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<mods:title id="25610AF6BE3945E5DAAAFA6A4B99E671">A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C81953669C109B888D791378DAA27E25">O’Loughlin, P. Mark</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1E08773256BA3789084E79600EBC74A0">Honorary Associate, Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666 E, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="77EBC193AA7CEAA3EDA95574CA419B00">Waters, Jonathan M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="61A6E8B0A940A0C9C983C466EB4049C0">Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="5FE4A00B728320BD98C7449F79488B6C">2004</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFAAFF0EE56BFEFD4E74" box="[139,308,1564,1586]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFF0EE56BFEFD4E74" ID-CoL="7PQHS" authority="Verrill" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[139,308,1564,1586]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFF0EE56BFF224E74" bold="true" box="[139,235,1564,1586]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Patiriella</emphasis>
Verrill
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFF0EE53EFE904E19" blockId="28.[139,345,1609,1631]" box="[139,345,1609,1631]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFFA6FFAAFF0EE53EFF224E19" box="[139,235,1609,1631]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[139,198,1838,1858]" captionTargetBox="[137,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-68@2.[136,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of asterinid mtDNA sequences (after Waters et al., 2004). Support for particular reconstructions is indicated by bootstrap values (&gt;50%; in bold) and by decay indices (in italics). MtDNA Clades I–VI are identified on the basis of high bootstrap support. Generic assignments made in this paper appear on the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665497/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figures 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFFA6FFAAFF7DE53EFEDD4E19" box="[248,276,1609,1631]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[139,198,964,984]" captionTargetBox="[139,1460,222,918]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Abactinal views of type species of Asterinidae genera (continued; Tremaster mirabilis is figure 17e). a, Patiria miniata (R = 67 mm, NMV F98040). b, Patiriella regularis (R = 31 mm, AM J5594). c, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 74 mm, holotype, USNM 36899). d, Pseudopatiria obtusa (R = 54 mm, holotype, BMNH 1938.6.23.24). e, Stegnaster inflatus (R = 45 mm, NMV F95675). f, Tegulaster emburyi (R = 19 mm, holotype, AM J5605)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665501" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665501/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">3b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFFA6FFAAFE9AE53EFE904E19" box="[287,345,1609,1631]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="32.[139,198,1290,1310]" captionTargetBox="[139,1460,221,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-256@32.[585,1016,576,916]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 16. a–d, Parvulastra exigua: a, cleared ray (R = 10 mm, NMV F98062); b, denuded abactinal granuliform spinelets (NMV F98062); c, actinal interradius (R = 9 mm, NMV F98062); d, oral spines (R = 10 mm, NMV F97450). e–f, Patiriella oliveri (R = 28 mm, MNZ EC4805): e, abactinal disc and spinelets; f, absence of superambulacral plates (left arrow), presence of superactinal plates (right arrow). g–i, Pseudopatiria obtusa (R = 54 mm, holotype, BMNH 1938.6.23.24): g, section of ray with absence of both superambulacral and superactinal plates; h, abactinal subpaxilliform spinelets, and pedicellaria (lower left); i, actinal spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665533/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">16e–f</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="B0EA11E5FFA6FFAAFF23E504FEEB4F31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFF23E504FE774EC1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[166,446,1651,1671]" page="480" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1913">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFF23E504FE774EC1" ID-CoL="7PQHS" authority="Verrill, 1913: 480" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="480" authorityYear="1913" box="[166,446,1651,1671]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFF23E504FF354EC1" box="[166,252,1651,1671]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Patiriella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFE8FE504FE774EC1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[266,446,1651,1671]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="477 - 485" refId="ref37400" refString="Verrill, A. E. 1913. Revision of the genera of starfishes of the subfamily Asterininae. American Journal of Science (4) 35 (209): 477 - 485." type="journal article" year="1913">Verrill, 1913: 480</bibRefCitation>
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, 483–484.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFDBEE504FD394EC1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[571,752,1651,1671]" page="263" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFDBEE504FD394EC1" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[571,752,1651,1671]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 408" refId="ref37435" refString="Verrill, A. E. 1914. Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the North Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California. Harriman Alaska Series, Smithsonian Institution 14: 1 - 408, 110 pls." type="book chapter" year="1914">Verrill, 1914: 263</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFF0EE5F9FEF14EE4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[139,312,1678,1698]" page="410" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1919">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFF0EE5F9FEF14EE4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[139,312,1678,1698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 712" refId="ref35760" refString="Fisher, W. K. 1919. Starfishes of the Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 100 (3): i - xi, 1 - 712, 156 pls." type="book chapter" year="1919">Fisher, 1919: 410</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—H.L.
