552 lines
51 KiB
XML
552 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.139.1308" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d6a55a29-30df-409c-9879-ecff3c19fbb2" ID-PMC="PMC3260909" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-139-45" ID-PubMed="22259309" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-139-45" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 139" ModsDocTitle="A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species" checkinTime="1451249759556" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jiang, Nan, Xue, Dayong & Han, Hongxiang" docDate="2011" docId="852524050750B98920AB11FFFB18BC42" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 139: 45-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 139" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.139.1308" docTitle="Biston Leach 1815" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="FFFD4129FFDEFF9C9A7DFF89F61DFFD3" masterDocTitle="A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668152443332" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Jiang, Nan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Xue, Dayong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Han, Hongxiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>139</mods:number>
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<mods:start>45</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.139.1308</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.139.1308</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-139-45</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152031624" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:852524050750B98920AB11FFFB18BC42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/852524050750B98920AB11FFFB18BC42" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Biston" authority="Leach, 1815" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston Leach, 1815</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Leach, 1815</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Brewster’s">Brewster's</normalizedToken>
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Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 9: 134. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geometra prodromaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prodromaria">Geometra prodromaria</taxonomicName>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Denis, JNCM" journalOrPublisher="Augustin Bernardi, Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Ankuendung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend." year="1775">
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Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1775
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</bibRefCitation>
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(=
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phalaena strataria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strataria">Phalaena strataria</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Hufnagel, WF" journalOrPublisher="Berlinisches Magazin" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="504 - 527" title="Fortsetzung der Tabelle von den Nachtvoegeln, welche die 3 te Art derselben, nehmlich die Spannenmesser (Phalaenas Geometras Linnaei) enthaelt (s. III. Band p. 393)." volume="4" year="1767">Hufnagel, 1767</bibRefCitation>
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)), by subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Westwood, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dasyphara" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasyphara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dasyphara</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Billberg, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Joh. Billberg. Stockholm, Sweden" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Enumeratio Insectorum in museo Gust." year="1820">Billberg, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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, Enumeratio Insect. Mus. G. J. Billberg: 89. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geometra prodromaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prodromaria">Geometra prodromaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Denis, JNCM" journalOrPublisher="Augustin Bernardi, Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Ankuendung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend." year="1775">
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Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1775
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</bibRefCitation>
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. [Junior objective synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
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Leach.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachys" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachys</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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, 1822
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Syst.-alphab. Verz.: 38-44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geometra prodromaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prodromaria">Geometra prodromaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Denis, JNCM" journalOrPublisher="Augustin Bernardi, Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Ankuendung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend." year="1775">
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Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1775
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</bibRefCitation>
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. [Junior objective synonym of Biston Leach.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Eubyja" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubyja" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eubyja</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Huebner, J" journalOrPublisher="J. Huebner, Augsburg" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge." year="1825">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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, 1825
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Verz. bekannter Schmett.: 318. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phalaena betularia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betularia">Phalaena betularia</taxonomicName>
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Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation by Grote, 1902.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphidasis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Treitschke, 1825</bibRefCitation>
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, in Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur., 5 (2): 434. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geometra prodromaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prodromaria">Geometra prodromaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Denis, JNCM" journalOrPublisher="Augustin Bernardi, Wien" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Ankuendung eines systematischen Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend." year="1775">
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Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1775
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</bibRefCitation>
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. [Junior objective synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
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Leach.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasys" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphidasys</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sodoffsky, W" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="76 - 97" title="Etymologische Untersuchungen ueber die Gattungsnamen der Schmetterlinge." volume="10" year="1837">Sodoffsky, 1837</bibRefCitation>
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, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou, 10: 90. [Emendation of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphidasis</taxonomicName>
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Treitschke.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphidasea</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Unger, 1856</bibRefCitation>
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, Arch. Ver. Freunde Naturg.-Mecklenb., 10: 61. [Emendation of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphidasis</taxonomicName>
