722 lines
86 KiB
XML
722 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document id="2080AAE7D1A081F41AFF900CEAFBEB2B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Smidtia fumiferanae Tothill 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7AA7D4A15CDDD26E84F2503C9FD38BDA">
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<mods:title id="A181A3E6F30CE94D7C0D688635F31FAA">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6BABD90C360192F8EFAA4387C91E326B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7C1477F80B27CAAD823C5B9BFF73F19D">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5AB114B002EBB43C9D9F09F680582F51">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3D4F73B6FCF57F6FD8CFC7AA1668EECC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="C4316AED0E5F80F9DA9A7CDB0448F666">
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<mods:date id="C756D282407A23133FC3B515F9600CC3">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5804B58FD2C58D7A24E236E2873CE828" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BD979FC9A653A28B9E91D052C166F33E">938</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="F3976DB78ED72FFF49508D5DB81754CF" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="059AF61525190A880FF5915A8F2679B5">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="BBD76B8E3E7F6225013D2A7E266F02BB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="84B310723178BF9D34AD57F17D449847" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="49F8530A54C200558143BFF0EB28A302" type="GBIF-Dataset">33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0C9A92E251C31C2A5D9D96126E1B7CC6" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BCDDA2637607522E7873D4D83F776390" type="Zenodo-Dep">171153</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265524" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335183" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33389461FE97FD5E245EF8AD" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
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<subSubSection id="BEDF650133389466FE97FD5E24E9FCA4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97FD5E256EFD21" blockId="35.[264,795,713,739]" box="[264,795,713,739]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<heading id="AD3281E633389466FE97FD5E256EFD21" bold="true" box="[264,795,713,739]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FD5E256EFD21" bold="true" box="[264,795,713,739]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE97FD5E24CCFD21" authority="Tothill, 1912" authorityName="Tothill" authorityYear="1912" box="[264,697,713,739]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FD5E2477FD21" bold="true" box="[264,514,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Smidtia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD8EFD5E24C4FD21" author="Tothill" box="[529,689,713,739]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1912) Systematic notes on North American Tachinidae. Canadian Entomologist, 44, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1912">Tothill, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F33389466FD59FD5E256EFD21" box="[710,795,713,739]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 50. 49" captionStartId="33.[264,383,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[297,1306,289,833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[264,1323,280,844]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 50. 49. Habitus images. Phryxe pecosensis. 50. Smidtia fumiferanae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171162/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97FC9824E9FCA4" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FC9827B7FCE5" bold="true" box="[264,450,783,807]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Host records ex.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE55FC9825E1FCE4" authority="Prentice 1955" authorityName="Prentice" authorityYear="1955" box="[458,916,783,807]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conflictana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE55FC982483FCE5" bold="true" box="[458,758,783,807]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE55FC98249BFCE5" bold="true" box="[458,750,783,807]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura conflictana</emphasis>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD61FC9825E1FCE4" author="Prentice" box="[766,916,783,806]" pageId="35" pageNumber="44" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473." type="journal article" year="1955">Prentice 1955</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, as
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC21FC9822C5FCE4" box="[958,1200,783,806]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC21FC9822C5FCE4" box="[958,1200,783,806]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(SK, MB); †
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FEDCFCB827A1FC84" author="Arnaud" box="[323,468,815,838]" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE64FCB82499FC84" box="[507,748,815,838]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE64FCB82499FC84" box="[507,748,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(SK, MB); †
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCEAFCB82241FC84" author="Huber" box="[885,1076,815,838]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Huber
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC5EFCB82582FC84" box="[961,1015,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1996
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBC3FCB8271EFCA4" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBC3FCB8271EFCA4" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FEE5FCD827ADFCA4" box="[378,472,847,870]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
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north of
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FDA5FCD824E4FCA4" box="[570,657,847,870]" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133389461FE97FCF825FEFAD5" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97FCF8225CFB04" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FCF82480FC45" bold="true" box="[264,757,879,903]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Host records ex.