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFE03E5F9FDE04EE4" author="Clark, H. L." box="[390,553,1678,1698]" page="134" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1946">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFE03E5F9FDE04EE4" author="Clark, H. L." box="[390,553,1678,1698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref35329" refString="Clark, H. L. 1946. The echinoderm fauna of Australia. Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 566: iv + 567 pp." type="book" year="1946">Clark, 1946: 134</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFDC1E5F9FF744EFB" author="Spencer, W. K. &amp; Wright, C. W." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref37118" refString="Spencer, W. K., and Wright, C. W. 1966. Asterozoans. Pp. U 4 - U 107, 89 figs in: R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press." type="book" year="1966">Spencer and Wright, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: U69.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFE90E5DEFE274EFB" author="Shepherd, S. A." box="[277,494,1705,1725]" page="745" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFE90E5DEFE274EFB" author="Shepherd, S. A." box="[277,494,1705,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="729 - 756" refId="ref37006" refString="Shepherd, S. A. 1968. The shallow water echinoderm fauna of South Australia. 1. The asteroids. Records of the South Australian Museum 15 (4): 729 - 756." type="journal article" year="1968">Shepherd, 1968: 745</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFD8FE5DEFD264EFB" author="Dartnall, A. J." box="[522,751,1705,1725]" page="73" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFD8FE5DEFD264EFB" author="Dartnall, A. J." box="[522,751,1705,1725]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref35361" refString="Dartnall, A. J. 1970. The asterinid sea stars of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 104: 73 - 77, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1970">Dartnall, 1970: 73–74</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFF0EE5B4FE974E91" author="Dartnall, A. J." box="[139,350,1731,1751]" page="39" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFF0EE5B4FE974E91" author="Dartnall, A. J." box="[139,350,1731,1751]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref35394" refString="Dartnall, A. J. 1971. Australian sea stars of the genus Patiriella (Asteroidea, Asterinidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96 (1): 39 - 49, fig. 1, pls 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1971">Dartnall, 1971: 39–40</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFEFCE5B4FD994E91" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[377,592,1731,1751]" page="341" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFEFCE5B4FD994E91" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[377,592,1731,1751]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="335 - 346" refId="ref34732" refString="Bernasconi, I. 1973. Asteroideos Argentinos. VI. Familia Asteridinae. Revista del museo Argentino de ciencias naturales Bernardino Rivadavia e instituto nacional de investigacion de las ciencias naturales 3 (4): 335 - 346, 2 pls." type="book chapter" year="1973">Bernasconi, 1973: 341</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Clark, A.M. and Courtman-Stock, 1976: 80.—Clark, A.M., 1983: 364–367, 378, fig. 3c, 4.—Clark, A.M. and Downey, 1992: 178, 192.—Clark, A.M., 1993: 224.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFF4FE464FEA14F61" author="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J." box="[202,360,1811,1831]" page="39" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFF4FE464FEA14F61" author="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J." box="[202,360,1811,1831]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1995" refId="ref36896" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., and Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. Pp. xiii + 510 in: Wells, A. (ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia 33. CSIRO: Melbourne. [as &quot; Rowe (1995) &quot; throughout paper]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Rowe, 1995: 39</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFE07E464FD394F61" author="Campbell, A. C. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." box="[386,752,1811,1831]" page="129" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFE07E464FD394F61" author="Campbell, A. C. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." box="[386,752,1811,1831]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="129 - 136" refId="ref34776" refString="Campbell, A. C., and Rowe, F. W. E. 1997. A new species in the asterinid genus Patiriella (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from Dhofar, southern Oman: a temperate taxon in a tropical locality. Bulletin of the British Museum, (Natural History) (Zoology) 63 (2): 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1997">Campbell and Rowe, 1997: 129–131</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.— McKnight (in Clark and McKnight), 2001: 155.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFDE4E459FF214F1B" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." page="701" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFDE4E459FF214F1B" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref36748" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M., and Roy, M. S. 2002. Description of a new species of Patiriella from New Zealand, and review of Patiriella regularis (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) based on morphological and molecular data. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32 (4): 697 - 711." type="journal article" year="2002">O’Loughlin et al., 2002: 701</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFE86E43EFDCC4F1B" author="Dartnall, A. J. &amp; Byrne, M. &amp; Collins, J. &amp; Hart, M. W." box="[259,517,1865,1885]" page="11" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFE86E43EFDCC4F1B" author="Dartnall, A. J. &amp; Byrne, M. &amp; Collins, J. &amp; Hart, M. W." box="[259,517,1865,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref35476" refString="Dartnall, A. J., Byrne, M., Collins, J., and Hart, M. W. 2003. A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pan-tropical exiguoid sea stars. Zootaxa 359: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Dartnall et al., 2003: 11–12</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="115B10DAFFA6FFAAFDA5E43EFCC14F1B" author="Waters, J. M. &amp; O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." box="[544,776,1865,1885]" page="874" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFDA5E43EFCC14F1B" author="Waters, J. M. &amp; O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." box="[544,776,1865,1885]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="872 - 878" refId="ref37522" refString="Waters, J. M., O'Loughlin, P. M., and Roy, M. S. 2004. Molecular systematics of some Indo-Pacific asterinids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea): does taxonomy reflect phylogeny? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 872 - 878." type="journal article" year="2004">Waters et al., 2004: 874</bibRefCitation>
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, 875, 877. (Part).
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFAAFCB7E750FC0F4DC6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCB7E750FC0F4DC6" blockId="28.[817,1457,1063,1408]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCB7E750FC514C7B" box="[818,920,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Rays 5, interradial margin straight to incurved, subpentagonal to short discrete rays, ends pointed or broadly or narrowly rounded; noticeable integument; plates on rays irregularly arranged; abactinal spinelets granuliform to digitiform, not webbed, in close to spaced distribution over projecting surface of plates; regular series of granuliform or digitiform spinelet-covered superomarginal and inferomarginal plates; actinal plates in oblique series; actinal adradial spines in incomplete series; actinal spines digitiform to short conical, no more than 3 per plate; superambulacral plates present from midray or distally only; superactinal plates present as single and multiple-plate supports.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFAAFCB4E6E4FBDD4D80" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCB4E6E4FBDD4D80" blockId="28.[817,1457,1427,1478]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCB4E6E4FC094DEF" box="[817,960,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFCB4E6E4FCA94DEF" box="[817,864,1427,1449]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFC4AE6E4FA784DEF" authority="Verrill, 1867" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[975,1457,1427,1449]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis" subGenus="Asteriscus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFC4AE6E4FBEC4DEF" box="[975,1061,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Asterina</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFBB8E6E4FB6C4DEF" box="[1085,1189,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Asteriscus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFB38E6E4FAD14DEF" box="[1213,1304,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">regularis</emphasis>
Verrill, 1867
</taxonomicName>
(original designation).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFAAFCB4E6A1FAEC4E59" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCB4E6A1FAEC4E59" blockId="28.[817,1458,1494,1567]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCB4E6A1FC734DAC" box="[817,954,1494,1514]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Other species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFC40E6A1FB2F4DAC" authority="Livingstone, 1933" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[965,1254,1494,1514]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFC40E6A1FB634DAC" box="[965,1194,1494,1514]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
P. inornata
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFBBEE6A1FB634DAC" author="Livingstone, A. A." box="[1083,1194,1494,1514]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref36464" refString="Livingstone, A. A. 1933. Some genera and species of the Asterinidae. Records of the Australian Museum 19 (1): 1 - 20, pls 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1933">Livingstone,</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1933
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFB70E6A1FCAF4E42" authority="(Benham, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFB70E6A1FA854DAC" box="[1269,1356,1494,1514]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. oliveri</emphasis>
(Benham, 1911)
</taxonomicName>
(junior synonym:
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFB90E686FA854E42" authority="H. L. Clark, 1938" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[1045,1356,1520,1541]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFB90E686FB6A4E43" box="[1045,1187,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Patiriella nigra</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFB59E687FA854E42" author="Clark, H. L." box="[1244,1356,1520,1540]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 596" refId="ref35285" refString="Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1 - 596, 28 pls, 63 figs." type="book chapter" year="1938">Clark, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFAF3E687FCAB4E59" author="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1995" refId="ref36896" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., and Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. Pp. xiii + 510 in: Wells, A. (ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia 33. CSIRO: Melbourne. [as &quot; Rowe (1995) &quot; throughout paper]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Rowe, 1995</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFCF6E57CFAE84E59" authority="Campbell and Rowe, 1997" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[883,1313,1547,1567]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCF6E57CFBEC4E59" box="[883,1061,1547,1567]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Patiriella paradoxa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFBAEE57CFAE84E59" author="Campbell, A. C. &amp; Rowe, F. W. E." box="[1067,1313,1547,1567]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="129 - 136" refId="ref34776" refString="Campbell, A. C., and Rowe, F. W. E. 1997. A new species in the asterinid genus Patiriella (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from Dhofar, southern Oman: a temperate taxon in a tropical locality. Bulletin of the British Museum, (Natural History) (Zoology) 63 (2): 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1997">Campbell and Rowe, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFAAFCB4E558FBD14F75" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCB4E558FC3E4E18" blockId="28.[817,1458,1583,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCB4E558FC2D4E05" box="[817,996,1583,1603]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFC6FE558FB374E05" authority="Livingstone, 1933" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[1002,1278,1583,1603]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFC6FE558FB864E05" box="[1002,1103,1583,1603]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. inornata</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA6FFAAFBD0E558FB374E05" box="[1109,1278,1583,1603]" collectionCode="AM" location="Western Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="J3198" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Australia" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFBD0E558FB374E05" author="Livingstone, A. A." box="[1109,1278,1583,1603]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref36464" refString="Livingstone, A. A. 1933. Some genera and species of the Asterinidae. Records of the Australian Museum 19 (1): 1 - 20, pls 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1933">Livingstone, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFA82E558FA974E05" box="[1287,1374,1583,1603]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA6FFAAFAE2E558FC4F4E18" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFFA6FFAAFC0AE53DFC7D4E18" box="[911,948,1610,1630]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA6FFAAFC3FE53DFC3A4E18" box="[954,1011,1610,1630]" collectionCode="AM" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">J3198</specimenCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCC9E512FAC14E3F" blockId="28.[817,1458,1583,1843]" box="[844,1288,1637,1657]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCC9E512FC534E3F" box="[844,922,1637,1657]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFCC9E512FC5F4E3F" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1938" box="[844,918,1637,1657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">P. nigra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA6FFAAFC1AE512FB2B4E3F" box="[927,1250,1637,1657]" collectionCode="AM" collectorName="Lord Howe I." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="J4439" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFC1AE512FC384E3F" box="[927,1009,1637,1657]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
.
<collectorName id="3D0F531DFFA6FFAAFC7FE512FBBE4E3F" box="[1018,1143,1637,1657]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Lord Howe I.</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFFA6FFAAFB04E512FB6F4E3F" box="[1153,1190,1637,1657]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA6FFAAFB29E512FB2B4E3F" box="[1196,1250,1637,1657]" collectionCode="AM" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">J4439</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
(1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCC9E508FBC24EE8" blockId="28.[817,1458,1583,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCC9E508FC6C4ED5" box="[844,933,1663,1683]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFCC9E508FC684ED5" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[844,929,1663,1683]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">P. oliveri</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Kermadec Is,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFFA6FFAAFBAFE508FB954ED5" box="[1066,1116,1663,1683]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MNZ</collectionCode>
EC4805 (2 of 7); Lord Howe I.,
<collectionCode id="F6EBAE0EFFA6FFAAFA09E508FA784ED5" box="[1420,1457,1663,1683]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
G11519 (2); G2247 (1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCC9E5C2FB134EA5" blockId="28.[817,1458,1583,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCC9E5C2FC004E8F" box="[844,969,1717,1737]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFCC9E5C2FC0C4E8F" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[844,965,1717,1737]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">P. paradoxa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA6FFAAFC53E5C2FA884E8F" box="[982,1345,1717,1737]" country="Oman" location="Oman" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFC53E5C2FBE74E8F" box="[982,1070,1717,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA6FFAAFBBAE5C2FBB04E8F" box="[1087,1145,1717,1737]" name="Oman" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Oman</collectingCountry>
, BMNH 1997.1016
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFAD7E5C2FA674E8F" box="[1362,1454,1717,1737]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
. BMNH 1997.1017 (1); BMNH 1997.1018 (2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFAAFCC9E59DFBD14F75" blockId="28.[817,1458,1583,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCC9E59DFC744EB8" box="[844,957,1770,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA6FFAAFCC9E59DFC704EB8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[844,953,1770,1790]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">A. regularis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA6FFAAFC47E59DFB244F5F" collectionCode="YPM" collectorName="H. Edwards" country="New Zealand" location="Auckland" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="YPM 988" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Auckland" typeStatus="syntype">
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA6FFAAFC47E59DFBD14EB8" box="[962,1048,1770,1790]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
.
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA6FFAAFBA5E59DFB554EB8" box="[1056,1180,1770,1790]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA6FFAAFB21E59DFB364EB8" box="[1188,1279,1770,1790]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Auckland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="3D0F531DFFA6FFAAFA8DE59DFABC4EB8" box="[1288,1397,1770,1790]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. Edwards</collectorName>
, 1866,
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA6FFAAFCB4E472FC474F5F" box="[817,910,1797,1817]" collectionCode="YPM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="Museum">YPM 988</specimenCode>
A (1), B (1, partially cleared), C (2)
</materialsCitation>
. Other material. See
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA6FFAAFCB4E468FBDC4F75" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." box="[817,1045,1823,1843]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref36748" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M., and Roy, M. S. 2002. Description of a new species of Patiriella from New Zealand, and review of Patiriella regularis (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) based on morphological and molecular data. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32 (4): 697 - 711." type="journal article" year="2002">O’Loughlin et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA6FFABFCB7E431FC354DA5" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA6FFABFCB7E431FF3D4CBF" blockId="28.[817,1457,1862,1913]" lastBlockId="29.[131,771,1104,1918]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA6FFAAFCB7E431FB674F1A" box="[818,1198,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Description with species variations.</emphasis>
Rays 5, rarely 6; interradial margin straight to incurved, form subpentagonal to discrete rays with ends broadly rounded to pointed; integument cover sometimes evident (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD95E719FDA64CC2" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[528,623,1134,1156]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD95E719FDA64CC2" box="[528,623,1134,1156]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); body flat actinally, low convex abactinally; rays elevated, sides steep; size medium (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEE2E7DFFE0B4CF8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[359,450,1192,1214]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFEE2E7DFFE0B4CF8" box="[359,450,1192,1214]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
up to R =
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA7FFABFDCAE7DFFD684CF8" box="[591,673,1192,1214]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
); lacking pedicellariae; rare evidence of fissiparity (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDB3E7B1FD584C9A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[566,657,1222,1244]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFDB3E7B1FD584C9A" box="[566,657,1222,1244]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); abactinal gonopores.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C4856643FFA7FFABFF06E0D0FC344C63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665529/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[131,190,935,955]" targetBox="[131,1452,223,916]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFF06E0D0FC344C63" blockId="29.[131,1449,935,1061]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Figure 14. a–c,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE9FE0D0FE254BFD" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1913" box="[282,492,935,955]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Nepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pedicellaris">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE9FE0D0FE254BFD" box="[282,492,935,955]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nepanthia pedicellaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R = 23 mm, holotype, USNM 32643): a, cleared lower lateral ray, and distinct margin; b, abactinal spinelets; c, adambulacral and actinal plates and spines. d,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD2FE0B6FC674B93" baseAuthorityName="Livingstone" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[682,942,961,981]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudonepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="troughtoni">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD2FE0B6FC674B93" box="[682,942,961,981]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pseudonepanthia troughtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R = 55 mm, NMV F73977): cleared proximal lateral lower ray, margin, and ambulacrum. e,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE69E0ABFCC54BB6" baseAuthorityName="Rowe and Marsh" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[492,780,988,1008]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudonepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigrobrunnea">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE69E0ABFCC54BB6" box="[492,780,988,1008]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pseudonepanthia nigrobrunnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R = 85 mm, NMV F95810): cleared section of ray with single series of superambulacral plates (arrow), and absence of transactinal and superactinal plates. f,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFC2FE080FBB64C4D" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[938,1151,1015,1035]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Pseudonepanthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gotoi">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFC2FE080FBB64C4D" box="[938,1151,1015,1035]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Pseudonepanthia gotoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R = 70 mm, holotype, USNM 36899): internal cleared view of ambulacral plates, with series of superambulacral plates (arrow).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFF26E677FC694CC5" blockId="29.[131,771,1104,1918]" lastBlockId="29.[809,1449,1104,1507]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Abactinal plates on upper rays in longitudinally series (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF09E669FF074D72" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[140,206,1310,1332]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFF09E669FF074D72" box="[140,206,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or irregular (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFEE8E669FD6A4D72" box="[365,675,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEE8E669FE0E4D72" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[365,455,1310,1332]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE53E669FDF04D72" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[470,569,1310,1332]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDCDE669FD6A4D72" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[584,675,1310,1332]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); carinal plate series ray length (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEF7E64CFE7D4D17" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[370,436,1339,1361]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFEF7E64CFE7D4D17" box="[370,436,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or short proximal (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD01E64CFD164D17" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[644,735,1339,1361]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD01E64CFD164D17" box="[644,735,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or not evident
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFF7BE62FFE044D28" box="[254,461,1368,1390]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE80E62FFEA94D28" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[261,352,1368,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEE9E62FFE044D28" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[364,461,1368,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), plates doubly notched; variably regular longitudinal series of crescentiform plates on lower sides of rays; papulate areas extensive, non-papulate interradial area extensive
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE30E6C7FDBF4D80" box="[437,630,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE38E6C7FDD54D80" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[445,540,1456,1478]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDB4E6C7FDBF4D80" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[561,630,1456,1478]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) or narrow (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFF09E6B9FE954DA2" box="[140,348,1486,1508]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF09E6B9FF264DA2" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[140,239,1486,1508]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE84E6B9FE954DA2" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[257,348,1486,1508]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); papular spaces large, 1–4 large (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD62E6B9FEF34E47" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD62E6B9FF004E47" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF5CE69CFEF34E47" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[217,314,1515,1537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) or numerous small papulae and irregular secondary plates per space
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE41E57FFD4C4E58" box="[452,645,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE49E57FFDDA4E58" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[460,531,1544,1566]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDADE57FFD4C4E58" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[552,645,1544,1566]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); proximal primary abactinal plates irregular (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE66E551FD614E7A" box="[483,680,1574,1596]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE66E551FDF44E7A" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[483,573,1574,1596]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDC2E551FD614E7A" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[583,680,1574,1596]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) or crescentiform (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFF7AE534FE7D4E1F" box="[255,436,1603,1625]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF7AE534FE8D4E1F" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[255,324,1603,1625]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEDDE534FE7D4E1F" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[344,436,1603,1625]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), with spinelet-bearing ridges (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFF09E517FE874E30" box="[140,334,1632,1654]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF09E517FF1D4E30" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[140,212,1632,1654]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF6AE517FE874E30" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[239,334,1632,1654]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) or not; glassy convexities below elevations on denuded plates (
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE38E509FD1E4ED2" box="[445,727,1662,1684]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE38E509FDCB4ED2" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[445,514,1662,1684]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD88E509FDB94ED2" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[525,624,1662,1684]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFDF9E509FD1E4ED2" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[636,727,1662,1684]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), or reticulations (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFEA4E5ECFEB54EF7" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[289,380,1691,1713]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFEA4E5ECFEB54EF7" box="[289,380,1691,1713]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); abactinal spinelets granuliform, subglobose to subconical (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE23E5CFFE344E88" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[422,509,1720,1742]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE23E5CFFE344E88" box="[422,509,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD97E5CFFDBA4E88" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[530,627,1720,1742]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD97E5CFFDBA4E88" box="[530,627,1720,1742]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">paradoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or proximally short columnar, distally short subsacciform (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD1CE5A1FD3D4EAA" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[665,756,1750,1772]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD1CE5A1FD3D4EAA" box="[665,756,1750,1772]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or digitiform, many slightly widened terminally (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD34E584FD3A4F4F" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[689,755,1779,1801]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD34E584FD3A4F4F" box="[689,755,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); spinelets not webbed, in close arrangement on plates
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFD37E467FE954F02" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFD3FE467FD364F60" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[698,767,1808,1830]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">oliveri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF06E459FF234F02" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[131,234,1838,1860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFF7BE459FE954F02" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[254,348,1838,1860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">regularis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) or spread (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFE7DE459FD9B4F02" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[504,594,1838,1860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFE7DE459FD9B4F02" box="[504,594,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); disc variably bordered by 5 radial and 5 interradial plates; superomarginal and inferomarginal plates in regular series, with typical abactinal spinelets; margin formed by projecting inferomarginals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFCCCE7FCFC5C4C9D" blockId="29.[809,1449,1104,1507]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Actinal plates in oblique series (irregular proximally in
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFAF3E7FCFC0F4CF8" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFAF3E7FCFC914CF8" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">inornata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFCE0E7DFFC0F4CF8" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[869,966,1192,1214]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">paradoxa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); proximal actinal interradial areas sometimes not plated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFCCCE794FA5C4DCD" blockId="29.[809,1449,1104,1507]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Actinal spines per plate: oral 4–6; suboral 0–4; furrow 2–4 proximally, short, webbed; subambulacral 1–3, tall; adradial actinal 0–1, short, incomplete series; actinal interradial 1–3 proximally, 1–2 short distally; actinal interradial spines digitiform, slightly tapered (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFB92E62FFBBB4D28" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[1047,1138,1368,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFB92E62FFBBB4D28" box="[1047,1138,1368,1390]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), slightly swollen (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFABEE62FFAB44D28" baseAuthorityName="Benham" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1339,1405,1368,1390]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFABEE62FFAB44D28" box="[1339,1405,1368,1390]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or short conical (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFC3EE601FBDB4DCA" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[955,1042,1398,1420]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFC3EE601FBDB4DCA" box="[955,1042,1398,1420]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or short thick columnar (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFAA3E601FA4E4DCA" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[1318,1415,1398,1420]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFAA3E601FA4E4DCA" box="[1318,1415,1398,1420]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">paradoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFCCCE6E4FC354DA5" blockId="29.[809,1449,1104,1507]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Superambulacral plates present distally (
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFA98E6E4FAB14DEF" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[1309,1400,1427,1449]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFA98E6E4FAB14DEF" box="[1309,1400,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not examined distally); superactinal plates present as single and multiple-plate struts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA7FFABFCACE68FFB334E0F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFCACE68FFB334E0F" blockId="29.[809,1449,1528,1609]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFCACE68FFC6D4E48" box="[809,932,1528,1550]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA7FFABFC30E68FFB8A4E48" box="[949,1091,1528,1550]" name="New Zealand" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, North and South Is, Stewart and Chatham Is;
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA7FFABFC3FE562FBD04E6D" box="[954,1049,1557,1579]" name="Australia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Lord Howe I.,
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA7FFABFB59E562FA6C4E6D" box="[1244,1445,1557,1579]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA7FFABFCACE544FC444E0F" box="[809,909,1587,1609]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA7FFABFC12E544FB864E0F" box="[919,1103,1587,1609]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA7FFABFBDFE544FB524E0F" box="[1114,1179,1587,1609]" name="Oman" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Oman</collectingCountry>
;
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA7FFABFB23E544FB3F4E0F" box="[1190,1270,1587,1609]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="46.0" valueMax="92.0" valueMin="0.0">
0–
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA7FFABFB3AE544FB3F4E0F" box="[1215,1270,1587,1609]" count="92" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic">92 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA7FFA8FCACE52AFDE84B40" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA7FFABFCACE52AFAB24F3D" blockId="29.[809,1449,1629,1915]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFCACE52AFC4B4E35" box="[809,898,1629,1651]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA7FFABFC14E52AFB5B4E35" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Waters, J. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." box="[913,1170,1629,1651]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref36748" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M., Waters, J. M., and Roy, M. S. 2002. Description of a new species of Patiriella from New Zealand, and review of Patiriella regularis (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) based on morphological and molecular data. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32 (4): 697 - 711." type="journal article" year="2002">O’Loughlin et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
did not report on the
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA7FFABFAFBE52AFC4B4ED7" count="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">four syntypes</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFC20E50CFB2F4ED7" authority="Verrill, 1867" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[933,1254,1659,1681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFC20E50CFB974ED7" box="[933,1118,1659,1681]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Asterina regularis</emphasis>
Verrill,
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA7FFABFB36E50CFB2F4ED7" box="[1203,1254,1659,1681]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.74218" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="in" value="1867.0">1867</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in their systematic review of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFC12E5EFFC3F4EE8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[919,1014,1688,1710]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFC12E5EFFC3F4EE8" box="[919,1014,1688,1710]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They have now been examined and are consistent with O’Loughlin et al.’s (2002) redescription.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA7FFABFAE6E5C2FC714EAF" author="Waters, J. M. &amp; O'Loughlin, P. M. &amp; Roy, M. S." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="872 - 878" refId="ref37522" refString="Waters, J. M., O'Loughlin, P. M., and Roy, M. S. 2004. Molecular systematics of some Indo-Pacific asterinids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea): does taxonomy reflect phylogeny? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 872 - 878." type="journal article" year="2004">Waters et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
presented a molecular phylogeny in which
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFCACE587FC554F40" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[809,924,1776,1798]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFCACE587FC554F40" box="[809,924,1776,1798]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fell on a clade remote from those on which all other species of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFC11E47AFC3A4F65" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[916,1011,1805,1827]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFC11E47AFC3A4F65" box="[916,1011,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were included (clades III part, IV part, and V, in
<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFFA7FFABFCE1E45CFC684F07" box="[868,929,1835,1857]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[139,198,1838,1858]" captionTargetBox="[137,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-68@2.[136,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of asterinid mtDNA sequences (after Waters et al., 2004). Support for particular reconstructions is indicated by bootstrap values (&gt;50%; in bold) and by decay indices (in italics). MtDNA Clades I–VI are identified on the basis of high bootstrap support. Generic assignments made in this paper appear on the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665497/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The species in clade III (part) were removed to
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFCACE43FFC6B4F18" box="[809,930,1864,1886]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Meridiastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFCACE43FFC6B4F18" box="[809,930,1864,1886]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Meridiastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, those in clade IV (part) to
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFB71E43FFA484F18" box="[1268,1409,1864,1886]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Cryptasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFB71E43FFA484F18" box="[1268,1409,1864,1886]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cryptasterina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA7FFABFCACE412FBC84F3D" author="Dartnall, A. J. &amp; Byrne, M. &amp; Collins, J. &amp; Hart, M. W." box="[809,1025,1893,1915]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref35476" refString="Dartnall, A. J., Byrne, M., Collins, J., and Hart, M. W. 2003. A new viviparous species of asterinid (Echinodermata, Asteroidea, Asterinidae) and a new genus to accommodate the species of pan-tropical exiguoid sea stars. Zootaxa 359: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2003">Dartnall et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, and those in clade V to
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA7FFABFB7AE412FABF4F3D" box="[1279,1398,1893,1915]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA7FFABFB7AE412FABF4F3D" box="[1279,1398,1893,1915]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Parvulastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA4FFA8FF2EE397FEF24A7F" blockId="30.[139,780,224,979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
The diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE57E397FD8F48B0" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1867" box="[466,582,224,246]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="regularis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE57E397FD8F48B0" box="[466,582,224,246]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. regularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: subpentagonal to very short-rayed form; abactinal plates on rays not in longitudinal series; spinlets ganuliform, short columnar; large papular spaces with numerous papulae and secondary plates; actinal plates in oblique series; few superambulacral plates; superactinal plates present.
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE3FE204FDD049CF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[442,537,371,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE3FE204FDD049CF" box="[442,537,371,393]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF0EE2E7FECD49E0" box="[139,260,400,422]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Meridiastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF0EE2E7FECD49E0" box="[139,260,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Meridiastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking longitudinal series of plates on the rays, by oblique series of actinal plates, and by having superactinal plates.
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF5BE2BCFEF749A7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[222,318,459,481]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF5BE2BCFEF749A7" box="[222,318,459,481]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FDCDE2BCFD1F49A7" box="[584,726,459,481]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Cryptasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FDCDE2BCFD1F49A7" box="[584,726,459,481]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cryptasterina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF0EE29FFECB49B8" box="[139,258,488,510]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF0EE29FFECB49B8" box="[139,258,488,510]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parvulastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking longitudinal series of plates on the rays, and by having large papular spaces with numerous papulae and secondary plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA4FFA8FF2EE137FDE84B40" blockId="30.[139,780,224,979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
On morphological grounds
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE43E137FDFE4A10" authorityName="Livingstone" authorityYear="1933" box="[454,567,576,598]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE43E137FDFE4A10" box="[454,567,576,598]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FDEFE137FD2C4A10" authorityName="Campbell and Rowe" authorityYear="1997" box="[618,741,576,598]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paradoxa">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FDEFE137FD2C4A10" box="[618,741,576,598]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. paradoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are retained in
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF7AE129FE974A32" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[255,350,606,628]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF7AE129FE974A32" box="[255,350,606,628]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA4FFA8FEEEE12AFE394A35" author="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J." box="[363,496,605,627]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="1995" refId="ref36896" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., and Gates, J. 1995. Echinodermata. Pp. xiii + 510 in: Wells, A. (ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia 33. CSIRO: Melbourne. [as &quot; Rowe (1995) &quot; throughout paper]" type="book chapter" year="1995">Rowe (1995)</bibRefCitation>
transferred
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FDE9E129FCC24A32" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1911" box="[620,779,606,628]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FDE9E129FCC24A32" box="[620,779,606,628]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Asterina oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF23E10CFECC4AD7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[166,261,635,657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF23E10CFECC4AD7" box="[166,261,635,657]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE97E10CFEA44AD7" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1911" box="[274,365,635,657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oliveri">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE97E10CFEA44AD7" box="[274,365,635,657]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">P. oliveri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has many of the characters of
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FD23E10CFCCC4AD7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[678,773,635,657]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FD23E10CFCCC4AD7" box="[678,773,635,657]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is retained in
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FEBEE1EFFE534AE8" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[315,410,664,686]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FEBEE1EFFE534AE8" box="[315,410,664,686]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with reservation because of the regular carinal and longitudinal series of plates on the rays. On morphological grounds,
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE0DE1A4FD3B4AAF" authority="H. L. Clark, 1923" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[392,754,723,745]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE0DE1A4FDF04AAF" box="[392,569,723,745]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Asterina dyscrita</emphasis>
H.L.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA4FFA8FDFDE1A4FD3B4AAF" author="Clark, H. L." box="[632,754,723,745]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref35206" refString="Clark, H. L. 1923. The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 13 (7) 12: 221 - 435, pls 8 - 23." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is removed from
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FEA6E187FE4B4B40" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[291,386,752,774]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FEA6E187FE4B4B40" box="[291,386,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE21E187FDD24B40" box="[420,539,752,774]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE21E187FDD24B40" box="[420,539,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Parvulastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA4FFA8FF2EE079FD8B4B95" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA4FFA8FF2EE079FD8B4B95" blockId="30.[139,780,224,979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FF2EE079FD234B65" authority="Domantay and Acosta, 1970" authorityName="Domantay and Acosta" authorityYear="1970" box="[171,746,781,804]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tangribensis">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FF2EE079FE524B62" box="[171,411,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella tangribensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA4FFA8FE2EE07AFD234B65" author="Domantay, J. S. &amp; Acosta, T. E." box="[427,746,781,803]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="49 - 103" refId="ref35591" refString="Domantay, J. S., and Acosta, T. E. 1970. The littoral echinoderm fauna of Ilocos Sur between Candon and Vigan. Acta Manilana A 5 (10): 49 - 103." type="journal article" year="1970">Domantay and Acosta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is judged to be nomen dubium.
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA4FFA8FE54E05CFCC24B07" author="Domantay, J. S. &amp; Acosta, T. E." box="[465,779,811,833]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="49 - 103" refId="ref35591" refString="Domantay, J. S., and Acosta, T. E. 1970. The littoral echinoderm fauna of Ilocos Sur between Candon and Vigan. Acta Manilana A 5 (10): 49 - 103." type="journal article" year="1970">Domantay and Acosta (1970)</bibRefCitation>
established the species without
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA4FFA8FE48E03FFE304B18" box="[461,505,840,862]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
material being designated, and the description and figures are not adequate to diagnose the material (reference was made to an absence of marginal plates). It was distinguished only from
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA4FFA8FE5CE0D7FD4C4BF0" ID-CoL="6TTK7" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[473,645,928,950]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA4FFA8FE5CE0D7FD4C4BF0" box="[473,645,928,950]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patiriella exigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which does not occur in the
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA4FFA8FEB6E0CAFE964B95" box="[307,351,957,979]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA4FFA8FE3AE0CAFDFE4B95" box="[447,567,957,979]" name="Philippines" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Philippines</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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