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<document id="A43DE8721028C2A626812B0B756E086A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.200531" ID-GBIF-Dataset="79e78dcd-f789-4e24-89d2-ef57c9efc8d9" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="200531" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460290717786" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Packauskas, Richard J., Sites, Robert W., Taylor, Steven J., Bundy, Scott, Bradshaw, Jeffrey D. &amp; Mitchell, Paula Levin" docDate="2011" docId="FD756C7C925DE237FF14FBCCFEFF9AE1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02835p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2835" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Acanthocephala (Metapodiessa) terminalis Dallas" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="014C1404925BE230FF83FFBEFF829C3E" masterDocTitle="Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America north of Mexico with a key to species" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="30" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698251255801" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="8A0490760374B5107AF3433BDC246A9D">Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America north of Mexico with a key to species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EDF0EF5AAFF54CAA4380AEA88FE2C360">Sites, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C1C22ED0A9C6A65875B889EFBCD68D6">Taylor, Steven J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C39E369213A9ED8B81708F37A9AA8FD9">Bundy, Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="02A6BB5AF21DC383997D64CD1E37CCCA">Bradshaw, Jeffrey D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C55C7A1363AEA7FFA605C25B6D97D874">Mitchell, Paula Levin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A7DBE80262F0738D5F9490A735A1302E">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="34DBD1B92884391A36B697AD7E1D3445">2835</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FD756C7C925DE237FF14FBCCFEFF9AE1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6185313" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119398602" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6185313" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD756C7C925DE237FF14FBCCFEFF9AE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD756C7C925DE237FF14FBCCFEFF9AE1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925DE236FF14FBCCFEB99893" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF14FBCCFC8798B2" blockId="6.[151,773,1138,1197]" box="[151,773,1138,1164]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="2E2B6A06925DE236FF14FBCCFC8798B2" bold="true" box="[151,773,1138,1164]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FF14FBCCFC8798B2" ID-CoL="64D8F" authority="Dallas" authorityName="Dallas" box="[151,773,1138,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis" subGenus="Metapodiessa">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FBCCFC8798B2" bold="true" box="[151,773,1138,1164]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FBCCFEDE98B2" bold="true" box="[151,348,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Acanthocephala</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FEEEFBCCFD9398B2" bold="true" box="[365,529,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Metapodiessa</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FDA1FBCCFD1E98B2" bold="true" box="[546,668,1138,1164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">terminalis</emphasis>
(Dallas)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF14FB2BFEB99893" blockId="6.[151,773,1138,1197]" box="[151,315,1173,1197]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
(
<figureCitation id="EDE7C1EF925DE236FF1CFB2BFF6F9893" box="[159,237,1173,1197]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[212,1401,223,1831]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1850]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Habitus photographs of male Acanthocephala spp. 1. A. declivus. 2. A. femorata. 3. A. terminalis. 4. A. thomasi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200532/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EDE7C1EF925DE236FF79FB2BFEB19893" box="[250,307,1173,1197]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1977,2000]" captionTargetBox="[278,1311,208,1945]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[267,1329,193,1960]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 12. Hind tibiae of Acanthocephala, male and female respectively. 5 – 6, A. declivis. 7 – 8, A. thomasi. 9 – 10, A. terminalis. 11 – 12, A. femorata." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/200533/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">9, 10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925DE236FF14FB63FC1B9A52" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF14FB63FCB798CD" blockId="6.[151,1136,1245,1329]" box="[151,821,1245,1267]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FF14FB63FD8698CD" authority="Dallas, 1852" authorityName="Dallas" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,516,1245,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Metapodius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FB63FEF998CD" box="[151,379,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Metapodius terminalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FE01FB63FD8698CD" author="Dallas" box="[386,516,1245,1267]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Dallas, W. S. (1851 - 1852) List of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Taylor &amp; Francis Incorporated, London. (1852, 2: 369 - 592, plates 12 - 15)." type="journal article" year="1852">Dallas, 1852</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, List. Hem. Brit. Mus. 2: 431.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF14FB42FBF2990F" blockId="6.[151,1136,1245,1329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FF14FB42FD2F992F" ID-CoL="64D8F" authority="Stal, 1870" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,685,1276,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis" subGenus="Metapodius">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FB42FEB9992C" box="[151,315,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Acanthocephala</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FEC9FB42FE40992C" box="[330,450,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Metapodius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FE53FB42FDB5992C" box="[464,567,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">terminalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FDC7FB42FD2F992F" author="Stal" box="[580,685,1276,1298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Stal, C. (1870 - 1876) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systematiska meddelanden. Parts 1 - 5, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (1870, part 1, 9 [1], 1 - 232)." type="journal article" year="1870">Stål, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, K. Svens. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 9(1): 151.
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FF14FAA5FD9C990E" authority="Uhler, 1871" authorityName="Uhler" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,542,1306,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Metapodius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraternus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FAA5FE14990F" box="[151,406,1307,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Metapodius confraternus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FE20FAA4FD9C990E" author="Uhler" box="[419,542,1306,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1871) Notices of some Heteroptera in the collection of Dr. T. W. Harris. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 14, 93 - 109." type="journal article" year="1871">Uhler, 1871</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Proc. Soc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 99. New synonymy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF14FAE9FC1B9A52" blockId="6.[151,1436,1367,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF14FAE9FEDE994E" bold="true" box="[151,348,1367,1392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Synonymic note.</emphasis>
RJP (unpublished data) measured body parts (12 measurements per specimen) of numerous specimens (&gt; 1,000) of presumed
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FE62FAC2FD0699AA" ID-CoL="42CLQ" box="[481,644,1404,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FE62FAC2FD0699AA" box="[481,644,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Florida, together with specimens of presumed
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FB4DFAC2FADD99AA" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[1230,1375,1404,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FB4DFAC2FADD99AA" box="[1230,1375,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">A. terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FA07FAC2FE999986" ID-CoL="42CLQ" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FA07FAC2FE999986" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from neighboring states and specimens from throughout both presumed distributions and found no separation or clustering of specimens using PCA (Principal Components Analysis). Rather, the variation shown in plots of the principal components appears to exhibit a latitudinal cline. Further plotting of body measurements of each specimen against its latitude showed a correlation of increasing body size with decreasing latitude. He also examined the pygophores and parameres at the edges of the range and could find no differences. On these bases, RJP here places
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FECCF9EAFE709A52" ID-CoL="42CLQ" box="[335,498,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FECCF9EAFE709A52" box="[335,498,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FC82F9EAFC109A52" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[769,914,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FC82F9EAFC109A52" box="[769,914,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">A. terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925DE236FF44F9C9FB1C9AE6" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF44F9C9FB1C9AE6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1367,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF44F9C9FEC39AAE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1655,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length:
<quantity id="B224708F925DE236FE27F9C6FD9D9AAE" box="[420,543,1656,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="18.0">18–25 mm</quantity>
. This species can be recognized by the metatibial expansions, which are broadly dilated in the basal half and gradually narrowed toward the apex. The metafemora of both sexes are only slightly expanded distally and abdominal sternum 3 lacks the darkened area beneath each metacoxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925DE236FF44F95AFD9F9B1E" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF44F95AFD9F9B1E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1367,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF44F95AFEE29AC3" bold="true" box="[199,352,1764,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</emphasis>
AL, CO, CN,
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925DE236FD80F95BFDA89AC3" box="[515,554,1765,1789]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FD80F95BFDA89AC3" bold="true" box="[515,554,1765,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">DE</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
, FL, GA,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FD1FF95AFD399AC3" bold="true" box="[668,699,1764,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">IA</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925DE236FD4AF95BFD649AC2" box="[713,742,1765,1788]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">IL</collectingCountry>
, IN,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FC9FF95AFCC39AC3" bold="true" box="[796,833,1764,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">KS</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FCCCF95BFCFF9AC3" bold="true" box="[847,893,1765,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">KY,</emphasis>
LA, MA, MD,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FBAFF95BFBD39AC3" bold="true" box="[1068,1105,1765,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">MI</emphasis>
, MN, MO,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FB56F95AFB7D9AC3" bold="true" box="[1237,1279,1764,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">MS</emphasis>
, NC,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FAC2F95BFAEA9AC3" bold="true" box="[1345,1384,1765,1789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">NE</emphasis>
, NJ, NY, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX,
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FE45F8B9FE659B1E" bold="true" box="[454,487,1799,1824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">VA</emphasis>
, WI
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925DE237FF44F892FCC49E02" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925DE236FF44F892FCDE9BEA" blockId="6.[151,1436,1367,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FF44F892FECE9B7B" bold="true" box="[199,332,1836,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Discussion.</emphasis>
This species has, by far, the broadest geographic range of the four species of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925DE236FB4BF892FAFC9B7A" box="[1224,1406,1836,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925DE236FB4BF892FAFC9B7A" box="[1224,1406,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Acanthocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925DE236FF14F8EEFF759B56" box="[151,247,1872,1896]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925DE236FEE6F8EEFE389B56" box="[357,442,1872,1896]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and is the only species that occurs in the northern states. It ranges from New
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925DE236FABCF8EEFA1E9B56" box="[1343,1436,1872,1896]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="36">England</collectingCountry>
south to Florida and west through Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Oklahoma, and Louisiana to Colorado and Texas (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FF1DF826FECF9B8E" author="Blatchley" box="[158,333,1944,1968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FEDBF827FDA59B8E" author="Torre-Bueno" box="[344,551,1944,1968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. (1941) A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Part II. Families Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastotheriidae. Entomologica Americana (New Series), 21, 41 - 122." type="journal article" year="1941">Torre-Bueno 1941</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925DE236FDB0F826FD709B8E" author="Froeschner" box="[563,754,1944,1968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="36" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1988) Family Coreidae Leach, 1815. The coreid bugs, pp. 69 - 92. In T. J. Henry &amp; R. C. Froeschner (eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or true bugs, of Canada and the continental United States. E. J. Brill, New York. 958 pp." type="book chapter" year="1988">Froeschner 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, it is not surprising that more biological information has been published for this species than for the other three.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44FF29FCC49E02" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
Specimens have been collected from late April into mid-August in Virginia (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FBADFF29FB5A9C91" author="Hoffman" box="[1070,1240,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1975) The insects of Virginia: no. 9. Squash, broad-headed, and scentless plant bugs of Virginia (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Coreidae, Alydidae, Rhopalidae). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Division Bulletin, 105, 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1975">Hoffman 1975</bibRefCitation>
), every month of the year but mostly from March through June in Florida (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC9BFF02FC459CEA" author="Blatchley" box="[792,967,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC50FF02FA829CEA" author="Baranowski" box="[979,1280,188,212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Baranowski, R. M. &amp; Slater, J. A. (1986) Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. Volume 12. Coreidae of Florida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bureau of Entomology, 630, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1986">Baranowski &amp; Slater 1986</bibRefCitation>
; as
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FAA9FF02FF509CC6" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FAA9FF02FF509CC6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), April to October in Missouri (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FDD3FF61FC919CC9" author="Froeschner" box="[592,787,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner 1942</bibRefCitation>
) (expanded to November, RWS), April into October in southern Indiana (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FEE2FEBAFD929D22" author="Blatchley" box="[353,528,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
), and June into September in Wisconsin (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC5DFEBAFB7C9D22" author="Yonke" box="[990,1278,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler 1969a</bibRefCitation>
). We here add mid-March into late November for Illinois (JEM, SJT) and April into August for Nebraska (JDB). Actual flight periods, based on flight trap data, have been reported as June into August for North Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FB2CFEF2FF529DB9" author="McPherson" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="McPherson, J. E. &amp; Weber, B. C. (1981) Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera in a North Carolina black walnut plantation. 2. Coreoidea. Great Lakes Entomologist, 14, 11 - 13." type="journal article" year="1981">McPherson &amp; Weber 1981</bibRefCitation>
) and May into September for Illinois (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FD16FED1FC4D9DB9" author="McPherson" box="[661,975,367,391]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="McPherson, J. E. &amp; Weber, B. C. (1990) Seasonal flight patterns of Hemiptera (excluding Miridae) in a southern Illinois black walnut plantation. Great Lakes Entomologist, 23, 105 - 120." type="journal article" year="1990">McPherson &amp; Weber 1990</bibRefCitation>
). It occurs frequently in open woods or woodland borders (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FEF6FE2AFDBB9D92" author="Froeschner" box="[373,569,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner 1942</bibRefCitation>
); on trees, shrubs, and weeds (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC22FE2AFBD69D92" author="Blatchley" box="[929,1108,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FBE1FE2AFA1A9D92" author="Slater" box="[1122,1432,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Slater, J. A. &amp; Baranowski, R. M. (1978) How to know the true bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Wm. C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 256 pp." type="book" year="1978">Slater &amp; Baranowski 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF14FE09FE529DF1" author="Baranowski" box="[151,464,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Baranowski, R. M. &amp; Slater, J. A. (1986) Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. Volume 12. Coreidae of Florida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bureau of Entomology, 630, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1986">Baranowski &amp; Slater 1986</bibRefCitation>
); along fence rows and woodland paths, edges of roadsides and thickets (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FAACFE09FF519DCA" author="Blatchley" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
); on branches and twigs of bushes along borders of oak-woods (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC2AFE62FB069DCA" author="Uhler" box="[937,1156,476,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Uhler, P. R. (1876) List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden Explorations of 1873. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 2 (1), 269 - 361 + plates XIX - XXI." type="journal article" year="1876" yearSuffix="p">Uhler 1876, p. 298</bibRefCitation>
); and in dense tangles of herbage in damp locations (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FE49FE41FDE29E29" author="Hussey" box="[458,608,511,535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Hussey, R. F. (1922) Hemiptera from Berrien County, Michigan. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 118, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1922">Hussey 1922</bibRefCitation>
). In Florida, it has been found on the foliage of shrubs growing along margins of dense hammocks (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FE39FD9AFCB49E02" author="Blatchley" box="[442,822,548,572]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">
Blatchley 1926; as
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FD10FD9AFCB49E02" box="[659,822,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FD10FD9AFCB49E02" box="[659,822,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DC68EE1925CE237FF44FDF6FEFF9AE1" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44FDF6FA9D9F41" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF44FDF6FE789E5E" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[199,506,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF44FDF6FE789E5E" box="[199,506,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Acanthocephala terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on several hosts including tender shoots of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FBD2FDF6FB159E61" ID-CoL="3HXZ" box="[1105,1175,584,607]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Carya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FBD2FDF6FB159E61" box="[1105,1175,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Carya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(hickory) (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FA9EFDF9FF529EBA" author="Froeschner" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner 1942</bibRefCitation>
) and foliage and stems of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FE7DFDD2FC809EBA" ID-CoL="4SND6" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[510,770,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="typhina">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FE7DFDD2FD109EBA" box="[510,658,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Rhus typhina</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(staghorn sumac),
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FC58FDD3FB4D9EBA" ID-CoL="5BM2M" authority="Michaux" authorityName="Michaux" box="[987,1231,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riparia">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FC58FDD3FBE69EBA" box="[987,1124,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Vitis riparia</emphasis>
Michaux
</taxonomicName>
(riverbank grape) (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF1DFD31FE309E99" author="Yonke" box="[158,434,655,679]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke &amp; Medler 1969a</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FE7AFD2EFC0F9E99" ID-CoL="6VHZC" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[505,909,655,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Physocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="opulifolius">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FE7AFD2EFC889E96" box="[505,778,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Physocarpus opulifolius</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
(common ninebark)
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FBFDFD31FB059E96" bold="true" box="[1150,1159,655,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">(</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FB04FD31FA1A9E99" author="Yonke" box="[1159,1432,655,679]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke &amp; Medler 1969a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF14FD0AFE579EF2" author="Wheeler" box="[151,469,692,716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Wheeler, A. G., Jr. &amp; Hoebeke, E. R. (1985) The insect fauna of ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius (Rosaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 87, 356 - 370." type="journal article" year="1985">Wheeler and Hoebeke 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Other hosts from which nymphs and adults have been collected but feeding was not observed include
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FEDFFD67FE439ECE" ID-CoL="8VXQ9" box="[348,449,729,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FEDFFD67FE439ECE" box="[348,449,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Fraxinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FE74FD69FD0F9ED1" author="Hussey" box="[503,653,727,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Hussey, R. F. (1922) Hemiptera from Berrien County, Michigan. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 118, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1922">Hussey 1922</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FD1BFD69FC269ED1" author="Yonke" box="[664,932,727,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke &amp; Medler 1969a</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FC34FD66FC7F9ECE" ID-CoL="643JJ" box="[951,1021,728,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FC34FD66FC7F9ECE" box="[951,1021,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Rubus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FBB1FD66FAD39ED1" ID-CoL="56WNF" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[1074,1361,727,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Tilia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FBB1FD66FB669ECE" box="[1074,1252,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Tilia americana</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(basswood),
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF6EFD42FD2A9F2A" ID-CoL="352Z4" authority="Muhlenberg" authorityName="Muhlenberg" box="[237,680,764,788]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Desmodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acuminatum">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF6EFD42FD869F2A" box="[237,516,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Desmodium acuminatum</emphasis>
(Muhlenberg)
</taxonomicName>
(pointedleaf tickfoil), and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FC55FD42FB749F2A" authority="Muhlenberg" authorityName="Muhlenberg" box="[982,1270,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubra">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FC55FD42FBE49F2A" box="[982,1126,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Ulmus rubra</emphasis>
Muhlenberg
</taxonomicName>
(slippery elm) (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF1DFCA1FE339F09" author="Yonke" box="[158,433,799,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke &amp; Medler 1969a</bibRefCitation>
). It also was found with
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FD4DFC9EFCC69F06" ID-CoL="64D75" box="[718,836,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="declivis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FD4DFC9EFCC69F06" box="[718,836,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. declivis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FCF2FC9EFBA19F06" ID-CoL="S4RG" box="[881,1059,800,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevigata">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FCF2FC9EFBA19F06" box="[881,1059,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Celtis laevigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in &quot;mixed sex aggregations with adults observed feeding on sap through the bark&quot; on
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FD73FCFAFC1C9F62" box="[752,926,836,860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" value="1978-03-29">
29 March
<quantity id="B224708F925CE237FCE5FCFAFC1C9F62" box="[870,926,836,860]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02412" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="1978.0">1978</quantity>
</date>
in Austin, Texas (PLM/TPF). There also are reports of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FE89FCD6FE199FBE" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[266,411,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FE89FCD6FE199FBE" box="[266,411,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on bird droppings (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FD51FCD9FC5A9F41" author="Adler" box="[722,984,871,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Wheeler, A. G., Jr. (1984) Extra-phytophagous food sources of Hemiptera-Heteroptera: bird droppings, dung, and carrion. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 57, 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1984">Adler &amp; Wheeler 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC60FCD9FA909F41" author="Belthoff" box="[995,1298,871,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Belthoff, J. R. &amp; Ritchison, G. (1991) Acanthocephala terminalis (Coreidae) associated with eastern screech-owl droppings. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 64, 458 - 459." type="journal article" year="1991">Belthoff &amp; Ritchison 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44FC32FD749842" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
Plant associations where neither feeding nor presence of nymphs was reported include
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FB26FC32FA8B9F9A" ID-CoL="7JH2" box="[1189,1289,908,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FB26FC32FA8B9F9A" box="[1189,1289,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Solidago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(goldenrod),
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF14FC0FFD979FF9" ID-CoL="6GZQF" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,533,943,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eupatorium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureum">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF14FC0FFE219FF6" box="[151,419,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Eupatorium purpureum</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(joe-pye-weed) (
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FD5DFC11FC139FF9" author="Blatchley" box="[734,913,943,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley 1926</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC23FC0FFBF79FF9" author="Torre-Bueno" box="[928,1141,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. (1941) A synopsis of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of Mexico. Part II. Families Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Neididae, Pyrrhocoridae and Thaumastotheriidae. Entomologica Americana (New Series), 21, 41 - 122." type="journal article" year="1941">Torre-Bueno 1941</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FB43FC0EFEBE9FD2" ID-CoL="K7FJ" authority="Palmer 1987" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1987" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neglecta">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FB43FC0EFA1E9FF6" box="[1216,1436,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Baccharis neglecta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF1DFC6AFEB69FD2" author="Palmer" box="[158,308,980,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Palmer, W. A. (1987) The phytophagous insect fauna associated with Baccharis halimifolia L. and B. neglecta Britton in Texas, Louisiana, and northern Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 89, 185 - 199." type="journal article" year="1987">Palmer 1987</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925CE237FECAFC6AFEEA9FD2" box="[329,360,980,1004]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">As</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FEF3FC6AFCF59FD2" ID-CoL="42CLQ" authority="Baranowski and Slater (1986)" authorityName="Baranowski and Slater" authorityYear="1986" box="[368,887,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FEF3FC6AFD969FD2" box="[368,532,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. confraterna</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FDA7FC6AFCF59FD2" author="Baranowski" box="[548,887,980,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Baranowski, R. M. &amp; Slater, J. A. (1986) Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. Volume 12. Coreidae of Florida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bureau of Entomology, 630, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1986">Baranowski and Slater (1986)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
reported it from
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FBBEFC6AFB289FD2" ID-CoL="8VZ4K" box="[1085,1194,980,1004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FBBEFC6AFB289FD2" box="[1085,1194,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FB62FC6BFAB99FD2" ID-CoL="3Q7P" box="[1249,1339,981,1004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FB62FC6BFAB99FD2" box="[1249,1339,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Cirsium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF14FC46FEBB982E" ID-CoL="8VWBC" box="[151,313,1016,1040]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Clerodendrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF14FC46FEBB982E" box="[151,313,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Clerodendrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. CSB here reports adults from
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FD3EFC46FB9F9831" ID-CoL="58PVS" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[701,1053,1015,1040]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incarnatum">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FD3EFC46FC2D982E" box="[701,943,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Trifolium incarnatum</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(crimson clover) (GA), SJT from
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF14FBA2FE8A980A" ID-CoL="3X8X" box="[151,264,1052,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Cucurbita" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF14FBA2FE8A980A" box="[151,264,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Cucurbita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(squash) and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FE2EFBA3FD46980A" ID-CoL="6CFRZ" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[429,708,1052,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Daucus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carota">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FE2EFBA3FDD6980A" box="[429,596,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Daucus carota</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(wild carrot, Queen Anne's lace) (
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925CE237FBD5FBA2FBF6980A" box="[1110,1140,1052,1076]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">IL</collectingCountry>
), and RWS from
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FAC0FBA2FA1E980A" ID-CoL="32BQ" box="[1347,1436,1052,1076]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Arctium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FAC0FBA2FA1E980A" box="[1347,1436,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Arctium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(burdock) (MO),
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FEDAFBFEFE359869" ID-CoL="8W2YL" box="[345,439,1088,1111]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FEDAFBFEFE359869" box="[345,439,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(oak) (MO), and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FDFFFBFFFC0F9866" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[636,909,1088,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Polygonaceae" genus="Rumex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polygonales" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crispus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FDFFFBFFFC9D9866" box="[636,799,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Rumex crispus</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(curly dock) (MO). RWS also notes specimens taken at &quot;blacklight&quot; (MO, WI) and &quot;light trap&quot; (MO).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44FB36FD239A12" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
The life cycle of
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FE13FB36FDA1989E" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[400,547,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FE13FB36FDA1989E" box="[400,547,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described by
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FCB7FB36FBEA989E" author="Yonke" box="[820,1128,1160,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
for Wisconsin and, in less detail, by
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FE84FB12FE5498FA" author="Froeschner" box="[263,470,1196,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner (1942)</bibRefCitation>
for Missouri.
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FDFBFB12FC2498FA" author="Yonke" box="[632,934,1196,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
found adults from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FBFCFB12FA1B98FA" box="[1151,1433,1196,1220]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">13 June to 24 September</date>
. No eggs or first instars were found in the field, although second and third instars were collected from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FA84FB6EFF699932" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">30 June to 11 August</date>
, fourth instars from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FE51FB4AFD339932" box="[466,689,1268,1292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">8 July to 11 August</date>
, and fifth instars from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FC37FB4AFB4B9932" box="[948,1225,1268,1292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">23 July to 24 September</date>
. They felt that this species is univoltine and their data indicate it overwinters as adults.
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FC0FFAA6FBD8990E" author="Froeschner" box="[908,1114,1304,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner (1942)</bibRefCitation>
stated that nymphs had been collected from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FEC7FA82FDB6996A" box="[324,564,1340,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">12 June to 8 October</date>
and adults from
<date id="0162FBAA925CE237FD7AFA82FB80996A" box="[761,1026,1340,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">14 April to 12 October</date>
. He felt the early spring records for adults indicate this species might overwinter as adults, thus supporting the subsequent findings of
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FAA3FADEFEC999A2" author="Yonke" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FEDBFA3AFD0899A2" author="Yonke" box="[344,650,1412,1436]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
stated that &quot;adults were easily disturbed and were very rapid flyers&quot; and
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF44FA16FE1499FE" author="Froeschner" box="[199,406,1448,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Froeschner, R. C. (1942) Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. II. Coreidae, Aradidae, Neididae. America Midland Naturalist 27, 591 - 609." type="journal article" year="1942">Froeschner (1942)</bibRefCitation>
that &quot;it is an alert and active flier.&quot;
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FCAAFA16FC6599FE" author="Blatchley" box="[809,999,1448,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Blatchley, W. S. (1926) Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp." type="book" year="1926">Blatchley (1926)</bibRefCitation>
noted that when approached, the adult &quot;usually rises quickly and flies for some distance to a new resting place.&quot;
<collectingCountry id="0DCB9DFA925CE237FC4BFA72FC6599DA" box="[968,999,1484,1508]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">As</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FC6EFA72FB1299DA" ID-CoL="42CLQ" box="[1005,1168,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confraterna">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FC6EFA72FB1299DA" box="[1005,1168,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. confraterna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he stated that when the bug is disturbed, &quot;it flies like a bird, often for several hundred feet. If marked down it can then be approached cautiously and taken by a quick sweep of the net.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44F986FD9D9AA9" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF44F986FD809A6E" author="Yonke" box="[199,514,1592,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Yonke, T. R. &amp; Medler, J. T. (1969 a) Biology of the Coreidae in Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 57, 163 - 188." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="a">Yonke and Medler (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
presented limited information on rearing of this species in the laboratory and (1969b) described the eggs and first–fifth instars.
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FD53F9E3FCFA9A4A" author="Hussey" box="[720,888,1628,1653]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Hussey, R. F. (1922) Hemiptera from Berrien County, Michigan. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 118, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1922">Hussey (1922)</bibRefCitation>
, earlier, briefly described the first, second, third and fifth instars, but not the fourth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7563DD6A925CE237FF44F91AFEFF9AE1" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="114DA09B925CE237FF44F91AFEEF9A82" author="Arnaud" box="[199,365,1700,1724]" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1319. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud (1978)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FD8FF91AFD1C9A82" ID-CoL="64D8F" box="[524,670,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Acanthocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terminalis">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FD8FF91AFD1C9A82" box="[524,670,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">A. terminalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is parasitized by the tachinid flies
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FBA8F91AFA1E9A82" ID-CoL="899YC" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[1067,1436,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Trichopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumipes">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FBA8F91AFA9B9A82" box="[1067,1305,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Trichopoda plumipes</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B2DCA6E9925CE237FF45F976FEC59ADE" ID-CoL="63W49" box="[198,327,1736,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Trichopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47A80178925CE237FF45F976FEC59ADE" box="[198,327,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="37">Trichopoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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