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Treitschke.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Buzura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buzura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Buzura</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Walker, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus., 26: 1531. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Buzura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buzura multipunctaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multipunctaria">Buzura multipunctaria</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1863, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culcula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Culcula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Culcula</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Moore, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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, in Hewitson & Moore, Descr. new Indian lepid. Insects Colln late Mr W.S. Atkinson, (3): 266. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culcula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Culcula exanthemata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exanthemata">Culcula exanthemata</taxonomicName>
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Moore, 1888, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Eubyjodonta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubyjodonta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eubyjodonta</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="341 - 434" title="On new genera and species of moths of the family Geometridae from India, in the collection of H. J. Elwes." volume="1893" year="1893">Warren, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1893: 416. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Eubyjodonta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubyjodonta falcata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcata">Eubyjodonta falcata</taxonomicName>
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Warren, 1893, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Blepharoctenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blepharoctenia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Blepharoctenia</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="366 - 466" title="New genera and species of Geometridae." volume="1" year="1894">Warren, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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, Novit. zool., 1: 428. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Amphidasys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidasys bengaliaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bengaliaria">Amphidasys bengaliaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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, 1858
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</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epamraica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epamraica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epamraica</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Matsumura, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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, Thousand Insects Japan, (Suppl.) 2: 130. Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epamraica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epamraica bilineata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilineata">Epamraica bilineata</taxonomicName>
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Matsumura, 1910, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Head. Antennae bipectinate in male, rami short, moderately long or long, length tapering towards apex, often the distal part of antennae without rami; filiform in female (Figs 1-3). Frons not protruding, smooth-scaled. Tongue well developed. Labial palpus small, with hair-scales, not extending beyond frons. Compound eyes setose.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
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Thorax. Legs covered with hair-scales. Hind tibia slightly dilated, with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, without hair-pencil. Frenulum developed. Forewing without basal fovea in male, triangular, outer margin straight or waved, hindwing round, outer
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="47" start="start">margin</pageBreakToken>
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smooth, sometimes concave between M1 and M3 or protruding between M1 and CuA1. Wings white, pale yellow or greyish brown, transverse lines black, brown or white. Pattern of forewing: antemedial line slightly waved, often accompanied by a band basally; medial line waved, usually inconspicuous; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M1 and M3 and between CuA2 and 1A + 2A, often accompanied by a band posteriorly; submarginal line sometimes indistinct; terminal line sometimes appearing as a series of short stripes between veins; discal spot black or grey, shortly strip-like, dot-like or elliptic, pale-centred. Hindwing sometimes with basal line; medial line often indistinct, sometimes double; postmedial line waved or dentate, sometimes protruding outwards between M1 and M3; terminal line similar to those of forewing; discal spot sometimes smaller and less conspicuous than on forewing. Terminal spots occasionally present on both wings, wedge-shaped. Underside paler, transverse lines often similar to those of dorsal surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
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Venation. Forewing: Sc free, R1 and R2 usually stalked (separate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston thoracicaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoracicaria">Biston thoracicaria</taxonomicName>
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), diverging before anterior angle of cell; R2 sometimes connected by a short transverse bar with R3-4 or R3-5; R3-5 before or from anterior angle of cell, not stalked with M1; M1 from anterior angle of cell; M3 from posterior angle of cell; CuA1 before posterior angle of cell. Hindwing: Sc+R1 close to cell less than onehalf length of cell; Rs before anterior angle of cell; M1 from anterior angle of cell; M2 absent; M3 from posterior angle of cell; CuA1 before or from posterior angle of cell; 3A absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Abdomen. Dorsum scattered with transverse lines or dots, sometimes with anal tuft. Third sternite of male abdomen without setal patch. Intersegmental membrane between abdomen and genitalia densely covered with elongate scales which partly developed to spines in a few species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="48" start="start">Male</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia. Uncus short and broad, ratio of length to basal width variable, often bifurcate terminally, sometimes bifurcation very shallow or on ventral side below apex, so the latter apparently square or round. Arms of gnathos connected medially, with median process robust or slender, round, acute or square terminally. Valva simple; costa sclerotized, straight or incurved, with terminal half often broadened, bearing long setae from center to apex; sacculus sometimes sinuous. Saccus round or semicircular. Juxta well developed, pointed, or round or flat apically, sometimes elongate, without lateral brushes of long setae, except in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston melacron" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melacron">Biston melacron</taxonomicName>
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Wehrli, 1941. Aedeagus often cylindrical, sclerotized dorsally; vesica usually wrinkled, scobinate, with or without cornuti; shape of cornuti various.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Female genitalia. Papillae anales covered with dense setae, occasionally elongate. Apophyses posteriores usually very long. Lamella postvaginalis sometimes present, oval or almost triangular. Ostium bursae occasionally weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae striated longitudinally, sometimes sclerotized. Corpus bursae often long, membranous, sometimes curved medially, swollen anteriorly, often bearing a signum; signum elliptic, bar-like or irregularly shaped, often with marginal spines, sometimes weakly sclerotized around.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cusiala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cusiala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cusiala</taxonomicName>
|
||
Moore and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Iulotrichia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iulotrichia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iulotrichia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Warren in: the postmedial lines of both wings often protrudes outwards between M1 and M3; the apex of the uncus is often bifurcated. But
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cusiala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cusiala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cusiala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Iulotrichia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iulotrichia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iulotrichia</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the following characters: the forewing fovea of the male is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
but present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cusiala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cusiala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cusiala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Iulotrichia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iulotrichia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iulotrichia</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in the male genitalia, the aedeagus vesica has numerous, very small, spine-like cornuti, arranged as two pair of longitudinal combs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cusiala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cusiala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cusiala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Iulotrichia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Iulotrichia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Iulotrichia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The members of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
also resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lycia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1825 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cochisea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cochisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cochisea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Barnes & McDunnough, 1916, both of which belong to the former
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="tribe" tribe="Bistonini">Bistonini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But both of these genera can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the single pair of spurs on the hind tibia, as well as apterous or brachypterous female in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lycia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and absence of the tongue in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cochisea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cochisea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cochisea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Holarctic, Oriental, and Ethiopian regions.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="biological notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Biological notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The larva is often twig-like with the characteristic 45 degree resting posture and an obtusely cleft head (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 309" title="The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae." volume="47" year="1994">Holloway 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Singh, B" journalOrPublisher=")" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="67 - 158" title="Immature stages of Indian Lepidoptera. No. 8: Geometridae. Indian Forest Records (N. S." volume="8" year="1953">Singh (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston suppressaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suppressaria">Biston suppressaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1858).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Issiki et al. (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston robustum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustum">Biston robustum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Butler, 1879.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yamamoto, M" journalOrPublisher="Kodansha, Tokyo" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="In: Sugi S (Ed) Larvae of Larger Moths in Japan." year="1987">Yamamoto et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston betularia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betularia">Biston betularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston robustum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustum">Biston robustum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston regalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regalis">Biston regalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Moore, 1888) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston panterinaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panterinaria">Biston panterinaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Forest Service Publications, U. S." pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Geometroid Caterpillars of Northeastern and Appalachian Forests." year="2001">Wagner (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston betularia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betularia">Biston betularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Yugato" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="58 - 60" title="Larva of Biston marginata Shiraki (Geometridae, Ennominae) in Okinawa." volume="164" year="2001">Sato (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston marginata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">Biston marginata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Shiraki, 1913.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Leong, TM" journalOrPublisher="Nature in Singapore" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="431 - 436" title="Final instar larva and metamorphosis of Biston pustulata in Singapore (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)." volume="2" year="2009">Leong (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a description of the final instar larva and metamorphosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston pustulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulata">Biston pustulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most species are highly polyphagous. The larval host plants have been recorded from the families
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Aceraceae" lsidName="Aceraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Aceraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Adoxaceae" lsidName="Adoxaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Adoxaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Anacardiaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Apocynaceae" lsidName="Apocynaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Aquifoliaceae" lsidName="Aquifoliaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Aquifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Berberidaceae" lsidName="Berberidaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Berberidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Betulaceae" lsidName="Betulaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Bombacaceae" lsidName="Bombacaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Bombacaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Cannabaceae" lsidName="Cannabaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Caprifoliaceae" lsidName="Caprifoliaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Caprifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Celastraceae" lsidName="Celastraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Celastraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Compositae (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Cornaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cornaceae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Corylaceae" lsidName="Corylaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Corylaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Cupressaceae" lsidName="Cupressaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Elaeagnaceae" lsidName="Elaeagnaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Elaeagnaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Ericaceae" lsidName="Ericaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Euphorbiaceae" lsidName="Euphorbiaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="Fagaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Ginkgoaceae" lsidName="Ginkgoaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Ginkgoaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Grossulariaceae" lsidName="Grossulariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Grossulariaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Guttiferae (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Clusiaceae" lsidName="Clusiaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Iridaceae" lsidName="Iridaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Iridaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Juglandaceae" lsidName="Juglandaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Lardizabalaceae" lsidName="Lardizabalaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Lardizabalaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Lauraceae" lsidName="Lauraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Leguminosae (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Lythraceae" lsidName="Lythraceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Meliaceae" lsidName="Meliaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Melianthaceae" lsidName="Melianthaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Melianthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Myricaceae" lsidName="Myricaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Myricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Myrtaceae" lsidName="Myrtaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Oleaceae" lsidName="Oleaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Palmae,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Pinaceae" lsidName="Pinaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Platanaceae" lsidName="Platanaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Platanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Rha
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="49" start="start">mnaceae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Rosaceae" lsidName="Rosaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Rutaceae" lsidName="Rutaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Salicaceae" lsidName="Salicaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Sapindaceae" lsidName="Sapindaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Sterculiaceae" lsidName="Sterculiaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Sterculiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Styracaceae" lsidName="Styracaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Styracaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Solanceae,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Theaceae" lsidName="Theaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Tiliaceae" lsidName="Tiliaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Tiliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Ulmaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ulmaceae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ulmaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Verbenaceae" lsidName="Verbenaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(summarized from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Inoue, H" journalOrPublisher="Tinea" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="102 - 111" title="Descriptions and records of some Japanese Geometridae (IV)." volume="7" year="1965">Inoue 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 309" title="The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae." volume="47" year="1994">Holloway 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, BC" journalOrPublisher="CAB International, Wallingford, UK" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Index of Economically Important Lepidoptera." year="1994">Zhang 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Parsons et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Yugato" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="58 - 60" title="Larva of Biston marginata Shiraki (Geometridae, Ennominae) in Okinawa." volume="164" year="2001">Sato 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Robinson et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Patocka, J" journalOrPublisher="Linzer Biologische Beitraege," pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="315 - 388" title="Die Puppen der mitteleuropaeischen Spanner aus der Unterfamilie Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), 2. Teil." volume="36" year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Patočka">Patocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Patocka, J" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" title="Lepidoptera Pupae: Central European Species." year="2005">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Patočka">Patocka</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Turcani (2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
construct a key for the pupae of central European species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Nakamura (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and gave a key for the pupae of Japanese species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="species-group definitions based on morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Species-group definitions based on morphology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Group I:melacron, marginata, thoracicaria, betularia, robustum, regalis, mediolata, contectaria, bengaliaria, pustulata, suppressaria.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin straight, hindwing outer margin usually smooth, sometimes concave between M1 and M3. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots absent from both wings. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos with median process acute or round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva not protruding outwards; juxta elongate or not. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Group II: brevipennata, quercii, falcata.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Male antennae bipectinate, with long rami. Forewing outer margin waved, hindwing outer margin protruding between M3 and CuA1. Postmedial lines of both wings not protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots present on ends of forewing R5, M1, M3, CuA1, CuA2, hindwing Rs, M1, M3, CuA1, CuA2. Patch of spines absent posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: gnathos median process round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores not elongate.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Group III:perclara, thibetaria, panterinaria.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Male antennaebipectinate, with short rami. Postmedial lines of both wings protruding outwards between M1 and M3. Brown terminal spots absent from both forewing and hindwing. Patch of spines present posterior to 8th tergite on intersegmental membrane. Male genitalia: median process of gnathos round terminally; terminal half of ventral margin of valva protruding outwards; juxta not elongate. Female genitalia: ovipositor with apophyses posteriores elongate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="75" pagination="223 - 236" title="Records of the Boarmiini (Geometridae; Ennominae) from Thailand 3." volume="47" year="1996">Sato 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figures 1-3. Antennae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 1 bipectinate, with long rami (male of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston melacron" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melacron">Biston melacron</taxonomicName>
|
||
) 2 bipectinate, with short rami (male of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston thibetaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thibetaria">Biston thibetaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
) 3 filiform (female of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston betularia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betularia">Biston betularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="key to chinese biston">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Key to Chinese
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Biston</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<table lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston brevipennata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennata">Biston brevipennata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston quercii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercii">Biston quercii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston falcata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcata">Biston falcata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston perclara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perclara">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="50" start="start">Biston</pageBreakToken>
|
||
perclara
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston thibetaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thibetaria">Biston thibetaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston panterinaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panterinaria">Biston panterinaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston mediolata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mediolata">Biston mediolata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston contectaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contectaria">Biston contectaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston thoracicaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoracicaria">Biston thoracicaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston robustum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustum">Biston robustum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston betularia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betularia">Biston betularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston melacron" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melacron">Biston melacron</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston marginata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginata">Biston marginata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston regalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regalis">Biston regalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston bengaliaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bengaliaria">Biston bengaliaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston suppressaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suppressaria">Biston suppressaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biston pustulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulata">Biston pustulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |