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<mods:title>Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thompson, 1840" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[892,1101,1147,1174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[1108,1323,1147,1173]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[1018,1150,1200,1227]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[122,185,1707,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[166,1434,151,2003]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2 (facing page 123). Shells of the five living species of Janthina and two species of Recluzia recognized in this work; apertural views, and left lateral views showing outer lip sinus.(A–F) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus);A–B, D, GNS RM4442, two specimens, beach, Takou Bay, Northland, New Zealand; C, GNS WM15986, “bicolor” form, San Lourenço Beach, Santa Maria I., Azores, Atlantic; E, GNS RM6735, “bicolor” form, Ohope Beach, Whakatane, New Zealand; F, GNS WM15297, beach between Hutchinson Bluff and Rayner Point, Raoul I., Kermadec Islands. (G–J) Janthina globosa (Swainson); G, GNS WM15254, beach, Mauritius, Indian Ocean; H–J, GNS RM5321, two specimens, Muriwai Beach, West Auckland, New Zealand. (K–L) Janthina pallida Thompson, GNS WM15256, beach, Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux, southern Western Australia.(M, O) Janthina exigua Lamarck, GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, New Zealand. (N, Q) Janthina umbilicata d’Orbigny, GNS RM5627, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, New Zealand. (P, R) Recluzia johnii (Holten), GNS WM17360, ventral and dorsal views; trawled in sediment, 130–180 m, Swain Reefs, SE Queensland, Australia (shortest specimen, last entryin Table 12).(S–T) Recluzia lutea (Bennett), GNS RM6748,beach, Great Exhibition Bay,Northland, New Zealand (from same sample as Figs 36M–P). Scale bar 10 mm, applies to all figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551505/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Figs 2K–L</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1162,1197,1200,1227]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">5B</figureCitation>
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<treatmentCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[824,1197,1247,1269]" page="96" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1840">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson, 1840: 96" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[824,1197,1247,1269]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,984,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[992,1197,1247,1269]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840: 96</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 2, fig. 2 (under “ 
<taxonomicName box="[865,949,1274,1295]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis box="[865,949,1274,1295]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?”, name attributed to Harvey; tentatively a new species).
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1062,1327,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,981,1327,1348]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Thorpe, C" box="[1073,1252,1327,1349]" page="152" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1844">
<bibRefCitation author="Thorpe, C" box="[1073,1252,1327,1349]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe, 1844: 152</bibRefCitation>
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; 
<treatmentCitation author="Kuster, H" page="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation author="Kuster, H" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref110121" refString="Kuster, H. C. 1868. Die Gattungen Janthina und Recluzia. In Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. In Verbindung mit Dr. Philippi, Dr. Pfeiffer, Dr. Dunker, Dr. Romer, Weinkauff, Clessin, Dr. Brot, Th. Lobbecke und Dr. v. Martens. Neu Herausgegeben und Vervollstandigt von Dr. H. C. Kuster, nach Dessen Tode Fortgesetzt von Dr. W. Kobelt. Volume 2 (12), 1 - 12, pls 1 - 2. Nurnburg: Bauer &amp; Raspe [dates and parts: Smith &amp; England (1937); Welter-Schultes (1999): pl. 1, part 183, 1862; pl. 2, part 186; pp 1 - 8, part 189; pp 9 - 12, part 187, all 1868]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124677" type="journal article" year="1868">Küster, 1868: 5</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 5; 
<treatmentCitation author="Monterosato, T" box="[998,1220,1353,1375]" page="95" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1878">
<bibRefCitation author="Monterosato, T" box="[998,1220,1353,1375]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="61 - 115" refId="ref113698" refString="Monterosato, T. A. M. di. 1878 Enumerazione e sinonimia delle conchiglie Mediterranee. Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche 13: 61 - 115 [reprinted in: 1983. Tommaso di Maria, Marchese di Monterosato. Opera Omnia, Vol. II (1878 - 1885), ed. R. Giannuzzi-Savelli, pp. 375 - 429. Palermo: Societa Italiana di Malacologia]." type="book chapter" year="1878">Monterosato, 1878: 95</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Locard, A" box="[1230,1386,1353,1375]" page="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation author="Locard, A" box="[1230,1386,1353,1375]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref111507" refString="Locard, A. 1898. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman Pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage Publie sous les Auspices du Ministere de l'Instruction Publique sous la Direction de A. Milne-Edwards. Mollusques Testaces. Tome second. Paris: V. Masson." type="journal volume" year="1898">Locard, 1898: 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Dall, W" box="[854,1007,1380,1402]" page="318" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation author="Dall, W" box="[854,1007,1380,1402]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall, 1908: 318</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="A. Adams &amp; Reeve, 1850: 54" authorityName="A. Adams &amp; Reeve" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="1850" box="[824,1266,1407,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[824,988,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina striolata</emphasis>
A.Adams &amp; Reeve, 1850: 54
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 11, fig. 9; H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1854: 87; 
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, L" box="[1175,1297,1433,1455]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 5, figs 24a–b; Hedley, 1900: 141; Pritchard &amp; Gatliff, 1900: 141; Macpherson &amp; Chapple, 1951: 124; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cotton, B" box="[1205,1382,1487,1509]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref102254" refString="Cotton, B. C. 1959. South Australian Mollusca. Archaeogastropoda. Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of South Australia. Adelaide: Government Printer." type="book" year="1959">Cotton, 1959: 376</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1062,1513,1535]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,980,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1061,1076,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
Forbes &amp; Hanley, 1853: 553, pl. 69, figs 10–11; H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1854: 87; 
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, L" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 4, figs 20a–b; 
<bibRefCitation author="Benson, W" box="[1069,1246,1567,1589]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="405 - 414" refId="ref98240" refString="Benson, W. H. 1860. Notes on Ianthina, Bolten, and indication of a new species of the allied oceanic genus Recluzia, Petit. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 6: 405 - 414." type="journal article" year="1860">Benson, 1860: 412</bibRefCitation>
; G. B. Sowerby II, 1882: 51, pl. 444, figs 19–20.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="75.[121,558,1578,1602]" box="[121,558,1578,1602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,203,1578,1602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Table 8</emphasis>
. Dimensions of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamarck, GNS RM" authorityYear="1816" box="[380,551,1578,1602]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis box="[380,551,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina exigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Harway" authorityName="Harway" box="[824,1195,1620,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis box="[824,1116,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Harway
</taxonomicName>
[sic]. 
<emphasis box="[1247,1262,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Morch, O" page="281" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1860">
<bibRefCitation author="Morch, O" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref113979" refString="Morch, O. A. L. 1860. Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire de la famille des Janthines. Journal de Conchyliologie 8: 261 - 285." type="journal article" year="1860">Mörch, 1860: 281</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<table box="[125,734,1632,2004]" colsContinueFrom="65.[797,1396,1583,1954]" gridcols="4" gridrows="15" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<tr box="[125,734,1632,1651]" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,614,1632,1651]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">locality height</th>
<th box="[628,677,1632,1651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">diam.</th>
<th box="[697,734,1632,1651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">H/D</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1672,1692]" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1672,1692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Piha Beach, W Auckland, NZ</th>
<td box="[569,614,1672,1692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">19.5</td>
<td box="[628,677,1672,1692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.7</td>
<td box="[697,734,1672,1692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.17</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1696,1716]" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1696,1716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Pih a Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1696,1716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.3</td>
<td box="[628,677,1696,1716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.1</td>
<td box="[697,734,1696,1716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1720,1739]" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1720,1739]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Piha Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1720,1739]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.7</td>
<td box="[628,677,1720,1739]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.7</td>
<td box="[697,734,1720,1739]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.06</td>
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<tr box="[125,734,1744,1764]" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1744,1764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, NZ</th>
<td box="[569,614,1744,1764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.9</td>
<td box="[628,677,1744,1764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.9</td>
<td box="[697,734,1744,1764]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1768,1787]" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1768,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1768,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.0</td>
<td box="[628,677,1768,1787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">13.6</td>
<td box="[697,734,1768,1787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.18</td>
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<tr box="[125,734,1792,1811]" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1792,1811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1792,1811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.9</td>
<td box="[628,677,1792,1811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">13.9</td>
<td box="[697,734,1792,1811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1816,1835]" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1816,1835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1816,1835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.2</td>
<td box="[628,677,1816,1835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.3</td>
<td box="[697,734,1816,1835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1840,1859]" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1840,1859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1840,1859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.2</td>
<td box="[628,677,1840,1859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.1</td>
<td box="[697,734,1840,1859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.22</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1864,1884]" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1864,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach, Waiuku, NZ</th>
<td box="[569,614,1864,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.7</td>
<td box="[628,677,1864,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.6</td>
<td box="[697,734,1864,1884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.18</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1888,1908]" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1888,1908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1888,1908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.8</td>
<td box="[628,677,1888,1908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.8</td>
<td box="[697,734,1888,1908]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1912,1932]" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1912,1932]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1912,1932]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.3</td>
<td box="[628,677,1912,1932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.8</td>
<td box="[697,734,1912,1932]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1936,1956]" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1936,1956]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1936,1956]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">19.7</td>
<td box="[628,677,1936,1956]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.3</td>
<td box="[697,734,1936,1956]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1960,1980]" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1960,1980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td box="[569,614,1960,1980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">22.0</td>
<td box="[628,677,1960,1980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.2</td>
<td box="[697,734,1960,1980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.28</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[125,734,1984,2004]" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th box="[125,556,1984,2004]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M214377, Raoul I, Kermadec Is.</th>
<td box="[569,614,1984,2004]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.1</td>
<td box="[628,677,1984,2004]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.1</td>
<td box="[697,734,1984,2004]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.20</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Adams &amp; Reeve." authorityName="Adams &amp; Reeve." box="[824,1310,1673,1695]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis box="[824,1134,1673,1694]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) striolata</emphasis>
Adams &amp; Reeve.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Morch, O" page="282" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1860">
<bibRefCitation author="Morch, O" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref113979" refString="Morch, O. A. L. 1860. Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire de la famille des Janthines. Journal de Conchyliologie 8: 261 - 285." type="journal article" year="1860">Mörch, 1860: 282</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" box="[824,1360,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[824,1360,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="(Harvey)" baseAuthorityName="Harvey" box="[824,1106,1727,1749]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Amethistina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,1013,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Amethistina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis box="[1108,1123,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Monterosato, T" box="[1123,1356,1727,1749]" page="105" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation author="Monterosato, T" box="[1123,1356,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="655 - 808" refId="ref113773" refString="Monterosato, T. A. M. di. 1884. Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di Alcune Conchiglie Mediterranee. Palermo: Tipografico Virzi (reprinted, as above, pp. 655 - 808). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51528" type="book chapter" year="1884">Monterosato, 1884: 105</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="(Harvey Mss) Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[824,1233,1753,1775]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,982,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey Mss) Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
–Bucquoy 
<emphasis box="[1337,1379,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">et al</emphasis>
., 1886: 435, text-fig. 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1187,1807,1828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="globosa" variety="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,988,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina globosa</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis box="[1036,1104,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Tryon, G" box="[1199,1356,1807,1828]" page="37" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation author="Tryon, G" box="[1199,1356,1807,1828]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref122313" refString="Tryon, G. W. 1887. Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic. With Illustrations of the Species. Series 1, volume 9. Solariidae, Ianthinidae, Trichotropidae, Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae. Philadelphia: G. W. Tryon." type="book" year="1887">Tryon, 1887: 37</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 15–16.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1189,1860,1882]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis box="[824,1110,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Thiele, J" box="[1200,1387,1860,1882]" page="225" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele, J" box="[1200,1320,1860,1882]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref121543" refString="Thiele, J. 1929. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Erster Band. Teil 1. Loricata; Gastropoda. I: Prosobranchia (Vorderkeimer). Jena: G. Fischer (reprint, 1963, Amsterdam: Asher and Co.; Smithsonian Institution Libraries translation by J. S. Bhatti, ed. R. Bieler and P. Mikkelsen, 1992)." type="book" year="1929">Thiele, 1929</bibRefCitation>
, p. 225
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Priolo, O" box="[852,1023,1887,1909]" page="186" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation author="Priolo, O" box="[852,1023,1887,1909]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo, 1959: 186</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson." box="[824,1091,1913,1935]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[824,978,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1091,1103,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Laursen, D" box="[1103,1276,1913,1935]" page="31" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation author="Laursen, D" box="[1103,1276,1913,1935]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953: 31</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 36–39; Macpherson &amp; Gabriel, 1962: 119.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName authority="Swainson." authorityName="Swainson." box="[824,1093,1967,1989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[824,988,1967,1988]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina globosa</emphasis>
Swainson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1092,1107,1967,1988]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Morton, J" box="[1107,1289,1967,1989]" page="167" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, J" box="[1107,1289,1967,1989]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="163 - 200" refId="ref114031" refString="Morton, J. E. 1954. The pelagic Mollusca of the Benguela Current. Part I. First survey, R. R. S. ' William Scoresbey', March 1950. With an account of the reproductive system and sexual succession of Limacina bulimoides. Discovery Reports 27: 163 - 200." type="journal article" year="1954">Morton, 1954: 167</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, misidentified as 
<taxonomicName box="[1092,1190,1993,2015]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[1092,1190,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="(Harvey) Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,577,151,174]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[197,361,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey) Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Pasteur-Humbert, C" page="53" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteur-Humbert, C" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 245" refId="ref115743" refString="Pasteur-Humbert, C. 1962. Les mollusques marins testaces du Maroc. Catalogue non critique. I - Les gasteropodes. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Serie Zoologie 23: 1 - 245." type="journal article" year="1962">Pasteur-Humbert, 1962: 53</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 75.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,508,205,227]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[197,376,205,226]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Bennett, I" box="[521,720,205,227]" page="47" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation author="Bennett, I" box="[521,720,205,227]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="40 - 51" refId="ref98207" refString="Bennett, I. 1966. Some pelagic molluscs and associated animals in southeastern Australian waters. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 1 (9): 40 - 51." type="journal article" year="1966">Bennett, 1966: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 2–3; Fretter &amp; Graham, 1982: 393, fig. 280; Kilburn &amp; Rippey, 1982: 79; Wells &amp; Bryce, 1986: 60, fig. 154; 
<treatmentCitation author="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R &amp; Pusateri, A" box="[324,714,285,307]" page="54" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation author="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R &amp; Pusateri, A" box="[324,714,285,307]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref105136" refString="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R., F. Pusateri, A. Palmeri, and C. Ebreo. 1999. Atlante delle Conchiglie Marine del Mediterraneo. Atlas of the Mediterranean Seashells. Vol. 3 (Caenogastropoda parte 2: Ptenoglossa). Roma: Evolver srl." type="book" year="1999">
Giannuzzi-Savelli 
<emphasis box="[514,561,285,307]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 1999: 54–57
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 96a–101; 
<treatmentCitation author="Redfern, C" box="[325,505,311,333]" page="76" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation author="Redfern, C" box="[325,505,311,333]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref118049" refString="Redfern, C. 2001. Bahamian Seashells. A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Boca Raton, Florida: Bahamianseashells. com." type="book" year="2001">Redfern, 2001: 76</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 36, fig. 317; Ardovini &amp; Cossignani, 2004: 28, 136; 
<treatmentCitation author="Robertson, R" box="[522,720,338,360]" page="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation author="Robertson, R" box="[522,720,338,360]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="4 - 9" refId="ref118841" refString="Robertson, R. 2007 a. Janthina: floating Epitonium (wentletrap) relatives. American Conchologist 35 (3): 4 - 9." type="journal article" year="2007">Robertson, 2007a: 5</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4; 
<treatmentCitation author="Luque, A" box="[254,430,365,386]" page="209" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation author="Luque, A" box="[254,430,365,386]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="208 - 209" refId="ref111898" refString="Luque, A. 2011. Familia Janthinidae. In Moluscos Marinos de Andalucia. Volumen I - Introduccion General, Clase Solenogastres, Clase Caudeofoveata, Clase Polyplacophora y Clase Gastropoda (Prosobranchia), eds S. Gofas, D. Mareno and C. Sallas, pp. 208 - 209. Malaga: Universidad de Malaga." type="book chapter" year="2011">Luque, 2011: 209</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, text-fig.; 
<treatmentCitation author="Hernandez, J &amp; Rolan, F &amp; Swinnen, R" page="98" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation author="Hernandez, J &amp; Rolan, F &amp; Swinnen, R" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref107254" refString="Hernandez, J. M., E. Rolan, F. Swinnen, R. Gomez, and J. M. Perez. 2011. Moluscos y Conchas Marinas de Canarias. Solenogastres, Caudofoveata, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda y Scaphopoda. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book" year="2011">
Hernández 
<emphasis box="[645,690,365,387]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 2011: 98
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 30J–K.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="(Thompson)" baseAuthorityName="Thompson" box="[197,470,418,440]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Violetta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[197,345,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Violetta pallida</emphasis>
(Thompson)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis box="[474,489,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Kuroda, T" box="[489,728,418,440]" page="246" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" box="[489,728,418,440]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref110035" refString="Kuroda, T., T. Habe, and K. Oyama. 1971. The Sea Shells of Sagami Bay Collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Tokyo: Maruzen." type="book" year="1971">
Kuroda 
<emphasis box="[567,610,418,440]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 1971: 246
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 62, fig. 15.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,567,471,493]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Violetta">
<emphasis box="[197,453,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Violetta) pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[566,581,472,493]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Abbott, R" box="[581,759,471,493]" page="113" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation author="Abbott, R" box="[581,759,471,493]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref95518" refString="Abbott, R. T. 1974. American Seashells. The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Second edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold." type="book" year="1974">Abbott, 1974: 113</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, col. pl. 3, fig. 1180; 
<treatmentCitation author="Higo, S" box="[421,634,498,520]" page="174" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation author="Higo, S" box="[421,634,498,520]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref107334" refString="Higo, S., P. Callomon, and Y. Goto. 1999. Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda. Bivalvia. Polyplacophora. Scaphopoda. Osaka: Elle Scientific Publications." type="book" year="1999">
Higo 
<emphasis box="[474,528,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al.,</emphasis>
1999: 174
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,600,524,547]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Violeta">
<emphasis box="[197,368,525,546]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Violeta)</emphasis>
[sic] 
<emphasis box="[420,488,525,546]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[599,614,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Rios, E" box="[614,759,525,547]" page="102" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation author="Rios, E" box="[614,759,525,547]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref118404" refString="Rios, E. de C. 1994. Seashells of Brazil. Second edition. Collaborators: M. Haimovici, J. A. Alvares Peres, R. A. dos Santos. Rio Grande, RS, Brazil: Museu Oceanografico ' Prof. Eliezer de Carvalho Rios', Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande." type="book" year="1994">Rios 1994: 102</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 33, fig. 415.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,608,578,600]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis box="[197,492,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Okutani, T" page="319" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation author="Okutani, T" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="318 - 319" refId="ref115217" refString="Okutani, T. 2000. Janthinidae. In Marine Mollusks in Japan, ed. T. Okutani, pp. 318 - 319. Tokyo: Tokai University Press." type="book chapter" year="2000">Okutani, 2000: 319</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 158, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey" authorityName="Harvey" box="[197,435,631,653]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[197,356,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey
</taxonomicName>
in Thompson.– 
<treatmentCitation author="Poppe, G" box="[588,761,631,653]" page="722" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation author="Poppe, G" box="[588,761,631,653]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="722 - 723" refId="ref117001" refString="Poppe, G. T. 2008. Janthinidae. In Philippine Marine Mollusks. Volume I (Gastropoda - Part I), ed. G. T. Poppe, pp. 722 - 723. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book chapter" year="2008">Poppe, 2008: 722</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 306, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName authority="Lamarck." authorityName="Lamarck, GNS RM" authorityYear="1816" box="[197,456,685,707]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis box="[197,356,685,706]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina exigua</emphasis>
Lamarck.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[455,470,686,707]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Severns, M" box="[471,660,685,706]" page="198" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation author="Severns, M" box="[471,660,685,706]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref119722" refString="Severns, M. 2011. Shells of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sea Shells. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book" year="2011">Severns 2011: 198</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, lower fig (misidentification).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="76.[165,796,755,1366]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,338,755,779]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Type material</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName box="[357,549,755,779]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[357,549,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no type material in 
<collectionCode box="[166,270,785,808]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
, location of any type material not known; from Milton Malbay, County 
<collectingRegion box="[424,484,814,838]" country="Ireland" name="Clare" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Clare</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[496,575,814,838]" name="Ireland" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Ireland</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thorpe, C" box="[584,794,814,838]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
also stated the locality as “ 
<collectingRegion box="[451,515,843,867]" country="Ireland" name="Clare" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Clare</collectingRegion>
”. 
<taxonomicName box="[536,726,843,867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[536,726,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, three 
<typeStatus box="[167,260,873,897]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">syntypes</typeStatus>
<collectionCode box="[265,368,872,896]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1951.3.14.4–6, from “Pacific Ocean”, 
<emphasis box="[770,794,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">ex</emphasis>
Cuming collection. It would be preferable to use a specimen that has been included in a molecular study as the 
<typeStatus box="[709,793,932,956]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">neotype</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName box="[206,309,960,984]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[206,309,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as for all other species, but this species has not been studied by this means. A. Adams &amp; Reeve’s (1850: 54, pl. 11, fig. 9) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Reeve, L" box="[420,584,1019,1043]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve’s (1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 4, figs 20a–b) illustrated 
<typeStatus box="[281,364,1049,1073]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName authority=", NHMUK" authorityName="NHMUK" box="[404,526,1048,1072]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[404,519,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. striolata</emphasis>
,
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode box="[534,637,1048,1072]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1951.3.14.4, is here designated the 
<typeStatus box="[377,461,1078,1102]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">neotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName authority="Thompson, 1840" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[492,667,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The three 
<typeStatus box="[342,435,1108,1132]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName box="[473,664,1107,1131]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[473,664,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unusual specimens with weak, irregularly spaced, insignificant spiral threads around the last whorl, but are otherwise typical of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of the cosmopolitan distribution of this as well as all other 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[338,431,1224,1248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[338,431,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and the very wide locality stated for 
<taxonomicName box="[270,384,1254,1278]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[270,384,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type locality of these names is not considered to be an important consideration for a 
<typeStatus box="[708,792,1284,1308]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">neotype</typeStatus>
designation, and the designation of this 
<typeStatus box="[580,664,1313,1337]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">neotype</typeStatus>
is necessary for the stabilization of the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[513,689,1342,1366]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[513,689,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="76.[165,795,1398,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,396,1398,1417]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Other material examined</emphasis>
. Present-day samples from 
<collectingCountry box="[633,711,1399,1418]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry name="New Zealand" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[243,506,1422,1442]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingCountry box="[243,331,1422,1441]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[338,499,1422,1442]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion box="[338,499,1422,1442]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Cape Wessel (
<collectionCode box="[626,683,1423,1442]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); E side Cape Wessel I., Arnhem Land (
<collectionCode box="[394,441,1447,1466]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber box="[449,520,1447,1466]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/C77883" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">C77883</accessionNumber>
); Port Darwin (
<collectionCode box="[658,705,1447,1466]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber box="[714,784,1447,1466]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/C13905" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">C13905</accessionNumber>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,338,1470,1490]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,330,1470,1490]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion box="[166,330,1470,1490]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Cable Beach, Broome (
<collectionCode box="[559,614,1471,1490]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
); City Beach, Perth (
<collectionCode box="[173,223,1495,1514]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
); False Bay (
<collectionCode box="[338,388,1495,1514]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
); King George Sound (many, 
<collectionCode box="[648,713,1495,1514]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
); Cheyne Beach (
<collectionCode box="[228,285,1519,1538]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); Peaceful Bay,Bow Bridge (
<collectionCode box="[523,580,1519,1538]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); Bunbury (
<collectionCode box="[675,725,1519,1538]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
);Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux (
<collectionCode box="[439,482,1543,1562]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS</collectionCode>
WM15256, 1). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[613,755,1542,1562]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[613,748,1542,1561]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion box="[613,748,1542,1561]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Port Lincoln (
<collectionCode box="[242,299,1567,1586]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[316,393,1567,1586]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[316,386,1567,1586]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion box="[316,386,1567,1586]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Victoria</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Portland (
<collectionCode box="[482,547,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
; 
<collectionCode box="[556,610,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
); Mordialloc (
<collectionCode box="[730,784,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,279,1590,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,271,1590,1609]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion box="[166,271,1590,1609]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Queensland</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Torres Strait (
<collectionCode box="[401,452,1591,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="76.[165,795,1632,2008]" lastBlockId="76.[837,1469,151,880]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,305,1632,1656]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Distribution</emphasis>
. The writer is not aware of fossils of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Laursen, D" box="[264,485,1662,1686]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen (1953: 33)</bibRefCitation>
recorded 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[606,793,1662,1686]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[606,793,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from “the three oceans, but north of the equator … where the temperature does not drop below 15°C”. This peculiar distribution, in which inter-ocean connections would not be possible, is proved incorrect by 
<bibRefCitation author="Benson, W" box="[549,726,1779,1803]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="405 - 414" refId="ref98240" refString="Benson, W. H. 1860. Notes on Ianthina, Bolten, and indication of a new species of the allied oceanic genus Recluzia, Petit. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 6: 405 - 414." type="journal article" year="1860">Benson’s (1860)</bibRefCitation>
much earlier records of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[348,446,1808,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[348,446,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from the 
<emphasis box="[647,742,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Malcolm</emphasis>
near 
<collectingCountry box="[165,352,1838,1862]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
in the South Atlantic (
<geoCoordinate box="[602,655,1838,1862]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[664,726,1838,1862]" degrees="18" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-18.0">18°W</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate box="[742,792,1838,1862]" degrees="33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-33.0">33°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[166,229,1867,1891]" degrees="10" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-10.0">10°W</geoCoordinate>
) and NE of St Paul and Amsterdam Islands, as well as midway between Natal and 
<collectingRegion box="[522,721,1896,1920]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate box="[741,795,1896,1920]" degrees="33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-33.0">33°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[166,219,1926,1950]" degrees="81" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="81.0">81°E</geoCoordinate>
– 
<geoCoordinate box="[235,286,1926,1950]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[296,351,1926,1950]" degrees="83" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="83.0">83°E</geoCoordinate>
) in the southern Indian Ocean. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bennett, I" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="40 - 51" refId="ref98207" refString="Bennett, I. 1966. Some pelagic molluscs and associated animals in southeastern Australian waters. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 1 (9): 40 - 51." type="journal article" year="1966">Bennett (1966: 47</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 2–3) illustrated specimens collected alive in the North Pacific (
<geoCoordinate box="[439,528,1984,2008]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="925" value="31.1">31°06'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[532,641,1984,2008]" degrees="130" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="925" value="-130.1">130°06'W</geoCoordinate>
; and “in North Pacific waters”) during a cruise c. 
<quantity box="[1190,1268,151,175]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
west of California, 
<geoCoordinate box="[839,895,181,205]" degrees="31" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="31.0">31°N</geoCoordinate>
125– 
<geoCoordinate box="[953,1028,181,205]" degrees="140" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-140.0">140°W</geoCoordinate>
.Australian beach records of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1320,1417,181,205]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1320,1417,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also disprove Laursen’s statement. Although 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1261,1361,210,234]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1261,1361,210,234]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been recorded from much of the coastline of 
<collectingCountry box="[1332,1430,239,263]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
by Hedley, Iredale or other major Australian authors, museum collections show that it occurs sporadically around the southern, western and northern coasts (clockwise, from western 
<collectingRegion box="[930,1016,357,381]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Victoria</collectingRegion>
to Torres Strait). It is relatively common in southern 
<collectingRegion box="[974,1172,386,410]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, and specimens have been seen from 
<collectingCountry box="[961,1102,415,439]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation box="[1120,1205,415,440]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Table 9. Dimensions of Janthina pallida." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" tableUuid="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA">Table 9</tableCitation>
)—a pattern suggesting transport from the Atlantic via 
<collectingCountry box="[1164,1298,445,469]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Kilburn &amp; Rippey (1982: 79) also recorded specimens from 
<collectingCountry box="[1111,1249,503,527]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. However, the writer is not aware of records from 
<collectingCountry box="[1132,1275,533,557]" name="New Zealand" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[1362,1462,533,557]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
, or 
<collectingCountry box="[870,1035,562,586]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Norfolk Island</collectingCountry>
, Lord Howe Island and the Kermadec Islands. It is one of the more northward-ranging species in the Atlantic, occurring in southern Britain, and seems to have a somewhat sporadic occurrence throughout the world tropical and warm-temperate ocean. 
<bibRefCitation author="Savilov, A" box="[1138,1350,679,704]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="264 - 353" refId="ref119311" refString="Savilov, A. L. 1969. Pleuston of the Pacific Ocean. In The Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 7, Part 2, ed. L. A. Zenkevich, pp. 264 - 353. Moscow: Nauka (original in Russian; seen as translation no. 487 by M. Slessers, US Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, DC, 1970; cited page numbers refer to the translation)." type="journal article" year="1969">Savilov (1969: 402)</bibRefCitation>
also noted that the 
<emphasis box="[922,987,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Vityaz</emphasis>
observed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1095,1195,709,733]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1095,1195,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only in the North Pacific. Samples were obtained at only 12 stations in the northern subtropical circulation, mainly in areas contiguous with the Kuroshio Current. However, it is evidently common in the Mediterranean (
<figureCitation box="[1008,1095,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[121,184,1811,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[167,1467,151,1967]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 (facing page 129). Living animals in aquaria. (A) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus) (centre) and J. pallida Thomson (left, and part of another float at right) together, showing different bubble sizes in floats, and J. janthina feeding on pink eggs of J. pallida beneath float; collected at Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete. (B) Janthina janthina, collected on beach in northern New South Wales, Australia, clearly showing forked cephalic tentacles;(C–E) Janthina janthina, all data as for Fig.4A; C, showing forked cephalic tentacles, lack of eyes, and teeth and odontophore protruding from mouth at end of extended snout; D–E, showing extended head and snout, odontophore visible in mouth, and partially expanded right epipodium lying over shell (A, C–E, reproduced with permission of Dimitris Poursanidis, Heraklion, Crete; B, reproduced with permission of Denis Riek, Brunswick Heads, New South Wales). Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551507/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1105,1139,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">5B</figureCitation>
); 
<specimenCount box="[1158,1315,826,850]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="generic">280 specimens</specimenCount>
were reported by 
<bibRefCitation author="Palazzi, S" box="[871,1026,855,880]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref115624" refString="Palazzi, S. 1979. Janthina (Amethistina) pallida (Harvey) Thompson, 1841 ectobiont on Velella spirana Escholtz (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Velellidae). La Conchiglia 11 (122 - 123): 3 - 4, front cover." type="journal article" year="1979">Palazzi (1979)</bibRefCitation>
cast ashore on beaches in Sicily.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[839,1114,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="76.[839,1114,898,922]" box="[839,1114,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,971,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Dimensions</emphasis>
. See 
<tableCitation box="[1029,1110,898,922]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Table 9. Dimensions of Janthina pallida." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" tableUuid="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA">Table 9</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="76.[837,1467,941,1259]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,946,941,965]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Moderate-sized (H to c. 
<quantity box="[1203,1279,941,965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
), spire moderately tall, whorls strongly and evenly convex, suture deeply impressed; surface lightly polished, without obvious sculpture other than fine spiral threads on a few specimens. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, most shallowly V-shaped of all living 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[1086,1179,1087,1111]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1086,1179,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; apex in centre of lip. Anterior end of aperture evenly semicircular; many specimens with widely flared outer lip; central columella curved forwards (abaperturally). Almost uniform very pale violet, slightly paler dorsally; palest of all 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[1283,1376,1205,1229]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1283,1376,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="76.[838,1469,1277,1770]" lastBlockId="77.[119,751,151,1935]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[839,943,1277,1301]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Remarks</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[956,1182,1277,1301]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. 2) published the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[908,1090,1306,1330]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[908,1090,1306,1330]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of “ 
<taxonomicName box="[1342,1436,1307,1330]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis box="[1342,1436,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?”, and stated that the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1129,1236,1335,1359]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1129,1236,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been suggested verbally by his friend Harvey, who collected the specimens. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[838,1082,1394,1418]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96)</bibRefCitation>
stated that it was most similar to 
<taxonomicName authority="Menke" authorityName="Menke" box="[839,1100,1423,1447]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis box="[839,1010,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Ianthina nitens</emphasis>
Menke
</taxonomicName>
, as described and illustrated by Philippi in “Enumeration molluscorum Siciliae” (i.e., 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[839,1039,1482,1506]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[839,1039,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but differs in the columella being curved, instead of being straight, so that the anterior end of the aperture is rounded, and “ … the colour … is very different”. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[966,1172,1570,1594]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson’s (1840</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, fig. 2) drawing is an excellent one of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1017,1118,1599,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1017,1118,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of all later authors, emphasising the evenly subcircular aperture. Many authors before 1961, beginning with 
<bibRefCitation author="Thorpe, C" box="[1006,1217,1658,1682]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
, have treated 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1366,1467,1658,1682]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1366,1467,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name for this species. Therefore, the name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conserved under ICZN Article 11.6.1. Following Article 11.6.1 the name should be attributed to 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96)</bibRefCitation>
, “its first publication as a synonym”. The name has been attributed correctly by many later authors. Many others have attributed it to Harvey, but the name definitely was made available by 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[257,450,239,264]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840)</bibRefCitation>
according to Article 11.6.1. The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[226,323,269,293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[226,323,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was attributed to Harvey in 13 references listed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Priolo, O" box="[218,474,298,322]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo (1959: 186–187)</bibRefCitation>
; only two of those Priolo cited attributed it to Thompson. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thorpe, C" box="[449,651,327,352]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
provided a slightly muddled attribution of the name to “Thompson’s Annals of Nat. Hist. 5. p. 96. t. 2. f. 2.”, and was followed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dall, W" box="[119,297,415,440]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall (1908: 318)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Dall, W" box="[306,428,415,440]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall (1908)</bibRefCitation>
provided a publication date of 1817, even though Forbes &amp; Hanley (1853: 553) provided the correct reference, despite attributing the name to Harvey. The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[183,356,503,527]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[183,356,503,527]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not published in 1817 (Sherborn, 1922–1933) and the page and figure numbers cited by both Thorpe and Dall are the same as for 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[517,713,562,586]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840)</bibRefCitation>
, so their references were in error. Several other authors have published muddled references to this name, not having seen 
<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, W" box="[120,330,650,674]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson’s (1840)</bibRefCitation>
paper.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" box="[840,1281,1813,1837]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" startId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" targetBox="[843,1460,1862,1993]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="76">
<paragraph blockId="76.[840,1281,1813,1837]" box="[840,1281,1813,1837]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,922,1813,1837]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Table 9</emphasis>
. Dimensions of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1098,1274,1813,1837]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1098,1274,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<table box="[843,1460,1862,1993]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<tr box="[843,1460,1862,1881]" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th box="[843,1340,1862,1881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">locality height</th>
<th box="[1354,1403,1862,1881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">diam.</th>
<th box="[1423,1460,1862,1881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">H/D</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[843,1460,1902,1921]" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th box="[843,1340,1902,1921]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName box="[843,995,1902,1921]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[843,995,1902,1921]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype, neotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1173,1254,1902,1921]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[1173,1254,1902,1921]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
22.6
</th>
<td box="[1354,1403,1902,1921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">21.1</td>
<td box="[1423,1460,1902,1921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.07</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[843,1460,1926,1945]" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th box="[843,1340,1926,1945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName box="[843,995,1926,1945]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis box="[843,995,1926,1945]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype, NHMUK1951.3.14.5 24.0
</th>
<td box="[1354,1403,1926,1945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">22.2</td>
<td box="[1423,1460,1926,1945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[843,1460,1950,1969]" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th box="[843,1340,1950,1969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS WM15256, Windy Harbour, S Western Australia 16.5</th>
<td box="[1354,1403,1950,1969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">14.5</td>
<td box="[1423,1460,1950,1969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[843,1460,1974,1993]" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th box="[843,1340,1974,1993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS WM19277, Muizenberg, False Bay, South Africa 18.6</th>
<td box="[1354,1403,1974,1993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">16.2</td>
<td box="[1423,1460,1974,1993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.15</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="77.[119,751,151,1935]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[151,328,679,703]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[151,328,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently is smaller than the largest specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[274,386,709,733]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[274,386,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is otherwise very similar in most characters. The illustration by Ardovini &amp; Cossignani (2004: 136) shows an unusually tall, narrow specimen. The obvious difference from 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[381,489,797,821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[381,489,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that it lacks the small, angular, anterior extension of the columellar margin of the aperture of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[249,359,855,879]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[249,359,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and instead the anterior end of the aperture is evenly and regularly curved in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[589,692,885,909]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[589,692,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The outer lip sinus also is very shallow, considerably shallower than in all other living 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[360,453,943,967]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[360,453,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. A unique character is that the central area of the columella is quite strongly convex, curving towards the anterior (abaperturally). Many specimens also have the outer lip quite broadly flared, or reflexed, a further unique character. Most specimens are also a much paler violet colour than all other 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[652,748,1090,1114]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[652,748,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, fading almost to white on the sutural ramp of some specimens. Some specimens also have a weak spiral ridge or groove formed as the trace of the apex of the sinus in the outer lip, showing as a low spiral ridge on spire whorls of about 20% of specimens (as in 
<bibRefCitation author="Laursen, D" box="[457,614,1237,1261]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 36), but this is an individual character. The radular teeth (
<bibRefCitation author="Laursen, D" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 39) are much the shortest and most strongly hooked of all 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[277,370,1325,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[277,370,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[473,651,1325,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[473,651,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a narrower distribution than most other 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[562,655,1354,1378]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[562,655,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and is one of the least common species throughout most of its range, particularly in the Southwest Pacific, although it is common in the Mediterranean and in southern 
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Palazzi, S" box="[233,387,1471,1496]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref115624" refString="Palazzi, S. 1979. Janthina (Amethistina) pallida (Harvey) Thompson, 1841 ectobiont on Velella spirana Escholtz (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Velellidae). La Conchiglia 11 (122 - 123): 3 - 4, front cover." type="journal article" year="1979">Palazzi (1979)</bibRefCitation>
recorded 
<specimenCount box="[492,648,1471,1496]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" type="generic">280 specimens</specimenCount>
collected on the beaches of Terrasini, Sicily. 
<bibRefCitation author="Priolo, O" box="[496,748,1501,1525]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo (1959: 186–187)</bibRefCitation>
also listed 21 references in the literature on Mediterranean molluscs mentioning 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[339,436,1559,1583]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis box="[339,436,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including under other species names. Dimitris Poursanidis sent the writer photographs of living specimens collected at 
<taxonomicName authority="Beach, Heraklion, Crete" authorityName="Beach, Heraklion, Crete" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Arina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete</taxonomicName>
, revealing that the eggs are bright pink (
<figureCitation box="[604,692,1647,1672]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[121,184,1811,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[167,1467,151,1967]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 (facing page 129). Living animals in aquaria. (A) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus) (centre) and J. pallida Thomson (left, and part of another float at right) together, showing different bubble sizes in floats, and J. janthina feeding on pink eggs of J. pallida beneath float; collected at Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete. (B) Janthina janthina, collected on beach in northern New South Wales, Australia, clearly showing forked cephalic tentacles;(C–E) Janthina janthina, all data as for Fig.4A; C, showing forked cephalic tentacles, lack of eyes, and teeth and odontophore protruding from mouth at end of extended snout; D–E, showing extended head and snout, odontophore visible in mouth, and partially expanded right epipodium lying over shell (A, C–E, reproduced with permission of Dimitris Poursanidis, Heraklion, Crete; B, reproduced with permission of Denis Riek, Brunswick Heads, New South Wales). Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551507/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[702,734,1647,1671]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">5B</figureCitation>
), much deeper in colour than the other consistently pale pink 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[120,213,1706,1730]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[120,213,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eggs observed. These photographs also reveal that this is the one species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[382,475,1735,1759]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[382,475,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that does not seem to rest its head or snout in the (correspondingly very shallow) sinus in the outer lip. The specimens photographed by Dimitris Poursanidis did not expand out of their shells sufficiently to confirm their external anatomical characters fully, but do not appear to be distinguishable from other 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[572,665,1882,1906]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[572,665,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species anatomically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[121,573,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="77.[121,573,1970,1994]" box="[121,573,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,251,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Time range</emphasis>
. No fossil record; living only.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>