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE57FCF82480FC45" authority="Wilkes & Anderson 1947" authorityName="Wilkes & Anderson" authorityYear="1947" box="[456,757,879,903]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE57FCF82499FC45" bold="true" box="[456,748,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD63FCF82265FC44" author="Wilkes" box="[764,1040,879,902]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. & Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1947">Wilkes & Anderson 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBA6FCF8235EFC44" box="[1081,1323,879,902]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBA6FCF8235EFC44" box="[1081,1323,879,902]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEFFFC18245AFC64" box="[352,559,911,934]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEFFFC18245AFC64" box="[352,559,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON, QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD2CFC1825F9FC64" author="Dowden" box="[691,908,911,934]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article" year="1951">
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||
Dowden
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC8AFC182538FC64" box="[789,845,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1951
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC29FC1822DCFC64" box="[950,1193,911,934]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC29FC1822DCFC64" box="[950,1193,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB46FC1827D8FC04" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB46FC1827D8FC04" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NY);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FE61FC3824D7FC04" author="Raizenne" box="[510,674,943,966]" pageId="35" pageNumber="44" refString="Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp." type="book" year="1952">Raizenne 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FD51FC3825B4FC04" box="[718,961,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD51FC3825B4FC04" box="[718,961,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB8DFC3822E0FC04" author="Miller" box="[1042,1173,943,966]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17." type="journal article" year="1955">Miller 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB5EFC3827CCFC24" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB5EFC3827CCFC24" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD94FC582562FC24" author="McGugan" box="[523,791,975,998]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783." type="journal article" year="1959">McGugan & Blais 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCD9FC58224CFC24" box="[838,1081,975,998]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCD9FC58224CFC24" box="[838,1081,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB12FC582373FC24" author="Blais" box="[1165,1286,975,998]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEA7FC78245AFBC4" box="[312,559,1007,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEA7FC78245AFBC4" box="[312,559,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD19FC7825C0FBC4" author="MacDonald" box="[646,949,1007,1030]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6." type="journal article" year="1963">MacDonald & Webb 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC76FC7822AAFBC4" box="[1001,1247,1007,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC76FC7822AAFBC4" box="[1001,1247,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NB); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FEDCFB9827B2FBE4" author="Miller" box="[323,455,1039,1062]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7." type="journal article" year="1963">Miller 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE6FFB9824CBFBE4" box="[496,702,1039,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amoena">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE6FFB9824CBFBE4" box="[496,702,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia amoena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC94FB9825F4FBE4" author="Blais" box="[779,897,1039,1062]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1965">Blais 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC34FB98220DFBE4" box="[939,1144,1039,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amoena">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC34FB98220DFBE4" box="[939,1144,1039,1062]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia amoena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB4FFB9827A2FB84" author="Tilles" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles & Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FD9FFBB82487FB84" box="[512,754,1071,1094]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD9FFBB82487FB84" box="[512,754,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ME);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCDEFBB82272FB84" author="Hebert" box="[833,1031,1071,1094]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC0DFBB825BDFB84" box="[914,968,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBAFFBB8235FFB84" box="[1072,1322,1071,1094]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBAFFBB8235FFB84" box="[1072,1322,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FEE2FBD824FEFBA4" author="Hebert" box="[381,651,1103,1126]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 a) Temperature-dependent development of eggs and larvae of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 122, 329 - 341." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Hébert & Cloutier 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FD2BFBD825DBFBA4" box="[692,942,1103,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD2BFBD825DBFBA4" box="[692,942,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC65FBD8237CFBA4" author="Hebert" box="[1018,1289,1103,1126]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 b) Host instar as a determinant of preference and suitability for two parasitoids attacking late instars of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 83, 734 - 741." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="b">Hébert & Cloutier 1990b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEA7FBF82447FB44" box="[312,562,1135,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEA7FBF82447FB44" box="[312,562,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC); Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD53FBF82577FB44" box="[716,770,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCF8FBF82214FB44" box="[871,1121,1135,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCF8FBF82214FB44" box="[871,1121,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB33FBF82705FB64" author="Huber" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB6AFBF8235EFB44" box="[1269,1323,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE01FB1824EEFB64" box="[414,667,1167,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE01FB1824EEFB64" box="[414,667,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD73FB182275FB64" author="Bourchier" box="[748,1024,1167,1190]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Bourchier, R. S. & Smith, S. M. (1998) Interactions between large-scale inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and naturally occurring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1273 - 1279." type="journal article" year="1998">Bourchier & Smith 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBB1FB18235EFB64" box="[1070,1323,1167,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBB1FB18235EFB64" box="[1070,1323,1167,1190]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FE16FB382433FB04" author="Smith" box="[393,582,1199,1222]" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, S. M., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Nealis, V. G. & Bourchier, R. S. (2002) Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In: Mason, P. G. & Huber, J. T. (Eds.), Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981 - 2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and New York, pp. 58 - 68." type="book chapter" year="2002">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE4DFB38247DFB04" box="[466,520,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDF2FB382512FB04" box="[621,871,1199,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDF2FB382512FB04" box="[621,871,1199,1222]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FC56FB38226BFB04" box="[969,1054,1199,1222]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97FB58251CFA24" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FB582535FB25" bold="true" box="[264,832,1231,1255]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE55FB582498FB25" box="[458,749,1231,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE55FB582498FB25" bold="true" box="[458,749,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCD7FB58237DFB24" authority="Tothill 1912" authorityName="Tothill" authorityYear="1912" box="[840,1288,1231,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCD7FB58220EFB25" bold="true" box="[840,1147,1231,1255]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCD7FB582207FB25" bold="true" box="[840,1138,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB1DFB58237DFB24" author="Tothill" box="[1154,1288,1231,1254]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1912) Systematic notes on North American Tachinidae. Canadian Entomologist, 44, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1912">Tothill 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEA7FB782447FAC4" box="[312,562,1263,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEA7FB782447FAC4" box="[312,562,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDC0FB782556FAC4" box="[607,803,1263,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDC0FB782556FAC4" box="[607,803,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC3FFB782252FAC4" author="Hewitt" box="[928,1063,1263,1286]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Hewitt, C. G. (1913) Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year ending March 31 1912. Canada Department of Agriculture, Annual Report on Experimental Farms for the year 1911 - 12, 173 - 189." type="journal article" year="1913">Hewitt 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBD1FB78272BFAE4" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBD1FB78272BFAE4" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE08FA982414FAE4" box="[407,609,1295,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE08FA982414FAE4" box="[407,609,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD72FA98250DFAE4" author="Tothill" box="[749,888,1295,1318]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75." type="journal article" year="1913">Tothill 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC34FA9822DCFAE4" box="[939,1193,1295,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC34FA9822DCFAE4" box="[939,1193,1295,1318]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB7EFA9827D8FA84" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB7EFA9827D8FA84" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, QC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FDDBFAB8248CFA84" author="Johannsen" box="[580,761,1327,1350]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1913) Spruce bud worm and spruce leaf miners. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin, 210, 13 - 36 + 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1913">Johannsen 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCB4FAB8225FFA84" box="[811,1066,1327,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCB4FAB8225FFA84" box="[811,1066,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBFEFAB827E8FAA4" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBFEFAB8235EFA84" box="[1121,1323,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FEDFFAD827E3FAA4" box="[320,406,1359,1382]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FE35FAD82446FAA4" author="Tothill" box="[426,563,1359,1382]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1923) Notes on the outbreaks of spruce budworm, forest tent caterpillar and larch sawfly in New Brunswick. Proceedings of the Acadian Entomological Society [for] 1922, 8, 172 - 182." type="journal article" year="1923">Tothill 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDFEFAD824A6FAA4" box="[609,723,1359,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDFEFAD824A6FAA4" box="[609,723,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex. spruce budworm (BC, NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FBDFFAD822BFFAA4" author="Brown" box="[1088,1226,1359,1382]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1941">Brown 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB67FAD82478FA44" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB67FAD82478FA44" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDDAFAF825E9FA44" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" box="[581,924,1391,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDDAFAF8255FFA44" box="[581,810,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cacoecia fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FCA1FAF825E1FA44" box="[830,916,1391,1414]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC34FAF822FAFA44" author="Dowden" box="[939,1167,1391,1414]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB8EFAF82239FA44" box="[1041,1100,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB5EFAF82432FA64" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae" subGenus="Winthemia">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB5EFAF82432FA64" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma (Winthemia) fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDE2FA18253AFA64" box="[637,847,1423,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDE2FA18253AFA64" box="[637,847,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FC33FA182278FA64" box="[940,1037,1423,1446]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FBB2FA1822B2FA64" author="Zwolfer" box="[1069,1223,1423,1446]" pageId="35" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB67FA1827ABFA04" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amoena">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB67FA1827ABFA04" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia amoena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FD91FA3824D6FA04" box="[526,675,1455,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD91FA3824D6FA04" box="[526,675,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FD64FA382529FA04" box="[763,860,1455,1478]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCE5FA382278FA04" author="Arnaud" box="[890,1037,1455,1478]" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBA7FA38235EFA04" box="[1080,1323,1455,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBA7FA38235EFA04" box="[1080,1323,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEC0FA582786FA24" box="[351,499,1487,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEC0FA582786FA24" box="[351,499,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NH, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97FA78236BF9E4" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97FA78270BF9E5" bold="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE52FA782487F9C5" box="[461,754,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE52FA782487F9C5" bold="true" box="[461,754,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC9DFA782258F9C5" box="[770,1069,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC9DFA782258F9C5" bold="true" box="[770,1069,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB14FA782701F9E5" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB14FA782701F9E5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FE0FF9982471F9E4" author="Ross" box="[400,516,1551,1574]" pageId="35" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDB3F9982568F9E4" box="[556,797,1551,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDB3F9982568F9E4" box="[556,797,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FB22F9982366F9E4" box="[1213,1299,1551,1574]" name="Canada" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97F9B82364F904" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97F9B827B2F985" bold="true" box="[264,455,1583,1607]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE4EF9B825B5F984" authority="McKnight 1974" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1974" box="[465,960,1583,1607]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE4EF9B82573F985" bold="true" box="[465,774,1583,1607]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE4EF9B82488F985" bold="true" box="[465,765,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC8FF9B825B5F984" author="McKnight" box="[784,960,1583,1606]" pageId="35" pageNumber="43" refString="McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1974">McKnight 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC71F9B82297F984" box="[1006,1250,1583,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC71F9B82297F984" box="[1006,1250,1583,1606]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CO);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FEA7F9D82439F9A4" author="Doganlar" box="[312,588,1615,1638]" pageId="35" pageNumber="41" refString="Doganlar, M. & Beirne, B. P. (1978) Natural enemies of budworms, Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on Douglas fir near Yale, British Columbia, in 1977. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 75, 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1978">Doganlar & Beirne 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDE5F9D82503F9A4" box="[634,886,1615,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDE5F9D82503F9A4" box="[634,886,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC58F9D822BEF9A4" author="Harris" box="[967,1227,1615,1638]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris & Dawson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB67F9D8247EF944" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB67F9D8247EF944" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FDC2F9F82485F944" author="Schmid" box="[605,752,1647,1670]" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Schmid, J. M. (1981) Distribution of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) insect parasites in the crowns of host trees. Canadian Entomologist, 113, 1101 - 1106." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmid 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC80F9F825F4F944" box="[799,897,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Timnavia</emphasis>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC31F9F82276F944" box="[942,1027,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Timavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FC31F9F82276F944" box="[942,1027,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Timavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB88F9F822E2F944" box="[1047,1175,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB88F9F822E2F944" box="[1047,1175,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NM);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FB6FF9F82780F964" author="Torgersen" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R., Campbell, R. W., Srivastava, N. & Beckwith, R. C. (1984) Role of parasites in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 13, 568 - 573." type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Torgersen
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEE5F91827C6F964" box="[378,435,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDBCF9182571F964" box="[547,772,1679,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Timavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDBCF9182571F964" box="[547,772,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Timavia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WA, OR, ID, MT); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FC60F9182370F964" author="Harris" box="[1023,1285,1679,1702]" pageId="35" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1985) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in British Columbia. In: Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, p. 102." type="journal volume" year="1985">Harris & Dawson 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEA7F9382447F904" box="[312,562,1711,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEA7F9382447F904" box="[312,562,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD19F9382544F904" author="Torgersen" box="[646,817,1711,1734]" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R. (1985) Parasitoids and western budworm dynamics. In Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. & Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, pp. 104 - 105." type="journal article" year="1985">Torgersen 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCC6F9382243F904" box="[857,1078,1711,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Timavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCC6F9382243F904" box="[857,1078,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Timavia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WA, OR, ID, MT).