,770]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="43.210567">43°12'38.04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFD6FFC9621420B5FC62C21E" box="[832,982,746,770]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" precision="1" value="5.332444">5°19'56.80&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, Zoological Institute RAS (Saint-Petersburg, 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFD6FFC9618C2151FE90C23A" box="[216,292,782,806]" name="Russia" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Russia</collectingCountry>
) № 11141.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFD6FFD36193216DFD44C46C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC96193216DFCB2C53E" blockId="14.[151,1436,674,1059]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC96193216DFDEBC257" bold="true" box="[199,607,818,843]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Description. External morphology</emphasis>
. Thinly incrusting sponge, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD6FFC962C2216DFB8EC256" box="[918,1082,818,842]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.18" valueMax="0.19" valueMin="0.17">0.17–0.19 mm</quantity>
thick, spreading on the surface of the living bryozoan 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD6FFC960C32108FDCEC272" box="[407,634,855,878]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Smittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cervicornis">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC960C32108FDCEC272" box="[407,634,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Smittina cervicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC963DE2109FCBDC272" box="[650,777,854,878]" captionStart="FIGURES 25, 26" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1575,1598]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 25, 26. Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. in situ and in vivo (arrowheads) (photos J. Harmelin). Abbreviations: Ooscula; Z—bryozoan zooids. Scale bars: 25 — 10 mm; 26 — 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206851/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Fig. 25, 26</figureCitation>
). The sponge covers the host’s colony from the base to the tips of the branches with a continuous layer. Most often, the sponge coating is very thin and transparent, and thus hardly visible. The sponge may become relatively thick and then appears as an opaque sheath. The surface is skinlike, lustreless and smooth, even (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC9634C219DFDDAC2C6" box="[536,622,962,986]" captionStart="FIGURES 25, 26" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1575,1598]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 25, 26. Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. in situ and in vivo (arrowheads) (photos J. Harmelin). Abbreviations: Ooscula; Z—bryozoan zooids. Scale bars: 25 — 10 mm; 26 — 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206851/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Oscula have a cone shape (height: 0.1–0.5 µm and diameter about 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFD6FFC9642D219DFF70C2E2" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
) and are located exclusively along the bryozoan branch edges that are devoid of zooid orifices. Texture is soft, very delicate and easily torn. The colour is pale-yellow.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD6FFC961C32478FC9EC740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206851/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[151,1436,1111,1553]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC961C32478FC9EC740" blockId="14.[151,1436,1575,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC961C32478FEEDC721" bold="true" box="[151,345,1575,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">FIGURES 25, 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD6FFC960352478FD84C721" box="[353,560,1575,1597]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC960352478FD84C721" box="[353,560,1575,1597]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFD6FFC9636E2477FD39C721" box="[570,653,1576,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC9636E2477FD39C721" bold="true" box="[570,653,1576,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD6FFC963C22476FD63C722" box="[662,727,1577,1598]" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="14" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="situ">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC963C22476FD63C722" box="[662,727,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">in situ</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC9625A2476FCE0C722" box="[782,852,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">in vivo</emphasis>
(arrowheads) (photos J. Harmelin). Abbreviations: Ooscula; Z—bryozoan zooids. Scale bars: 25—10 mm; 26—3mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC9619324D6FD41C611" blockId="14.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD6FFC9619324D6FD43C7BD" bold="true" box="[199,759,1672,1697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Internal organization. Soft tissue organization.</emphasis>
There is a thin ectosomal region, 4–14 µm deep, consisting of the flat part of exopinacocytes and of an underlying dense collagen layer, about 1.7–2.6 µm deep (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC9645624F2FAE2C7D9" box="[1282,1366,1709,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). This layer contains symbiotic bacteria and some secretory cells (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC96210248FFC2FC7F4" box="[836,923,1744,1768]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Cell bodies of T-shape exopinacocytes and rare spherulous cells occur beneath the collagen layer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC961912547FAD8C664" blockId="14.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
The choanosome makes up most of the volume of the sponge body and is composed of choanocyte chambers and mesohyl (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC960632562FE76C649" box="[311,450,1853,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Figs. 27, 28</figureCitation>
). The individual choanocyte chambers are tubular in shape, sometimes branched, measuring from 76 up to 175 μm in length and are 9.3–14 μm wide. There are mobile cells present in the mesohyl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD6FFC9619125DAFE05C6F9" blockId="14.[151,1436,1672,2022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">
The basal part (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD6FFC9602725DAFE72C681" box="[371,454,1925,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="19">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
), in contact with the bryozoan surface, includes a dense, thin (0.17 µm) cuticle secreted by the basopinacocytes. Collagen cuticle includes spiral symbiotic bacteria and other bacteria, which are not present in other sponge parts.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFD7FFC861C32785FB18C732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD7FFC861C32785FB18C732" blockId="15.[151,1436,1498,1582]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD7FFC861C32785FEF3C4EC" bold="true" box="[151,327,1498,1521]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 27–29.</emphasis>
Anatomy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFD7FFC860852784FD2BC4ED" box="[465,671,1499,1521]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD7FFC860852784FD2BC4ED" box="[465,671,1499,1521]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFD7FFC863FC2784FD4DC4EC" box="[680,761,1499,1520]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD7FFC863FC2784FD4DC4EC" bold="true" box="[680,761,1499,1520]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
27—General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29—basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27—100 µm; 28—10 µm; 29—5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD7FFC861912405FACAC7A4" blockId="15.[151,1437,1626,2033]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD7FFC861912405FE41C76F" bold="true" box="[197,501,1626,1651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Cytology. Exopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD7FFC863502405FDE1C76E" box="[516,597,1626,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
) are T-shaped with a thin, flattened external cytoplasmic part, and an internal cell body. The cell body is irregular or triangular in shape, about 4.9x5.3 μm. The two parts of the cell are connected by a thin cytoplasmic bridge. Nucleus is lightly ovoid (2.2–2.4 µm in diameter), often without nucleolus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFD7FFC86191249DFA29C6EC" blockId="15.[151,1437,1626,2033]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFD7FFC86191249DFEE9C7C7" bold="true" box="[197,349,1730,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Choanocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD7FFC8603B249DFE77C7C6" box="[367,451,1730,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFD7FFC86086249DFE5BC7C6" box="[466,495,1730,1754]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="20">31</figureCitation>
) are elongate or roughly pyramidal, 2.3–5.3 µm wide at the base and 1.9–4.2 µm wide at the nucleus area, the height is 4–5.9 µm. Choanocyte collar arises at approximately 4/5 of the height of the cell and is composed of about 18 microvilli. Nucleus is central or apical, spherical about 1.9 µm in diameter, occasionally with a nucleolus, 0.5 µm in diameter. The apical part of choanocytes encompasses many small vacuoles. The central and basal cytoplasm usually contains 2–4 phagosomes, 0.8–1.5 µm in diameter with heterogeneous inclusions. The choanocytes also contain mitochondria, osmiophilic granules (0.3–0.6 µm), electron transparent vacuoles (0.1–0.8 µm) and other inclusions. The choanocytes contact each other only at the base. Long fine pseudopodia frequently arise from the central and basal parts of the choanocytes; the latter anchor choanocytes in the mesohyl. The free apical surface of the choanocytes and the flagella are covered by a thin (1 µm) glycocalyx layer.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFC8FFD761C32465FB96C7B0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFC8FFD761C32465FB96C7B0" blockId="16.[151,1436,1594,1708]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC8FFD761C32465FEE0C74C" bold="true" box="[151,340,1594,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">FIGURES 30–35.</emphasis>
TEM micrographs of the cells of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFC8FFD763F92465FCCFC74C" box="[685,891,1594,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC8FFD763F92465FCCFC74C" box="[685,891,1594,1616]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFC8FFD762D62464FC66C74C" box="[898,978,1595,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC8FFD762D62464FC66C74C" bold="true" box="[898,978,1595,1616]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
30—exopinacocyte; 31—choanocytes; 32— endopinacocyte; 33—basopinacocyte; 34—nucleolate amoebocyte; 35—lophocyte. Abbreviations: B1—bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “tail”. Scale bars: 30–2.5 µm; 31—2 µm; 32—2.5 µm; 33—2 µm; 34—1 µm; 35—2 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFC8FFD761912487FEA4C6B9" blockId="16.[151,1437,1752,1957]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC8FFD761912487FE3BC7ED" bold="true" box="[197,399,1752,1777]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Endopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFC8FFD760CB2486FE46C7ED" box="[415,498,1753,1777]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
) are flat cells with very thin, long, and flat cytoplasmic outgrowths (about 0.2–0.3 µm in thickness), non-flagellated, 9–13.7 µm wide by 2.1–2.5 µm high in the nucleus area. The cytoplasmic outgrowths can make branching diverticules. Endopinacocytes are anchored in the mesohyl by short, thin basal pseudopodia, which develop from the central part of the cell. Nucleus is ovoid (
<date id="FF9D102BFFC8FFD762A6251AFBACC641" box="[1010,1048,1861,1885]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21">2 x</date>
2.3 µm), often without nucleolus. The cytoplasm usually contains 1–3 phagosomes 0.4–0.6 µm in diameter, transparent vacuoles, and osmiophilic inclusions.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFC9FFD661C3250AFCA6C6FA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFC9FFD661C3250AFCA6C6FA" blockId="17.[151,1436,1877,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC9FFD661C3250AFEF8C677" bold="true" box="[151,332,1877,1900]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">FIGURES 36–43</emphasis>
. Micrographs of secretive cells (36–40) and symbiotic bacteria (41–43) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFC9FFD665142509FAB9C670" box="[1088,1293,1878,1900]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC9FFD665142509FAB9C670" box="[1088,1293,1878,1900]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFC9FFD664472509FAD7C677" box="[1299,1379,1878,1899]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFC9FFD664472509FAD7C677" bold="true" box="[1299,1379,1878,1899]" pageId="17" pageNumber="22">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
36— Spherulous cell; 37—Vacuolar cell; 38—Microgranular cell; 39—Granular cell; 40—Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42—Symbiotic bacteria Type B1; 43—Symbiotic bacteria Type B2. Abbreviations: B1—symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36—3 µm; 37—7 µm; 38—2 µm; 39—1.5 µm; 40—2 µm; 41—0.5 µm; 42—1 µm; 43—0.5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD5619122C8FDFEC008" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5619122C8FE3DC1AC" bold="true" box="[197,393,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Basopinacocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560CD22C8FE59C1B3" box="[409,493,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). These cells constitute the loose layer underlying the base of the sponge. They are oval, flattened in basal part, about 5.7 μm in length and about 1.8 μm in width in the nucleus region. The nucleus is oval 0.9 x 2.8 μm in size. The cytoplasm includes a well-developed Golgi complex, small electron dense spherical inclusions and abundant mitochondria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD561912341FF49C0A0" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD561912341FD99C02A" bold="true" box="[197,557,285,310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Mesohylar cells. Archaeocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD563682341FD2DC02A" box="[572,665,286,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Figs. 29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD563F12341FD76C02A" box="[677,706,286,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">34</figureCitation>
) are amoeboid cells, 5– 
<date id="FF9D102BFFCAFFD5629A2341FC6FC02A" box="[974,987,286,310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">7</date>
x 4–2.9 µm in size with a round, nucleolate nucleus (1.9–2.2 µm in diameter, nucleolus: 0.5 µm). The cytoplasm contains phagosomes (0.5–2 µm in diameter) with heterogeneous inclusions, round electron dense inclusions (0.2–0.7 µm in diameter) and, sometime, lipid droplets 0.5–0.7 µm in diameter. Archaeocytes are not abundant and are dispersed in all parts of the sponge mesohyl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD561912399FE2FC35F" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD561912399FEFAC0C2" bold="true" box="[197,334,454,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Lophocytes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560092399FE05C0C2" box="[349,433,454,478]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 35" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1594,1617]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,1561]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[163,1423,193,1562]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30 — exopinacocyte; 31 — choanocytes; 32 — endopinacocyte; 33 — basopinacocyte; 34 — nucleolate amoebocyte; 35 — lophocyte. Abbreviations: B 1 — bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell’s “ tail ”. Scale bars: 30 – 2.5 µm; 31 — 2 µm; 32 — 2.5 µm; 33 — 2 µm; 34 — 1 µm; 35 — 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206853/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). Clavate, drop-like or oval cells (6.2–8.3 x 1.3–2.4 µm), often with a tuft of secreted collagen fibrils attached to the posterior end. The nucleus, located in the anterior part of cell, is oval (about 1.4 x 2.7 µm) with a nucleolus 0.5 µm in diameter. Cytoplasm contains mitochondria, some digestive vacuoles, and small osmiophilic inclusions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD561912013FB38C3F7" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD561912013FE33C379" bold="true" box="[197,391,588,613]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Spherulous cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560CC2013FE43C378" box="[408,503,588,612]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Figs. 28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD563502013FD90C378" box="[516,548,588,612]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">36</figureCitation>
). Oval, round, or irregular in shape cells, 7.9–11.2 µm in diameter. Nucleus is round (about 3.4 µm in diameter) or oval, commonly without the nucleolus. The cytoplasm contains large, trapeziform or, more rarely, spherical (0.6–2.9 µm in diameter) osmiophilic inclusions. The Golgi complex is well developed. Spherulous cells are more abundant in the exterior part of the choanosome and in the ectosome, but they are also present in the choanosome with a preferential distribution under the choanocyte layer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD5619120AAFA3CC26D" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5619120AAFEDFC211" bold="true" box="[197,363,757,781]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Vacuolar cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD5602D20ABFE78C210" box="[377,460,756,780]" captionStart="FIGURE 27 – 29" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1498,1521]" captionTargetBox="[495,1095,182,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[495,1096,182,1483]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 27 – 29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27 — General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29 — basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B 2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27 — 100 µm; 28 — 10 µm; 29 — 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206852/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD5608320ABFE40C210" box="[471,500,756,780]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">37</figureCitation>
) with big electron transparent vacuoles are often situated in the basal part of sponge choanosome. Cell form is irregular, sometimes dumbbell-like, 5.4–11.7 µm in length and 3.5–4.6 µm in width, with an oval, anucleolate nucleus, in the central part 
<date id="FF9D102BFFCAFFD563E92168FD6CC253" box="[701,728,823,847]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">2x</date>
2.4 µm in dimension. The cytoplasm is reduced to a fine layer surrounding the vacuoles and the nucleus. The vacuoles are oval or irregular, from 2.5x4.2 to 4 to 6.8 µm in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD561912125FDBBC2EB" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD561912125FE05C28F" bold="true" box="[197,433,890,915]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Microgranular cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560952124FDA7C28F" box="[449,531,891,915]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
) are large amoeboid cells, 5.7 x 7.4 µm. The nucleus is round (2.7 µm in diameter) with a nucleolus 0.4 µm. The cytoplasm is filled by oval (length 0.5–1.15 µm; diameter 0.15–0.45 µm) or round (0.2–0.4 µm in diameter) electron-dense granules, surrounded by a membrane and by abundant small irregular, electron transparent vacuoles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD56191265EFD9EC562" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD56191265EFEC5C506" bold="true" box="[197,369,1025,1050]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Granular cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD5602B265EFE64C505" box="[383,464,1025,1049]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
) are oval or irregular cells with thin cytoplasmic outgrowths. Cell length is 4.1–5.6 µm and width is 2.7–3.6 µm. The anucleolate nucleus is round or ovoid, about 1.7 µm in diameter. The cytoplasm is filled by oval or round electron-dense homogenous granules 0.2–1.5 µm in diameter. The granules are surrounded by a thin electron transparent space.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD5619126D8FC7CC5FF" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5619126D8FE13C5BC" bold="true" box="[197,423,1159,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Rhabdiferous cells</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560E826D8FDA7C583" box="[444,531,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
) are amoeboid in shape (6.2– 
<date id="FF9D102BFFCAFFD5622E26D8FC26C583" box="[890,914,1159,1183]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" value="1911-10">11</date>
x 2.7–6.1 µm) with long pseudopodia. The nucleus is oval, about 2 µm in diameter with a nucleolus 0.4 µm. The cytoplasm is filled with rhabdite-like or oval osmiophilic inclusions 0.5–2.3 µm in length and 0.2–0.9 µm in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD5619326B3FE49C72F" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5619326B3FE07C419" bold="true" box="[199,435,1260,1285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Symbiotic bacteria.</emphasis>
Two morphotypes of symbiotic bacteria, B1 and B2, occur in the mesohyl. Both are extracellular. 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5607A2751FE0AC43B" bold="true" box="[302,446,1294,1319]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
The 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFCAFFD560302751FE23C43A" box="[356,407,1294,1318]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
B1
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560982751FDE6C43A" box="[460,594,1294,1318]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Figs. 41, 42</figureCitation>
) is found in the mesohyl as well as in the surface layer of the sponge. These bacterial cells are spiral-shaped, slightly curved, with flagella 0.24–0.31 µm in diameter and 2–4.5 µm in length. The cytoplasm is electron-dense. Thick nucleoid filaments form a regular, thin central structure. The cell wall is surrounded by a thin wavy extracellular layer. An electron-dense thickening of the cell wall forms a spiral around the cell surface. 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5600627CAFE50C4B1" bold="true" box="[338,484,1428,1453]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
The 
<typeStatus id="54988849FFCAFFD560DC27CAFE0FC4B1" box="[392,443,1429,1453]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
B2
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD560A127CBFDF3C4B0" box="[501,583,1428,1452]" captionStart="FIGURES 36 – 43" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1877,1900]" captionTargetBox="[204,1379,193,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[204,1380,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 36 – 43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36 – 40) and symbiotic bacteria (41 – 43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36 — Spherulous cell; 37 — Vacuolar cell; 38 — Microgranular cell; 39 — Granular cell; 40 — Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 1; 43 — Symbiotic bacteria Type B 2. Abbreviations: B 1 — symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36 — 3 µm; 37 — 7 µm; 38 — 2 µm; 39 — 1. 5 µm; 40 — 2 µm; 41 — 0. 5 µm; 42 — 1 µm; 43 — 0. 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206854/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
) is located only in the basal collagen layer lining the border with the bryozoan host. These bacteria are oval, 0.8–1.2 µm in length and 0.4–0.5 µm in diameter. The cytoplasm is homogeneous and of medium electron density. The nucleoid zone contains a filamentous, irregular network which appears characteristic of these bacteria. Most remarkable are numerous thin projections, up to 0.6 µm long, that extend from the surface of the bacteria.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCAFFD561932463FECDC6F4" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD561932463FE6BC749" bold="true" box="[199,479,1596,1621]" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Mitochondrial genome.</emphasis>
Mitochondrial genome of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD562452461FC15C749" box="[785,929,1597,1621]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD562452461FC15C749" box="[785,929,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">H. harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is identical in both the gene content and the gene arrangement to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD560B62400FDDFC76A" box="[482,619,1630,1654]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD560B62400FDDFC76A" box="[482,619,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD563F52401FCDBC76A" box="[673,879,1630,1654]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD563F52401FCDBC76A" box="[673,879,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Demospongiae, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD565612401FB72C76A" box="[1077,1222,1630,1654]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Chondrosida</taxonomicName>
) (Fig. 44). Most of the protein genes and the structural RNA genes are identical or similar in size between the two 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5659624DFFA85C784" box="[1218,1329,1664,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5659624DFFA85C784" box="[1218,1329,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Halisarca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genomes (
<tableCitation id="C6A10350FFCAFFD561CA24FEFF40C7A5" box="[158,244,1697,1721]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,306,937]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparison of mitochondrial coding and rRNA sequences in Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. (HH) and Halisarca dujardini (HD)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1">Table 3</tableCitation>
), but the total length of intergenic regions is larger by ~ 1,300 bp (6.8% of the genome size) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5647524FDFF00C7C7" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5647524FDFF00C7C7" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">H. harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Comparison of coding sequences among 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD563CE249BFC79C7C7" box="[666,973,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD563CE249BFC9AC7C7" box="[666,814,1731,1755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">H. harmelini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5626F249BFC7DC7C7" box="[827,969,1731,1755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">H. dujardini</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD56552249BFBC1C7C7" box="[1030,1141,1731,1755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD56552249BFBC1C7C7" box="[1030,1141,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">C. nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed that genetic distances between the two 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD560F424BAFDBBC7E1" box="[416,527,1765,1789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD560F424BAFDBBC7E1" box="[416,527,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Halisarca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (on average ~ 0.12 for all sites, 0.53 for 4-fold degenerate sites, see 
<tableCitation id="C6A10350FFCAFFD5640A24BBFF11C602" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,235,152,173]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,306,937]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparison of mitochondrial coding and rRNA sequences in Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. (HH) and Halisarca dujardini (HD)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" tableUuid="DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1">Table 3</tableCitation>
for individual proteins) are similar to genetic distances between either of them and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5652B2558FB5BC602" box="[1151,1263,1798,1822]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5652B2558FB5BC602" box="[1151,1263,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">C. nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD564562559FAEEC602" box="[1282,1370,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[254,1338,1082,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[239,1347,1067,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 45. Cox 1 divergence between Halisarca harmelini and Halisarca dujardini in comparison to cox 1 polymorphism within Chondrilla nucula. Neighbor-joining tree was computed using uncorrected “ p ” distances for nucleotide data." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206855/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
). The extent of sequence divergence between the two species greatly exceeds the amount of differences found between two specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD560332515FE46C67D" box="[359,498,1865,1889]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD560332515FE46C67D" box="[359,498,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and within closely related 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5627E2515FC2CC67D" box="[810,920,1865,1889]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5627E2515FC2CC67D" box="[810,920,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">C. nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD562FE2516FC4BC67D" box="[938,1023,1865,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[254,1338,1082,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[239,1347,1067,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 45. Cox 1 divergence between Halisarca harmelini and Halisarca dujardini in comparison to cox 1 polymorphism within Chondrilla nucula. Neighbor-joining tree was computed using uncorrected “ p ” distances for nucleotide data." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206855/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
), sampled across a large geographic range and various habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFCAFFD560882534FD58C69F" author="Duran" box="[476,748,1899,1923]" pageId="18" pageNumber="28" refString="Duran, S. &amp; Rutzler, K. (2006) Ecological speciation in a Caribbean marine sponge. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 292 - 297." type="journal article" year="2006">Duran &amp; Rützler 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Given that the rate of sequence evolution is very low in sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFCAFFD5605625D3FE2FC6B8" author="Lavrov" box="[258,411,1932,1956]" pageId="18" pageNumber="29" refString="Lavrov, D. V. (2010) Rapid proliferation of repetitive palindromic elements in mtDNA of the endemic baikalian sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Molecular Phylogeneny and Evolution, 27, 757 - 760." type="journal article" year="2010">Lavrov 2010</bibRefCitation>
), these large genetic distances indicate an ancient divergence between the two 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCAFFD5647925D2FA28C6B9" box="[1325,1436,1933,1957]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="18" pageNumber="23" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCAFFD5647925D2FA28C6B9" box="[1325,1436,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Halisarca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Nevertheless, they still form a strongly supported clade in demosponge phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA data (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCAFFD5604C258FFED9C6F4" box="[280,365,2000,2024]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="21.[151,250,993,1016]" captionTargetBox="[167,1427,200,965]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,973]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 46. Phylogenetic position of Halisarca harmelini in demosponge phylogeny. Posterior majority-rule consensus tree obtained from the analysis of 3411 aligned amino acid positions from 33 taxa under the CAT + GTR + Γ model is shown. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with the PhyloBayes 2.3 d program with four independent chains running in parallel until convergence (maxdiff = 0.06). The numbers at each node are Bayesian posterior probabilities. Fungi, Homoscleromorpha, and major clades of demosponges are collapsed for clarity. The two species of Halisarca are in bold. The complete tree is shown as supplementary data." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206856/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="23">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCBFFD461C3215AFD83C2E5" blockId="19.[151,1436,773,1017]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD461C3215AFE96C206" bold="true" box="[151,290,773,796]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 44.</emphasis>
Genomic maps of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCBFFD460BB215AFD74C207" box="[495,704,773,795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD460BB215AFD74C207" box="[495,704,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCBFFD463A3215AFC77C207" box="[759,963,773,795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD463A3215AFC77C207" box="[759,963,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mtDNA. Protein (blue) and ribosomal genes (green) are 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4605E217BFE83C226" box="[266,311,804,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">atp6</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD46010217BFE3DC226" box="[324,393,804,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">atp8–9</emphasis>
: subunits 6, 8 and 9 of F0 adenosine triphosphatase (ATP) synthase; 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4656D217BFB35C226" box="[1081,1153,804,826]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">cox1–3</emphasis>
: cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1–3; 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD46056211AFE92C247" box="[258,294,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">cob</emphasis>
: apocytochrome b; 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD460A4211AFD88C247" box="[496,572,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">nad1–6</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD46339211AFD1AC247" box="[621,686,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">nad4L</emphasis>
: NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–6 and 4L; 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD465D12119FB12C247" box="[1157,1190,838,859]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">rns</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD46582211AFB47C247" box="[1238,1267,837,859]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">rnl</emphasis>
: small and large subunit rRNAs. tRNA genes (black) are identified by the one-letter code for their corresponding amino acids. Two arginine, isoleucine, leucine, and serine tRNA genes are differentiated by subscripts with 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD462B521DCFBF7C284" box="[993,1091,899,920]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnR(ucg)</emphasis>
marked as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD465EB21DCFB62C280" box="[1215,1238,899,924]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">R1</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD465B121DCFAFCC284" box="[1253,1352,899,920]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnR(ucu)</emphasis>
—as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4642B21DCFA21C280" box="[1407,1429,899,924]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">R2</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD461C321FBFF47C2A5" box="[151,243,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnI(gau)</emphasis>
—as 
<date id="FF9D102BFFCBFFD4607C21FAFE8CC2A1" box="[296,312,933,957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4607C21FAFE8CC2A1" box="[296,312,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">I1</emphasis>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4601021FBFE2BC2A5" box="[324,415,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnI(cau)</emphasis>
—as 
<date id="FF9D102BFFCBFFD4608021FAFE57C2A1" box="[468,483,933,957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4608021FAFE57C2A1" box="[468,483,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">I2</emphasis>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD460A421FBFDE6C2A5" box="[496,594,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnL(uag)</emphasis>
—as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD463D321FAFD28C2A1" box="[647,668,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">L1</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD463FC21FBFCBEC2A5" box="[680,778,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnL(uaa)</emphasis>
as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4627821FAFCF5C2A1" box="[812,833,933,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">L2</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4621A21FBFC1AC2A5" box="[846,942,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnS(ucu)</emphasis>
—as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD462B621FBFC42C2A1" box="[994,1014,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">S1</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4657921FBFB3AC2A5" box="[1069,1166,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">trnS(uga)</emphasis>
—as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4659721FBFB62C2A1" box="[1219,1238,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">S2</emphasis>
. Genes for inferred initiator and elongator tRNA(Met) are marked as 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD463C5219AFD19C2C7" box="[657,685,965,987]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Mf</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4638B2199FD4BC2C7" box="[735,767,966,987]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Me</emphasis>
, respectively. Overlaps between adjacent genes are shown in yellow. All genes are transcribed clockwise.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFCBFFD461C325CBFA9FC6D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206855/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[254,1338,1082,1914]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCBFFD461C325CBFA9FC6D5" blockId="19.[151,1436,1940,1993]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD461C325CBFE96C6B6" bold="true" box="[151,290,1940,1963]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 45.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4607F25CAFED4C6B7" box="[299,352,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Cox1</emphasis>
divergence between 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCBFFD4636A25CAFCBAC6B7" box="[574,782,1941,1963]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4636A25CAFCBAC6B7" box="[574,782,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCBFFD4621025CAFBBAC6B7" box="[836,1038,1941,1963]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4621025CAFBBAC6B7" box="[836,1038,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in comparison to 
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4659B25CAFB4BC6B7" box="[1231,1279,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">cox1</emphasis>
polymorphism within 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCBFFD4618A25ECFE2CC6D5" box="[222,408,1971,1993]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chondrillidae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nucula">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCBFFD4618A25ECFE2CC6D5" box="[222,408,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="24">Chondrilla nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Neighbor-joining tree was computed using uncorrected “p” distances for nucleotide data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" ID-Table-UUID="DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6663FFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[151,1435,306,937]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD361C322C7FE82C1D1" blockId="20.[151,1435,152,287]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD361C322C7FEB3C1B1" bold="true" box="[151,263,152,173]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Comparison of mitochondrial coding and rRNA sequences in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD362CD22C7FBDCC1B2" box="[921,1128,152,174]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD362CD22C7FBDCC1B2" box="[921,1128,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFCCFFD3652622C6FB77C1B2" box="[1138,1219,153,174]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(HH) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD3646322C7FF40C1D1" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD3646322C7FF40C1D1" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(HD).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD3607422B4FA34C1E2" blockId="20.[151,1435,152,287]" box="[288,1408,232,256]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25"># nucleotides ab Rates of sequence evolution between HH and HD Predicted initiation and termi-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD3651B2356FD31C5BD" blockId="20.[151,1435,152,287]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,1094,1185]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
nation codons in HH and HD c a Data for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD361A32616FE0BC543" box="[247,447,1097,1119]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD361A32616FE0BC543" box="[247,447,1097,1119]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Halisarca dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B1AFFCCFFD3637E2616FCBAC543" author="Wang" box="[554,782,1097,1119]" pageId="20" pageNumber="29" refString="Lavrov, D. V., Wang, X. &amp; Kelly, M. (2008) Reconstructing ordinal relationships in the Demospongiae using mitochondrial genomic data. Molecular Phylogeneny and Evolution, 49, 111 - 124." type="journal article" year="2008">Wang &amp; Lavrov 2008</bibRefCitation>
). b Bold numbers indicate sequences of different lengths comparing to their homologues in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD360F82635FDCEC59C" box="[428,634,1130,1152]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD360F82635FDCEC59C" box="[428,634,1130,1152]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Asterisks denote internal indels. c Identical initiation/termination codons in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD364D72634FF4EC5BD" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD364D72634FF4EC5BD" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">H. harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD3607E26D3FE12C5BD" box="[298,422,1163,1185]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dujardini">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD3607E26D3FE12C5BD" box="[298,422,1163,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">H. dujardini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shown only once.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD361CB236CFAECC2B5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<table id="F923C44BFFCC003861C3236DFA2FC2B5" box="[151,1435,306,937]" gridcols="8" gridrows="15" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C3236DFA2FC07B" box="[151,1435,306,359]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C3236DFF54C07B" box="[151,224,306,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Gene</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC00386074236DFEE7C07B" box="[288,339,306,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">HH</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F5236DFE54C07B" box="[417,480,306,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">HD</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC00386376236DFCA6C07B" box="[546,786,306,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">All positions dN</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC00386219236DFC27C07B" box="[845,915,306,359]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">dS</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A236DFBA0C07B" box="[974,1044,306,359]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">dN/dS</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B236DFB18C07B" box="[1103,1196,306,359]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Initiation codons</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B8236DFA2FC07B" box="[1260,1435,306,359]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Stop Codons</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32325FA2FC08C" box="[151,1435,378,400]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32325FF54C08C" box="[151,224,378,400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">atp6</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742325FEE7C08C" box="[288,339,378,400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">735</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52325FE54C08C" box="[417,480,378,400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">735</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762325FCA6C08C" box="[546,786,378,400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0905 0.0124</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192325FC27C08C" box="[845,915,378,400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.5593</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2325FBA0C08C" box="[974,1044,378,400]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0327</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2325FB18C08C" box="[1103,1196,378,400]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82325FA2FC08C" box="[1260,1435,378,400]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C323FCFA2FC0A5" box="[151,1435,419,441]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C323FCFF54C0A5" box="[151,224,419,441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">atp8</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038607423FCFEE7C0A5" box="[288,339,419,441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">222</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F523FCFE54C0A5" box="[417,480,419,441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">225*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637623FCFCA6C0A5" box="[546,786,419,441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1391 0.0587</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621923FCFC27C0A5" box="[845,915,419,441]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.7465</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A23FCFBA0C0A5" box="[974,1044,419,441]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0221</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B23FCFB18C0A5" box="[1103,1196,419,441]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B823FCFA2FC0A5" box="[1260,1435,419,441]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG/TAA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32392FA2FC0FF" box="[151,1435,461,483]" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32392FF54C0FF" box="[151,224,461,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">atp9</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742392FEE7C0FF" box="[288,339,461,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">237</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52392FE54C0FF" box="[417,480,461,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">237</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762392FCA6C0FF" box="[546,786,461,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0834 0.0005</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192392FC27C0FF" box="[845,915,461,483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.4871</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2392FBA0C0FF" box="[974,1044,461,483]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0787</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2392FB18C0FF" box="[1103,1196,461,483]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82392FA2FC0FF" box="[1260,1435,461,483]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C323A9FA2FC310" box="[151,1435,502,524]" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C323A9FF54C310" box="[151,224,502,524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">cob</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038607423A9FEE7C310" box="[288,339,502,524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1146</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F523A9FE54C310" box="[417,480,502,524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1146</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637623A9FCA6C310" box="[546,786,502,524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1349 0.0388</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621923A9FC27C310" box="[845,915,502,524]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.9105</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A23A9FBA0C310" box="[974,1044,502,524]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.001</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B23A9FB18C310" box="[1103,1196,502,524]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B823A9FA2FC310" box="[1260,1435,502,524]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32040FA2FC329" box="[151,1435,543,565]" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32040FF54C329" box="[151,224,543,565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">cox1</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742040FEE7C329" box="[288,339,543,565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1563</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52040FE54C329" box="[417,480,543,565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1563</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762040FCA6C329" box="[546,786,543,565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1236 0.0144</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192040FC27C329" box="[845,915,543,565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.1801</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2040FBA0C329" box="[974,1044,543,565]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0426</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2040FB18C329" box="[1103,1196,543,565]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82040FA2FC329" box="[1260,1435,543,565]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA/TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32016FA2FC343" box="[151,1435,585,607]" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32016FF54C343" box="[151,224,585,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">cox2</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742016FEE7C343" box="[288,339,585,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">771</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52016FE54C343" box="[417,480,585,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">771</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762016FCA6C343" box="[546,786,585,607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1066 0.0147</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192016FC27C343" box="[845,915,585,607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.7751</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2016FBA0C343" box="[974,1044,585,607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0122</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2016FB18C343" box="[1103,1196,585,607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82016FA2FC343" box="[1260,1435,585,607]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C3202DFA2FC394" box="[151,1435,626,648]" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C3202DFF54C394" box="[151,224,626,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">cox3</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386074202DFEE7C394" box="[288,339,626,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">786</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F5202DFE54C394" box="[417,480,626,648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">786</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386376202DFCA6C394" box="[546,786,626,648]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1035 0.0168</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386219202DFC27C394" box="[845,915,626,648]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.6306</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A202DFBA0C394" box="[974,1044,626,648]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.019</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B202DFB18C394" box="[1103,1196,626,648]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B8202DFA2FC394" box="[1260,1435,626,648]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C320C4FA2FC3AD" box="[151,1435,667,689]" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C320C4FF54C3AD" box="[151,224,667,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad1</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038607420C4FEE7C3AD" box="[288,339,667,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">975</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F520C4FE54C3AD" box="[417,480,667,689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">975</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637620C4FCA6C3AD" box="[546,786,667,689]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1418 0.0171</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621920C4FC27C3AD" box="[845,915,667,689]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.0451</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A20C4FBA0C3AD" box="[974,1044,667,689]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0267</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B20C4FB18C3AD" box="[1103,1196,667,689]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B820C4FA2FC3AD" box="[1260,1435,667,689]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C3209AFA2FC3C7" box="[151,1435,709,731]" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C3209AFF54C3C7" box="[151,224,709,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad2</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386074209AFEE7C3C7" box="[288,339,709,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1425</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F5209AFE54C3C7" box="[417,480,709,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1428*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386376209AFCA6C3C7" box="[546,786,709,731]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1581 0.0523</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386219209AFC27C3C7" box="[845,915,709,731]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.0367</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A209AFBA0C3C7" box="[974,1044,709,731]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0164</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B209AFB18C3C7" box="[1103,1196,709,731]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B8209AFA2FC3C7" box="[1260,1435,709,731]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C320B1FA2FC218" box="[151,1435,750,772]" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C320B1FF54C218" box="[151,224,750,772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad3</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038607420B1FEE7C218" box="[288,339,750,772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">360</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F520B1FE54C218" box="[417,480,750,772]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">360</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637620B1FCA6C218" box="[546,786,750,772]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1386 0.051</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621920B1FC27C218" box="[845,915,750,772]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.0314</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A20B1FBA0C218" box="[974,1044,750,772]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0504</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B20B1FB18C218" box="[1103,1196,750,772]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B820B1FA2FC218" box="[1260,1435,750,772]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA/TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32148FA2FC231" box="[151,1435,791,813]" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32148FF54C231" box="[151,224,791,813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad4</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742148FEE7C231" box="[288,339,791,813]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1458</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52148FE54C231" box="[417,480,791,813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1470*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762148FCA6C231" box="[546,786,791,813]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1337 0.0008</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192148FC27C231" box="[845,915,791,813]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.7713</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2148FBA0C231" box="[974,1044,791,813]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0495</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2148FB18C231" box="[1103,1196,791,813]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82148FA2FC231" box="[1260,1435,791,813]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C3211EFA2FC24B" box="[151,1435,833,855]" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C3211EFF54C24B" box="[151,224,833,855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad4L</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386074211EFEE7C24B" box="[288,339,833,855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">300</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F5211EFE54C24B" box="[417,480,833,855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">300</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386376211EFCA6C24B" box="[546,786,833,855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0993 0.0219</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC00386219211EFC27C24B" box="[845,915,833,855]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.0811</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A211EFBA0C24B" box="[974,1044,833,855]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.001</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B211EFB18C24B" box="[1103,1196,833,855]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B8211EFA2FC24B" box="[1260,1435,833,855]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA/TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32135FA2FC29C" box="[151,1435,874,896]" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32135FF54C29C" box="[151,224,874,896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad5</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860742135FEE7C29C" box="[288,339,874,896]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1827</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52135FE54C29C" box="[417,480,874,896]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1827</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762135FCA6C29C" box="[546,786,874,896]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1221 0.0375</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192135FC27C29C" box="[845,915,874,896]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.8358</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2135FBA0C29C" box="[974,1044,874,896]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0203</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2135FB18C29C" box="[1103,1196,874,896]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">ATG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82135FA2FC29C" box="[1260,1435,874,896]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAA/TAG</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C321CCFA2FC2B5" box="[151,1435,915,937]" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C321CCFF54C2B5" box="[151,224,915,937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">nad6</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038607421CCFEE7C2B5" box="[288,339,915,937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">576</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F521CCFE54C2B5" box="[417,480,915,937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">591*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637621CCFCA6C2B5" box="[546,786,915,937]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1096 0.0315</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621921CCFC27C2B5" box="[845,915,915,937]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1.0601</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A21CCFBA0C2B5" box="[974,1044,915,937]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0449</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B21CCFB18C2B5" box="[1103,1196,915,937]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">GTG</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B821CCFA2FC2B5" box="[1260,1435,915,937]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TAG/TAA</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD361CB21E2FB41C539" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<table id="F923C44BFFCC003861C321E2FA2FC539" box="[151,1435,957,1061]" gridcols="8" gridrows="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C321E2FA2FC2CF" box="[151,1435,957,979]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C321E2FEEBC2CF" box="[151,351,957,979]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">TOTAL 12381</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F521E2FE54C2CF" box="[417,480,957,979]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">12414</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637621E2FDDCC2CF" box="[546,616,957,979]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.1249</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038639821E2FCA5C2CF" box="[716,785,957,979]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0273</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621921E2FC26C2CF" box="[845,914,957,979]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.8349</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A21E2FBA7C2CF" box="[974,1043,957,979]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0327</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B21E2FBECC2CF" box="[1103,1112,957,979]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</th>
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B821E2FA2FC2CF" box="[1260,1435,957,979]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C321B9FA2FC2E0" box="[151,1435,998,1020]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C321B9FEEBC2E0" box="[151,351,998,1020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">rns 1206</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F521B9FE54C2E0" box="[417,480,998,1020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">1188*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038637621B9FDDCC2E0" box="[546,616,998,1020]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0825</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038639821B9FCA5C2E0" box="[716,785,998,1020]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038621921B9FC26C2E0" box="[845,914,998,1020]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A21B9FBA7C2E0" box="[974,1043,998,1020]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B21B9FBECC2E0" box="[1103,1112,998,1020]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B821B9FA2FC2E0" box="[1260,1435,998,1020]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334A9FFCC003861C32650FA2FC539" box="[151,1435,1039,1061]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<th id="76C25DD5FFCC003861C32650FEEBC539" box="[151,351,1039,1061]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">rnl 2570</th>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003860F52650FE54C539" box="[417,480,1039,1061]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">2490*</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863762650FDDCC539" box="[546,616,1039,1061]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">0.0891</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003863982650FCA5C539" box="[716,785,1039,1061]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003862192650FC26C539" box="[845,914,1039,1061]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038629A2650FBA7C539" box="[974,1043,1039,1061]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC0038651B2650FBECC539" box="[1103,1112,1039,1061]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
<td id="76C25DD5FFCC003865B82650FA2FC539" box="[1260,1435,1039,1061]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD361932696FD44C46C" blockId="20.[151,1436,1224,1464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD361932696FE4DC5FD" bold="true" box="[199,505,1224,1249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD363F02696FC3CC5FD" box="[676,904,1225,1249]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halisarcidae" genus="Halisarca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chondrosida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="harmelini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD363F02696FC3CC5FD" box="[676,904,1225,1249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Halisarca harmelini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645782FFCCFFD362C52696FC58C5FD" box="[913,1004,1225,1249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD362C52696FC58C5FD" bold="true" box="[913,1004,1225,1249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
occur only as thin sheets on the rigid erect adeoniform ascophoran bryozoan 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D68FFCCFFD3630526B2FC87C419" box="[593,819,1261,1285]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Smittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="cervicornis">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD3630526B2FC87C419" box="[593,819,1261,1285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Smittina cervicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCCFFD3621626B3FC7FC418" box="[834,971,1260,1284]" captionStart="FIGURES 25, 26" captionStartId="14.[151,264,1575,1598]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1111,1553]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 25, 26. Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. in situ and in vivo (arrowheads) (photos J. Harmelin). Abbreviations: Ooscula; Z—bryozoan zooids. Scale bars: 25 — 10 mm; 26 — 3 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206851/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Figs. 25, 26</figureCitation>
). The species has been found in all investigated sites along the Northwestern Mediterranean coast (from 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFCCFFD3623E274FFC5AC434" box="[874,1006,1296,1320]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" precision="15" value="43.773888">43°46'26&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFCCFFD362AA274FFBDBC434" box="[1022,1135,1296,1320]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" precision="15" value="7.5155554">7°30'56&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFCCFFD365C0274FFAAEC434" box="[1172,1306,1296,1320]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" precision="15" value="42.479446">42°28'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502CFFCCFFD3647E274FFA20C434" box="[1322,1428,1296,1320]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" precision="15" value="3.152778">3° 9'10&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
) (
<figureCitation id="13182A6EFFCCFFD361CB276BFF54C450" box="[159,224,1332,1356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1948,1971]" captionTargetBox="[422,1165,923,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[422,1166,923,1922]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. a—Geographical distribution of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. in Mediterranean Sea (red dots); b—Map of the Northwest Mediterranean coast showing the site of collection of holotype, paratype and specimens of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. for ultrastructural and the total DNA extraction." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206843/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) 
<quantity id="4CDB9B0EFFCCFFD361A0276BFEE3C450" box="[244,343,1332,1356]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="39.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="14.0">14–65 m</quantity>
depth, on coralligenous rocks and detritical sand. It has not been observed on all other large rigidly erect bryozoans living in the same microhabitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396560FFCCFFD361912722FCA1C4A4" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C36EBFFCCFFD361912722FCA1C4A4" blockId="20.[151,1436,1224,1464]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B957EAF9FFCCFFD361912722FEFFC489" bold="true" box="[197,331,1405,1429]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name refers to its first collector, Dr. Jean-George Harmelin, Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, Station marine d’Endoume, Marseille, 
<collectingCountry id="F334767BFFCCFFD3639627FEFCA6C4A4" box="[706,786,1441,1464]" name="France" pageId="20" pageNumber="25">France</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>