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<mods:title id="985E9A9D2A14FBB60F022181E4B4EFAC">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2972011D57A9272B4AF89A11869B703E">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C7CC28145626DE62F4371F1196D49CD8">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="78975CEF654478B40E84935884AAF040">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6BE53C1D3A2249F591F4D5DC41BD0039">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="E0D79216BEAADFAA9907E83D7B142A2C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E0D79216BEAADFAA9907E83D7B142A2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0D79216BEAADFAA9907E83D7B142A2C" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="CB2DB0853F4754682F576891CD900F53" ID-CoL="6273Q" ID-ENA="39698" authority="Brongersma, 1951" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1CF8383A7FF5BB3BD88C6996DE7AD0F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5BFF431F0EAF25D371919ECB9B26D230" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Commonly known as &quot;dwarf boas&quot;, they were for long lumped into an expansive &quot;
<taxonomicName id="2EF1C3D4ED770F0E87DB77F8C48F4292" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
&quot; (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="8B8651027A805BF3F657B992C9BDA19D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="7 - 98" refId="B132" refString="Cope, ED, 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32: 7 - 98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" title="Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" volume="32" year="1887">Cope 1887</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B5F4537F89551C25FF5FE33EB12F2027" author="Stull, OG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="387 - 408" refId="B599" refString="Stull, OG, 1935. A check-list of the family Boidae. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 40: 387 - 408" title="A check-list of the family Boidae." volume="40" year="1935">Stull 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A1687AB13C660FC26247CA44756C3D2E" author="Romer, AS" journalOrPublisher="University Chicago Press, Chicago, IL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B512" refString="Romer, AS, 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles. University Chicago Press, Chicago, IL" title="Osteology of the Reptiles." year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3E0A3C5FB6498EBF8C5C317966A8602C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="38 - 52" refId="B152" refString="Dowling, HG, 1959. Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review. Copeia 1959: 38 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" title="Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" volume="1959" year="1959">Dowling 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="783D0205448CC4CA5CE2FCBEC9157F76" author="Guibe, J" editor="Grasse, PP" journalOrPublisher="Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1054 - 1160" refId="B232" refString="Guibe, J, 1970. La systematique des reptiles actuels. In: Grasse, PP, Ed., Traite de Zoologie: Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie. Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris: 1054 - 1160" title="La systematique des reptiles actuels." volumeTitle="Traite de Zoologie: Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie." year="1970">
<normalizedToken id="1DA6C971A63D5A4A516F9557FCFD7B0C" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
1970
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1695E94301C006986941CB44957B49DB" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
). They were initially assembled together under the name
<taxonomicName id="7E9BBF810CD1BBD397DCFC2252D63027" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1900" family="Ungaliidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="14406E521D5036FA7E7445F83A8E5FDC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="The American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="831 - 844" refId="B134" refString="Cope, ED, 1894. The Classification of Snakes. The American Naturalist 28: 831 - 844, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" title="The Classification of Snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/276022" volume="28" year="1894">Cope (1894)</bibRefCitation>
(subsequently spelled as
<taxonomicName id="57231196C79CAEA63CE747FFF6C17CC6" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1900" family="Ungaliidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliidae</taxonomicName>
by the same author;
<bibRefCitation id="D047ACF954C90FD826D04F86EEFB3EE7" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 1143" refId="B137" refString="Cope, ED, 1898. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U.S. National Museum 1898: 1 - 1143" title="The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Reports of the U. S." volume="1898" year="1898">Cope 1898</bibRefCitation>
), however, the typifying genus
<taxonomicName id="3C9545B1641E3535960F9F9391EA3FA6" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Ungalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ungalia" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9A7CCB1A8116F8296DD9DF94EF96FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Ungalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gray, 1842, is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="8A4D786BB06B3B825EE651311775C601" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0FF3FEB921FA62C4453B46682FE5B452" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bibron in
<normalizedToken id="A9763243FB4C3CA67F58265E7DD3FB42" originalValue="Ramón">Ramon</normalizedToken>
de la Sagra, 1838-1843, and
<bibRefCitation id="E5AE398D2AC6911BDABB9D39460FD36D" author="Brongersma, LD" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="107 - 124" refId="B97" refString="Brongersma, LD, 1951. Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes). Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 107 - 124" title="Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes)." volume="31" year="1951">Brongersma (1951)</bibRefCitation>
coined the name
<taxonomicName id="B32714229D7C5F0EA26C20F0FEEC3608" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="1D41226E42C66346D66E659CC358FE31" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1563220" author="Smith, HM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="19 - 25" refId="B568" refString="Smith, HM, 1969. The nomenclature of certain taxa of higher categories in snakes. Journal of Herpetology 3: 19 - 25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1563220" title="The nomenclature of certain taxa of higher categories in snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1563220" volume="3" year="1969">Smith 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="C796E84D83E7CDFFB8B65F060F14D0B0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="McDowell, SB" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 50" refId="B380" refString="McDowell, SB, 1987. Systematics. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 3 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">McDowell (1987)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="677055B55B3BF14DA2008CB43328FFD1" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
into their own superfamily,
<taxonomicName id="EF884157FC3B306FBD7C1807482DC0A4" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tropidopheoidea">Tropidopheoidea</taxonomicName>
, and divided them into two subfamilies, Tropidophinae (for
<taxonomicName id="AD9BE6B5927232CB0A9E7F213D40973C" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C73622A454BCD7FFF3171E11D2DB7A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D8B6D46FB6BFB9D9543BD75F35865398" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Trachyboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7D580A3588DFA4309B340F429BD2AC39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trachyboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Peters, 1860) and
<taxonomicName id="7CA0814A334CC2C03C36689A7A3BD97A" authorityName="McDowell" authorityYear="1987" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ungaliopheinae">Ungaliopheinae</taxonomicName>
(for
<taxonomicName id="BDACA8B48B4E301900B3CA8ACAA15D12" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exiliboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0B6B32A90B87AA999ECB7FED902CE0E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Exiliboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bogert, 1968, and
<taxonomicName id="CB3A863925462ED84165C04A9503ABB2" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1880" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Ungaliophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ungaliophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="15239C9790AAF29275E69E083142225E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Ungaliophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="AC3213163E437EC931A34762E38B90B2" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, 1880). More recently, though, it was suggested, based on external morphology and myology (
<bibRefCitation id="C414626A169A6934462F5BEAF67138C1" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B687" refString="Zaher, H, 1994. Les Tropidopheoidea (Serpentes; Alethinophidea) sont-ils reellement monophyletiques? Arguments en faveur de leur polyphyletisme. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris (Serie 3) 317: 471-478." title="Les Tropidopheoidea (Serpentes; Alethinophidea) sont-ils reellement monophyletiques? Arguments en faveur de leur polyphyletisme. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris (Serie 3) 317: 471 - 478." year="1994">Zaher 1994</bibRefCitation>
), that they represented a paraphyletic assemblage. This polyphyly was later further strongly demonstrated by molecular evidence, with phylogenetic analyses recovering
<taxonomicName id="92091CBC652CAE5C01D20E517D53483D" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DF9F3CDE69C922A9DAC9D76C425ED470" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="84669CA494580B4ED217B3FF814CF4D6" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Trachyboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3B49C891F160093152E865DD989279EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trachyboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nested instead closer to aniliids, while
<taxonomicName id="777727A234406671F3E2113F067B95CF" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1880" class="Reptilia" family="Xenopeltidae" genus="Ungaliophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ungaliophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BF3F9A9207E164AF6A1066B85E18751" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Ungaliophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1168DAF03AE588E04F98F9FB4DB8FC9F" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Exiliboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exiliboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9E3A4346681EA396C509BA36484C0BCA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Exiliboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were nested within
<taxonomicName id="D27E9DE8409C9BB632B4EFD0024EE2C8" authorityName="Bogert" authorityYear="1968" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A33C4E8CAC02D9E58FAC561DA3E73" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" author="Wilcox, TP" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="361 - 371" refId="B680" refString="Wilcox, TP, Zwickl, DJ, Heath, TA, Hillis, DM, 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 361 - 371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" title="Phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of Bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00244-0" volume="25" year="2002">Wilcox et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C54405D45DB3D99C79E51AFA8BB2E43E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" author="Lawson, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B342" refString="Lawson, R, Slowinski, JB, Burbrink, FT, 2004. A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia. Journal of Zoology 263: 1 - 10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" title="A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" volume="263" year="2004">Lawson et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8AEFEA52A3A9291F25A30C964D8BD46F" author="Vidal, N" editor="Henderson, RW" journalOrPublisher="Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="27 - 33" refId="B642" refString="Vidal, N, Delmas, A-S, Hedges, BS, 2007. The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. In: Henderson, RW, Powell, R, Eds., Biology of the Boas and Pythons. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, UT: 27 - 33" title="The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes." volumeTitle="Biology of the Boas and Pythons." year="2007">Vidal et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 2009;
<bibRefCitation id="53252532F6695227DEA08EED323B1F6D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" author="Wiens, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="420 - 431" refId="B679" refString="Wiens, JJ, Kuczynski, CA, Smith, SA, Mulcahy, DG, Sites, JW Jr., Townsend, TM, Reeder, TW, 2008. Branch lengths, support, and congruence: Testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes. Systematic Biology 57: 420 - 431, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" title="Branch lengths, support, and congruence: Testing the phylogenomic approach with 20 nuclear loci in snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802166053" volume="57" year="2008">Wiens et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6A7BFB1FBBA99CD350090A39427743DB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703" author="Wiens, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B678" refString="Wiens, JJ, Hutter, CR, Mulcahy, DG, Noonan, BP, Townsend, TM, Sites, JW Jr, Reeder, TW, 2012. Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species. Biology Letters 8: 1043. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703" title="Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species. Biology Letters 8: 1043." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="19A75FBC06DE4397FEB6EDB291D3C357" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B496" refString="Reynolds, RG, Niemiller, ML, Revell, LJ, 2014. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" title="Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011" volume="71" year="2014">Reynolds et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B9FBF292990AAE83898F5264865C8F04" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" author="Streicher, JW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="160 - 169" refId="B596" refString="Streicher, JW, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 160 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" title="Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" volume="100" year="2016">Streicher and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C261DF6FFF1D33AE73F3C1ACCD1C8AA8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6AA54D286AD09498EA89387F3AEAC93C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B21DA41AC302D89AD629C2D88E5AD22D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" author="Ortega-Andrade, HM" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 107" refId="B416" refString="Ortega-Andrade, HM, Bentley, A, Koch, C, Yanez-Munoz, MH, Entiauspe-Neto, OM, 2022. A time relic: A new species of dwarf boa, Tropidophis Bibron, 1840 (Serpentes: Amerophidia), from the Upper Amazon Basin. European Journal of Taxonomy 854: 1 - 107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" title="A time relic: A new species of dwarf boa, Tropidophis Bibron, 1840 (Serpentes: Amerophidia), from the Upper Amazon Basin." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.854.2021" volume="854" year="2022">Ortega-Andrade et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). This has resulted in a radically updated topology for
<taxonomicName id="6DE81BD2320C54B39BC254F324AA32BB" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
, where
<taxonomicName id="3FD69F3731E450BFD46003FEDA6460E0" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="92ABC07A6C743E77DC1ACBDD32754B83" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="46FF846123D04FB16805C11261F8845C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Trachyboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="01F74B6E0B935E51294591EBC64D6B4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trachyboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
constitute its only extant members, confined to Tropical Americas, representing the sister group of
<taxonomicName id="324D02EF45785C53CABE8BFC4441839A" class="Reptilia" family="Aniliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aniliidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E09BC81E243889E4304C24BF6EB1E75F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="7048F19B3956A826993B159BF2A8527B" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
in turn is placed into
<normalizedToken id="64D8ACE0455170757396268DFCD70E81" originalValue="“true”">&quot;true&quot;</normalizedToken>
boas, being close to
<taxonomicName id="572DE6D6B10D23E3C1136BA8A6EC2847" family="Charinaidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Charinaidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="81BCB9D13DEC00E8C77D02300B389F1A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="249 - 260" refId="B470" refString="Pyron, RA, Reynolds, GA, Burbrink, FT, 2014. A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae). Zootaxa 3846: 249 - 260, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" title="A taxonomic revision of boas (Serpentes: Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.5" volume="3846" year="2014">Pyron et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="681B4279B8EAC2152E9945D90D613666" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B6409DFC3C9B8FCF12F510F33FE1B47E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Such distinction between
<taxonomicName id="5B8CF67463B3E8CF5C73C0AB35D59215" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0C5093334A7D08ECE34E0F05216AA000" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
is further supported by important differences in their cranial anatomy (
<bibRefCitation id="A6E4DEAA3BEF5B204AD863F7CF06D75F" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B66" refString="Bogert, CM, 1968a. A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2354: 1 - 38" title="A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico." volume="2354" year="1968 a">Bogert 1968a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3FCBBCC201E29403DE78A824E1DC6F2A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
) as well as internal anatomy (
<bibRefCitation id="1EDC80BF51A46559E4972BD5A62FBC02" author="Brongersma, LD" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="107 - 124" refId="B97" refString="Brongersma, LD, 1951. Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes). Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 107 - 124" title="Some notes upon the anatomy of Tropidophis and Trachyboa (Serpentes)." volume="31" year="1951">Brongersma 1951</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B9A30BCCA9CFBE787FF8DA3844ADF6C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
A number of fossil forms from the Paleogene and Neogene of Europe, the Paleogene of Africa, the Paleogene and Neogene of southwestern Asia, and the Quaternary of the Americas have been referred to tropidophiids (
<bibRefCitation id="8C9F0F75A8BA04C1E8F6ED9DFB6D4366" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7070A119129156CD2D7213DCC7D1D14E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="393 - 406" refId="B616" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Smith, R, Rage, J-C, 2008. A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ' Tropidophiidae ') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: A case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 393 - 406, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" title="A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ' Tropidophiidae ') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: A case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" volume="152" year="2008">Szyndlar et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AE53D04C92AA2B7836CC8FC1BE4FE5CC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2009.08.002" author="Rage, J-C" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="253 - 268" refId="B485" refString="Rage, J-C, Auge, M, 2010. Squamate reptiles from the middle Eocene of Lissieu (France). A landmark in the middle Eocene of Europe. Geobios 43: 253 - 268, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2009.08.002" title="Squamate reptiles from the middle Eocene of Lissieu (France). A landmark in the middle Eocene of Europe." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2009.08.002" volume="43" year="2010">
Rage and
<normalizedToken id="9E9A94375163F9C6A59FA77D391D4018" originalValue="Augé">Auge</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="524F1CE782AF6C49B325FE5C2A5D174C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" author="McCartney, JA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B375" refString="McCartney, JA, Seiffert, ER, 2016. A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e1029580. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" title="A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e 1029580." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" year="2016">McCartney and Seiffert 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C100BFBBFB82CB1B3A4EA155DDF06454" DOI="https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2019-26-4-205-224" author="Syromyatnikova, E" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="205 - 224" refId="B604" refString="Syromyatnikova, E, Georgalis, GL, Mayda, S, Kaya, T, Sarac, G, 2019. A new early Miocene herpetofauna from Kilcak, Turkey. Russian Journal of Herpetology 26: 205 - 224, DOI: https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2019-26-4-205-224" title="A new early Miocene herpetofauna from Kilcak, Turkey." url="https://doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2019-26-4-205-224" volume="26" year="2019">Syromyatnikova et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C5F5574654E97B0AEA0751B1CD4C7D5F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" author="Syromyatnikova, E" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="395 - 407" refId="B603" refString="Syromyatnikova, E, Aranda, E, Fiol Gonzalez, S, 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66: 395 - 407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" title="First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" volume="66" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="26EAAFCC0266A505C080889D31258D1F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="253 - 275" refId="B198" refString="Georgalis, GL, Cernansky, A, Mayda, S, 2021c. Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - New amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20: 253 - 275, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15" title="Late Paleogene herpetofaunas from the crossroads between two continents - New amphibian and reptile remains from the Oligocene of southern Balkans and Anatolia." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a15" volume="20" year="2021 c">Georgalis et al. 2021c</bibRefCitation>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="477E0CAC6CCBE8882F4A3E26EE4306CB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Considering our current understanding of the
<taxonomicName id="90138EE6016EF95DBC11B805EF2C866F" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
concept, among the Paleogene and Neogene taxa, only an unnamed form from the Eocene of Egypt (
<bibRefCitation id="9A0127B081D44DE740AE4A7805FD69D1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" author="McCartney, JA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B375" refString="McCartney, JA, Seiffert, ER, 2016. A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e1029580. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" title="A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e 1029580." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" year="2016">McCartney and Seiffert 2016</bibRefCitation>
) could be more reliably assigned to tropidophiids, although certain European genera, such as the Eocene
<taxonomicName id="1BAFEB21D977C58F39CCA81FDB2C3847" authorityName="Rage &amp; Auge" authorityYear="2010" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Szyndlaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Szyndlaria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A27F893128DE6F8ED4C7802E27B06A7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Szyndlaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rage and
<normalizedToken id="47564533A24A66743DC229A3F0ED17F5" originalValue="Augé">Auge</normalizedToken>
, 2010, might also be true members of that group (see
<bibRefCitation id="92AE95AE6EB2C1C8A1DF14804454707A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
). In any case, the extant genus
<taxonomicName id="6688C09DDF85C6A03F104704C427CFEB" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4815CEBBCD4FB8035DE064BBEF946B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also known by few Pleistocene remains from the Caribbean Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="F745B0808916DAA32A596EE25909082B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" author="Aranda, E" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Caribaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="115 - 123" refId="B21" refString="Aranda, E, Martinez-Lopez, JG, Jimenez, O, Aleman, C, Vinola, LW, 2017. Nuevos registros fosiles de vertebrados terrestres para Las Llanadas, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. Novitates Caribaea 11: 115 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" title="Nuevos registros fosiles de vertebrados terrestres para Las Llanadas, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" volume="11" year="2017">Aranda et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2F5A68A9B2A0E324E220C5B4FFF078CC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" author="Syromyatnikova, E" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="395 - 407" refId="B603" refString="Syromyatnikova, E, Aranda, E, Fiol Gonzalez, S, 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66: 395 - 407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" title="First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" volume="66" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC35F1D02C84DB7CA62043686A3A7119" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Vertebral morphology further corroborates such distinction between
<taxonomicName id="10D99E60717ADEB545A2B96F639F260B" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7B55C69ECC1949B0AED17823715F1229" authorityName="Zaher" authorityYear="1994" family="Ungaliophiidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Ungaliophiidae</taxonomicName>
, though admittedly it does not provide any support on the suggested sister group relationship of
<taxonomicName id="262E36BB164826B029BFC185B90BE2E8" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="F9FB965FABD0DF9E7C5AE5F5F1851415" class="Reptilia" family="Aniliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aniliidae</taxonomicName>
. The most distinctive feature of the vertebral morphology of
<taxonomicName id="D415F227A0281528F4726AEC845ABFB6" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
is the presence of a broad hypapophysis in lateral view throughout their trunk vertebrae, which in all mid-trunk vertebrae has a distinct anteroventral corner forming approximately a right angle. In other portions of the vertebral column, this anteroventral corner of the hypapophysis can either be either of a right angle as well or occasionally show a different degree of inclination that protrudes much anteriorly (see examples in
<bibRefCitation id="85DBF1E3F2F0747AF8ABE95097870CBC" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, HISS Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B154" refString="Dowling, HG, Duellman, WE, 1978. Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." title="Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." year="1978">Dowling and Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 104.2;
<bibRefCitation id="AC4DCBF49804CE3E28D5BE4BDAAF9EB0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" author="Lee, M" journalOrPublisher="Biological Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="333 - 402" refId="B346" refString="Lee, M, Scanlon, JD, 2002. Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour. Biological Reviews 77: 333 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" title="Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" volume="77" year="2002">Lee and Scanlon 2002</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 10G;
<bibRefCitation id="649F637F264FAC37016966AA4247ED3B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" author="McCartney, JA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B375" refString="McCartney, JA, Seiffert, ER, 2016. A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e1029580. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" title="A late Eocene snake fauna from the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36: e 1029580." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1029580" year="2016">McCartney and Seiffert 2016</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6A). Besides, it is also the morphology in the cloacal and caudal series, possessing a longitudinal sequence of subcentral structures, that seems unique among snakes: cloacal and anterior caudal vertebrae of
<taxonomicName id="D31C15054BB500BEEA0CD7FBB30AD7A8" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
are provided with hypapophyses (differently shaped than the preceding trunk vertebrae), followed by distally forked (grooved) hypapophyses or small haemapophyses (or haemapophyses-like structures) in middle caudal vertebrae, and ultimately followed by keels retaining a medially located groove or a pit in posteriormost caudal vertebrae (for more details see Description and figures of
<taxonomicName id="CEF0EC661EB207A36FDE4F1D8410526E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Trachyboa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachyboa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8462EB3FDA30D6979C8B315DD272EE03" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trachyboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EDF9A7C534EB0289C0D6389194A325BA" authorityName="Bibron in Ramon de la Sagra, 1838 -" authorityYear="1843" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F66A751A1B1C969032A093E27A3DB005" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F22E39D5BA6DD9BB5A0D2526906F871E" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Previous figures of vertebrae of extant
<taxonomicName id="01788FC6AA14ECB0FB968276B52609EA" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
have been so far presented by
<bibRefCitation id="7DAD035E7ACA560E7E4D612A379F8C39" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="300 - 303" refId="B277" refString="Holman, JA, 1967. Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 300 - 303" title="Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes." volume="3" year="1967">Holman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E535941319E441D016862C727FED44C1" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 38" refId="B66" refString="Bogert, CM, 1968a. A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico. American Museum Novitates 2354: 1 - 38" title="A new genus and species of dwarf boa from Southern Mexico." volume="2354" year="1968 a">Bogert (1968a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4111252C6B04AE33F9CEAA92384B19F4" author="Bogert, CM" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 26" refId="B67" refString="Bogert, CM, 1968b. The variations and affinities of the dwarf boas of the genus Ungaliophis. American Museum Novitates 2340: 1 - 26" title="The variations and affinities of the dwarf boas of the genus Ungaliophis." volume="2340" year="1968 b">1968b</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="09DB2ABB42B4A7DA75B313EA6F272339" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, HISS Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B154" refString="Dowling, HG, Duellman, WE, 1978. Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." title="Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." year="1978">Dowling and Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="656E532BF24504EEE1A2B9F3F939DD9B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" author="Lee, M" journalOrPublisher="Biological Reviews" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="333 - 402" refId="B346" refString="Lee, M, Scanlon, JD, 2002. Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour. Biological Reviews 77: 333 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" title="Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and behaviour." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005924" volume="77" year="2002">Lee and Scanlon (2002)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C65132C8AE7560C7884A857B1491DA10" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage (2003)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="90C12958B6CC645DDA26B9395C9723E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" author="Gauthier, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 308" refId="B193" refString="Gauthier, JA, Kearney, M, Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, Behike, ADB, 2012. Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 53: 3 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" title="Assembling the squamate tree of life: Perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record." url="https://doi.org/10.3374/014.053.0101" volume="53" year="2012">Gauthier et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E73060C3FD87E74D1D8D85B7B291964A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" author="Head, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B246" refString="Head, JJ, 2021. A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of ''anilioid&quot; snakes. Geobios 66-67: 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" title="A South American snake lineage from the Eocene Greenhouse of North America and a reappraisal of the fossil record of '' anilioid &quot; snakes. Geobios 66 - 67: 55 - 65." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2020.09.005" year="2021">Head (2021)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6F36E205713A5D9133FFBE15F3508420" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" author="Syromyatnikova, E" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="395 - 407" refId="B603" refString="Syromyatnikova, E, Aranda, E, Fiol Gonzalez, S, 2021. First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66: 395 - 407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" title="First insight into the diversity of snakes in the Pleistocene of Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00766.2020" volume="66" year="2021">Syromyatnikova et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="374E63FD5273B62D978AC72BF00F8990" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" author="Frydlova, P" journalOrPublisher="Bionomina" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B180" refString="Frydlova, P, Janovska, V, Mrzilkova, J, Halaskova, M, Riegerova, M, Dudak, J, Tymlova, V, Zemlicka, J, Zach, P, Frynta, D, 2023. The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" title="The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" year="2023">
<normalizedToken id="150C2EC093CC409BA33BCA049E5C4922" originalValue="Frýdlová">Frydlova</normalizedToken>
et al. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series had never been figured so far, with the exception of a caudal vertebra (of unknown exact position in the tail) figured in
<bibRefCitation id="E4D7A5C830FE47756680AD0225B91B0D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" author="Alfonso-Rojas, A" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="377 - 399" refId="B11" refString="Alfonso-Rojas, A, Vanegas, RD, Marino-Morejon, E, Cadena, E-A, 2023. Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977. Geodiversitas 45: 377 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" title="Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" volume="45" year="2023">Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
and a single
<normalizedToken id="B97FE3D25CE9E25B0F32F4F51A46D5BB" originalValue="μCT">μCT</normalizedToken>
image of an articulated skeleton in
<bibRefCitation id="F92FDCB445A9A5A52EDB24B61B0C69B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" author="Frydlova, P" journalOrPublisher="Bionomina" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B180" refString="Frydlova, P, Janovska, V, Mrzilkova, J, Halaskova, M, Riegerova, M, Dudak, J, Tymlova, V, Zemlicka, J, Zach, P, Frynta, D, 2023. The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" title="The first description of dermal armour in snakes. Scientific Reports 13: 6405." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33244-6" year="2023">
<normalizedToken id="02ACAF4E9C083DDCEFB34ECBD8B13944" originalValue="Frýdlová">Frydlova</normalizedToken>
et al. (2023)
</bibRefCitation>
; nevertheless,
<bibRefCitation id="4BF1FC12DE9948FC2E03232C23558149" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="145 - 161" refId="B613" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Boehme, W, 1996. Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica A 240: 145 - 161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" title="Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" volume="240" year="1996">
Szyndlar and
<normalizedToken id="CDC1DD98D3CCFB89055734846BC139B8" originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="CF9C63587D8FB896E4D89B3E80CA1835" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="552DCD6A18B987943333E83986A66639" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="393 - 406" refId="B616" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Smith, R, Rage, J-C, 2008. A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ' Tropidophiidae ') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: A case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 393 - 406, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" title="A new dwarf boa (Serpentes, Booidea, ' Tropidophiidae ') from the Early Oligocene of Belgium: A case of the isolation of Western European snake faunas." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00357.x" volume="152" year="2008">Szyndlar et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
emphasized considerably on the pattern of subcentral structures in the cloacal and caudal series of tropidophiids. Other authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="4A7C31F9A7E4D27EA93D63D268947AD0" author="Underwood, G" editor="Bellairs, Ad'A" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="151 - 175" refId="B635" refString="Underwood, G, 1976. A systematic analysis of boid snakes. In: Bellairs, Ad'A, Cox, CB, Eds., Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3. Academic Press, London: 151 - 175" title="A systematic analysis of boid snakes." volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3." year="1976">Underwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5E5DA84AC92812D36052A8FBDA1BF870" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, HISS Publishing, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B154" refString="Dowling, HG, Duellman, WE, 1978. Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." title="Systematic herpetology: A synopsis of families and higher categories. Herpetological Information Search Service, New York." year="1978">Dowling and Duellman 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8CD740D8D1740F2B784B0F287E08CE0C" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="54F839A20E856678496CFC006B0C84A8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="McDowell, SB" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 50" refId="B380" refString="McDowell, SB, 1987. Systematics. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 3 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">McDowell 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C10FE7195927B537764FC381B808FACE" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B281" refString="Holman, JA, 2000. Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN" title="Fossil Snakes of North America: Origin, Evolution, Distribution, Paleoecology." year="2000">Holman 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="795429FC57E19BA34C80F10C17CCF435" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis 2022</bibRefCitation>
) observed and highlighted the presence and/or shape of hypapophyses throughout the trunk portion of the column in tropidophiids.
<bibRefCitation id="5052509CFB5DFC444DAEFDF4092FB7F3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" author="Smith, KT" editor="Gower, D" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 84" refId="B571" refString="Smith, KT, Georgalis, GL, 2022. The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency. In: Gower, D, Zaher, H, Eds., , The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 55 - 84, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" title="The diversity and distribution of Palaeogene snakes - A review, with comments on vertebral sufficiency." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108938891.006" volumeTitle=", The Origin and Early Evolution of Snakes." year="2022">Smith and Georgalis (2022)</bibRefCitation>
took it a step further and suggested that the presence of the broad hypapophysis with a strong anteroventral corner in all mid-trunk vertebrae of all tropidophiids represents a diagnostic trait for the group. The presence of paracotylar foramina was recorded in
<taxonomicName id="123A59FAB2A120015455781D66E380E6" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Squamata" family="Tropidophiidae" genus="Tropidophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropidophis haetianus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haetianus">
<emphasis id="978CD04ACF26A2574EA0AC7205CF13FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Tropidophis haetianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cope, 1879) by
<bibRefCitation id="2229D2B5637EB1AFA8F1ADC4E484B732" author="Underwood, G" editor="Bellairs, Ad'A" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="151 - 175" refId="B635" refString="Underwood, G, 1976. A systematic analysis of boid snakes. In: Bellairs, Ad'A, Cox, CB, Eds., Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3. Academic Press, London: 151 - 175" title="A systematic analysis of boid snakes." volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3." year="1976">Underwood (1976)</bibRefCitation>
; based on the latter observation,
<bibRefCitation id="83B6ED22C2DB93F55DE4E94E5BF81D88" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="McDowell, SB" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="3 - 50" refId="B380" refString="McDowell, SB, 1987. Systematics. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 3 - 50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Systematics." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">McDowell (1987)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously mentioned the occurrence of paracotylar foramina in all tropidophiids, whereas
<bibRefCitation id="B59DD0C28BE0FA034DF993D0E030B04A" author="Kluge, AG" journalOrPublisher="Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B320" refString="Kluge, AG, 1991. Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 178: 1 - 58" title="Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles." volume="178" year="1991">Kluge (1991)</bibRefCitation>
erroneously mentioned the absence of these foramina in all of them.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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