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FE97F9582465F8A4" blockId="35.[264,1323,783,1894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE97F9582440F925" bold="true" box="[264,565,1743,1767]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Host records probably ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDA0F958227EF924" authority="Coppel 1947" authorityName="Coppel" authorityYear="1947" box="[575,1035,1743,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDA0F9582506F925" bold="true" box="[575,883,1743,1767]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDA0F958251CF925" bold="true" box="[575,873,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCE3F958227EF924" author="Coppel" box="[892,1035,1743,1766]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FBA8F958235EF924" box="[1079,1323,1743,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FBA8F958235EF924" box="[1079,1323,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEFFF9782445F8C4" box="[352,560,1775,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEFFF9782445F8C4" box="[352,560,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FD4FF9782572F8C4" box="[720,775,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1949, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCEDF9782211F8C4" box="[882,1124,1775,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCEDF9782211F8C4" box="[882,1124,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB0AF978235FF8C4" box="[1173,1322,1775,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB0AF978235FF8C4" box="[1173,1322,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC); Coppel 1953, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDB2F8982568F8E4" box="[557,797,1807,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDB2F8982568F8E4" box="[557,797,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCD5F89825ABF8E4" box="[842,990,1807,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FCD5F89825ABF8E4" box="[842,990,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FBB8F8982353F8E4" author="Carolin" box="[1063,1318,1807,1830]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FECAF8B82433F884" box="[341,582,1839,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FECAF8B82433F884" box="[341,582,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDECF8B82572F884" box="[627,775,1839,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDECF8B82572F884" box="[627,775,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCC2F8B82599F884" author="Coppel" box="[861,1004,1839,1862]" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB8CF8B82371F884" box="[1043,1284,1839,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB8CF8B82371F884" box="[1043,1284,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEA7F8D827B9F8A4" box="[312,460,1871,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FEA7F8D827B9F8A4" box="[312,460,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333F9461FE97FE8C25F5FEF1" blockId="36.[264,896,283,308]" box="[264,896,283,308]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE97FE8C27B5FEF1" bold="true" box="[264,448,283,307]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE58FE8B254FFEF1" authority="Nealis 1991" authorityName="Nealis" authorityYear="1991" box="[455,826,283,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE58FE8B24C6FEF1" bold="true" box="[455,691,283,308]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE58FE8B24DFFEF6" bold="true" box="[455,682,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FD25FE8B254FFEF1" author="Nealis" box="[698,826,284,307]" pageId="36" pageNumber="43" refString="Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076." type="journal article" year="1991">Nealis 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333F9461FEA7FEF2237CFCF5" blockId="36.[264,1325,357,1903]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
This distinctive and common species is found throughout most of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FBC4FEF222B5FEBD" box="[1115,1216,357,383]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FE97FE1A2714FE65" box="[264,353,397,423]" name="Mexico" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FEECFE1A24F3FE65" author="O'Hara" box="[371,646,397,423]" pageId="36" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp." type="book" year="2004">O’Hara & Wood 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For many years it was variously assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB28FE1A2735FE0D" authority="Lioy" authorityName="Lioy" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB28FE1A235FFE64" box="[1207,1322,397,422]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma</emphasis>
|
||
Lioy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FECEFE2224B0FE0D" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[337,709,437,463]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FECEFE2227BBFE0C" box="[337,462,437,462]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
RobineauDesvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD64FE222225FE0D" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[763,1104,437,463]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Timavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD64FE22252DFE0C" box="[763,856,437,462]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Timavia</emphasis>
|
||
RobineauDesvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but was recently moved to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE1CFE4A24A5FE35" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[387,720,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE1CFE4A27A9FE34" box="[387,476,477,502]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia</emphasis>
|
||
RobineauDesvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FC9DFE4A25DDFE35" author="Shima" box="[770,936,477,503]" pageId="36" pageNumber="45" refString="Shima, H. (1996) A systematic study of the tribe Winthemiini from Japan (Diptera, Tachinidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 46, 169 - 235." type="journal article" year="1996">Shima (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who also placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB1CFE4A2282FE34" box="[1155,1271,477,502]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB1CFE4A2282FE34" box="[1155,1271,477,502]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE97FD922711FDDC" box="[264,356,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Timavia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE97FD922711FDDC" box="[264,356,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Timavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as generic synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD0DFD92249EFDDC" box="[658,747,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD0DFD92249EFDDC" box="[658,747,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD63FD922599FDDC" box="[764,1004,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD63FD922599FDDC" box="[764,1004,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the other tachinids treated here by the presence of hairs on the mid portion of the parafacial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F333F9461FE8EFDC22727FDAD" box="[273,338,597,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10. 1" captionStartId="5.[264,370,1655,1676]" captionTargetBox="[302,1294,297,1640]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[291,1307,278,1644]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. 1. Phryxe pecosensis, male head. 2. Madremyia saundersii, male head. 3. Smidtia fumiferanae, male head. 4. Nilea erecta, katepisternum. 5. Eumea caesar, katepisternum. 6. Phryxe pecosensis, katepisternum. 7. Cyzenis incrassata, scutellum. 8. Compsilura concinnata, scutellum. 9. Hyphantrophaga blanda, dorsal view of mid leg. 10. Eumea caesar, dorsal view of mid leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171154/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig.3</figureCitation>
|
||
); it differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD85FDC224E3FDAC" box="[538,662,597,622]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD85FDC224E3FDAC" box="[538,662,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in having the hairs on the dorsum of the abdomen mostly erect (hairs recumbent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD47FDEA2526FD54" box="[728,851,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD47FDEA2526FD54" box="[728,851,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Winthemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Adults are mostly
|
||
<quantity id="313D9B6F333F9461FBCCFDEA22D9FD55" box="[1107,1196,637,663]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="5.0">5–9mm</quantity>
|
||
long. The egg, larval instars, and puparium were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FC15FD3222B7FD7D" author="Coppel" box="[906,1218,677,703]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel and Smith (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB4EFD3227E0FD24" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB4EFD3227E0FD24" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE56FD5A24A7FD24" box="[457,722,717,742]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE56FD5A24A7FD24" box="[457,722,717,742]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE32FD62242DFCCC" box="[429,600,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE32FD62242DFCCC" box="[429,600,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FD40FD622518FCCD" author="Ross" box="[735,877,757,783]" pageId="36" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE31FC8A242BFCF4" box="[430,606,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE31FC8A242BFCF4" box="[430,606,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD10FC8A2547FCF4" box="[655,818,797,822]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD10FC8A2547FCF4" box="[655,818,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FC27FC8A2259FCF5" box="[952,1068,797,823]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FBC8FC8A2370FCF5" author="Coppel" box="[1111,1285,797,823]" pageId="36" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333F9461FEA7FCD225FEFAD5" blockId="36.[264,1325,357,1903]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE5EFCD22419FC9C" box="[449,620,837,862]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE5EFCD22419FC9C" box="[449,620,837,862]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lay unincubated eggs directly on their hosts, as is typical of members of the Winthemiini. Eggs are laid primarily on sixth instar budworms and the first instar maggot is capable of parasitizing its host after about three days of development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FE8FFC2A2463FC15" author="Coppel" box="[272,534,957,983]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel & Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FDBDFC2A253FFC15" author="Hebert" box="[546,842,957,983]" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 a) Temperature-dependent development of eggs and larvae of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 122, 329 - 341." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Hébert & Cloutier 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the first instar maggot generally waits in the egg for the host to begin pupation before entering it (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FBFFFC722733FBE5" author="Coppel" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel & Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FEC5FB9A24ECFBE5" author="Hebert" box="[346,665,1037,1063]" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C. & Cloutier, C. (1990 a) Temperature-dependent development of eggs and larvae of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 122, 329 - 341." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Hébert & Cloutier 1990a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, parasitoid development usually takes place entirely within the host pupa. Less frequently, fourth or fifth instar hosts are attacked (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FE8FFBCA244CFBB5" author="Doganlar" box="[272,569,1117,1143]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Doganlar, M. & Beirne, B. P. (1978) Natural enemies of budworms, Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on Douglas fir near Yale, British Columbia, in 1977. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 75, 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1978">Doganlar & Beirne 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and emergence from sixth instar hosts has been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FB6BFBCA2785FB5D" author="Harris" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris & Dawson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Once the maggot has completed development, it leaves the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FDA2FB3A2530FB05" author="Coppel" box="[573,837,1197,1223]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel & Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FCCEFB3A225CFB05" author="Hebert" box="[849,1065,1197,1223]" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FC37FB3A2597FB04" box="[936,994,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The parasitoid overwinters in the puparium and there is typically one generation per year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FBCCFB4227FDFAD5" author="Schaffner" pageId="36" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1934">Schaffner & Griswold 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FE0BFB6A24EFFAD5" author="Coppel" box="[404,666,1277,1303]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel & Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FD39FB6A250BFAD5" author="Hebert" box="[678,894,1277,1303]" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD62FB6A2542FAD4" box="[765,823,1277,1302]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501333F9461FEA7FAB2245EF8AD" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333F9461FEA7FAB2221FF935" blockId="36.[264,1325,357,1903]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FEA7FAB2245DFAFC" box="[312,552,1317,1342]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FEA7FAB2245DFAFC" box="[312,552,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is arguably the most important tachinid parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB25FAB22739FAA4" ID-CoL="925CM" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB25FAB22739FAA4" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FE4EFADA2458FAA5" box="[465,557,1357,1383]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It was ranked by Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FCC0FADA25EEFAA4" box="[863,923,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1949, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB88FADA2355FAA4" box="[1047,1312,1357,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB88FADA2355FAA4" box="[1047,1312,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the third most important parasitoid, and single most important dipterous parasitoid, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE97FA0A27B4FA74" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[264,449,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE97FA0A27B4FA74" box="[264,449,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD9CFA0A24D8FA74" box="[515,685,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD9CFA0A24D8FA74" box="[515,685,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FCD1FA0A25B0FA75" box="[846,965,1437,1463]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FC46FA0A235FFA75" author="Harris" box="[985,1322,1437,1463]" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris and Dawson (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported parasitism of late instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FD09FA52253CFA1C" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[662,841,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FD09FA52253CFA1C" box="[662,841,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FC55FA52220DFA1C" box="[970,1144,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FC55FA52220DFA1C" box="[970,1144,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB32FA5227E0F9C4" ID-CoL="8FMK4" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Winthemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB32FA5227E0F9C4" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Winthemia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as high as 18% in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333F9461FD62FA7A2501F9C5" box="[765,884,1517,1543]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FC19FA7A220CF9C4" box="[902,1145,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Smidtia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FC19FA7A220CF9C4" box="[902,1145,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Smidtia fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FB28FA7A27E0F9EC" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FB28FA7A27E0F9EC" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was considered a major parasitoid of budworms in Colorado by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FB36F9822708F995" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FA8AF9822753F994" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1948)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in Oregon by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FDC4F9AA25D5F995" author="Carolin" box="[603,928,1597,1623]" pageId="36" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin and Coulter (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the East, budworm parasitism by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FEB2F9F227ACF9BC" box="[301,473,1637,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FEB2F9F227ACF9BC" box="[301,473,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not matched the levels reported in the West, but the species is common and parasitism can be locally significant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FCB6F91A2236F965" author="Coppel" box="[809,1091,1677,1703]" pageId="36" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. & Smith, B. C. (1957) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). V. Omotoma fumiferanae (Tot.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 581 - 592." type="journal article" year="1957">Coppel and Smith 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FBD0F91A22A4F965" author="Blais" box="[1103,1233,1677,1703]" pageId="36" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FB42F91A27E6F90D" author="Hebert" pageId="36" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE97F9222732F90C" box="[264,327,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species was included among the five tachinids treated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FB2DF92227B3F935" author="Tilles" pageId="36" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles and Woodley (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333F9461FEA7F892245EF8AD" blockId="36.[264,1325,357,1903]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
The hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE4CF89224F5F8DC" box="[467,640,1797,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FE4CF89224F5F8DC" box="[467,640,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">S. fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FC06F8922244F8DD" ID-CoL="6247J" box="[921,1073,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a few species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FE97F8BA27F5F885" ID-CoL="DD9" box="[264,384,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333F9461FE10F8BA2514F884" author="Arnaud" box="[399,865,1837,1863]" pageId="36" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">
|
||
Arnaud 1978, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FDC6F8BA2514F884" box="[601,865,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Omotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FDC6F8BA2514F884" box="[601,865,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Omotoma fumiferanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in addition to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333F9461FBD7F8BA2286F884" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[1096,1267,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333F9461FBD7F8BA2286F884" box="[1096,1267,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species indicated in
|
||
<tableCitation id="BB470331333F9461FE52F8C22453F8AD" box="[461,550,1877,1903]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[264,352,563,587]" captionText="TABLE 1. Rearing records of Tachinidae from Nearctic species of Choristoneura, as compiled from published records and examination of reared specimens in the Canadian National Collection (Ottawa) and several other Canadian collections. Several columns in the table contain two or three Choristoneura species because the published records upon which they are based did not distinguish between the species listed." pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |