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<document id="45EFEEFFFD22377B3F69A0571EC17A36" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3636.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="494fb970-c19c-4fae-9a0b-ae3f4f5aa0e3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218525" ID-ZooBank="1BD9544C-0D09-4F36-A3EF-07F53E129D39" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460588701129" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Biju, S. D., Kamei, Rachunliu G., Mahony, Stephen, Thomas, Ashish, Garg, Sonali, Sircar, Gargi &amp; Suyesh, Robin" docDate="2013" docId="5228196EFFE6FFA323D6CE48034FFA86" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03636p289.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3636 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhacophorus lateralis Boulenger 1883" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="274" masterDocId="AE116116FFE8FFB22341C81B067EF869" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour" masterLastPageNumber="289" masterPageNumber="257" pageNumber="271" updateTime="1698325562365" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="08959C8C6BD337214C217125F0FF7121">Taxonomic review of the tree frog genus Rhacophorus from the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Rhacophoridae), with description of ontogenetic colour changes and reproductive behaviour</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="401011B6192EA8711B715D651CE9B9D6">Kamei, Rachunliu G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF0646F09CE17018E9656EC3EEB9707E">Mahony, Stephen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4BD58A5C4926ECC7CE1F7256D3F82EC1">Thomas, Ashish</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="771E86008A3CC5006525DAAAA4C4BA8F">Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="5228196EFFE6FFA323D6CE48034FFA86" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5611813" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119565286" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5611813" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5228196EFFE6FFA323D6CE48034FFA86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5228196EFFE6FFA323D6CE48034FFA86" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="274" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFE6FFBC23D6CE4807C2FFE3" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE6FFBC23D6CE48040FFE04" blockId="14.[151,778,1619,1714]" box="[151,625,1619,1645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<heading id="81761F14FFE6FFBC23D6CE48040FFE04" bold="true" box="[151,625,1619,1645]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFE6FFBC23D6CE48040FFE04" authority="Boulenger, 1883" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,625,1619,1645]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC23D6CE48040FFE04" bold="true" box="[151,625,1619,1645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC23D6CE4807DDFE04" bold="true" box="[151,419,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1883
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE6FFBC23D6CE6D0438FEE7" blockId="14.[151,778,1619,1714]" box="[151,582,1654,1679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Small Tree Frog (Das and Dutta 1998)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE6FFBC23D6CE810574FEDB" blockId="14.[151,778,1619,1714]" box="[151,778,1690,1714]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
(
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFE6FFBC23DFCE81071FFEDB" box="[158,353,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A – G" captionStartId="4.[151,246,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[219,1374,181,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[219,1375,181,1909]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. A – G. Leaf nest types and multimale mating in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A – C. Leaf nest types. A. Type 1: Single leaf rolling— Rhacophorus lateralis; B – C. Type 2: Multiple leaves nest— R. calcadensis, R. malabaricus, R. pseudomalabaricus; D – G. Multimale mating. D – E. R. lateralis on vegetation. F. R. malabaricus on vegetation. G. R. malabaricus on ground." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218526/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Figures 1A, D–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFE6FFBC222DCE8107EEFEDB" box="[364,400,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – D" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1974,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,624,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,624,1959]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – D. Photographs showing colour and marking of juveniles and adults in the Western Ghats Rhacophorus. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; D. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218527/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFE6FFBC22DACE810784FEDB" box="[411,506,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">3, 3C–E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFE6FFBC2144CE810456FEDB" box="[517,552,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A – D" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,407,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,396,1785]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. A – D. Distribution maps of the four Rhacophorus species in the Western Ghats. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; and D. R. pseudomalabaricus. Positioning of symbols is approximate; see Table 1 for coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218531/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">6B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFE6FFBC2175CE810405FEDB" box="[564,635,1690,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A – G" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,499,1778]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7. 2.8. 38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot; Malabar &quot;: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">7A–G</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFE6FFBC21C6CE81057FFEDB" box="[647,769,1690,1714]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="11.[151,239,971,995]" captionStartId-1="20.[119,209,469,492]" captionStartId-2="25.[151,239,1088,1112]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1422,1189,1652]" captionTargetPageId-2="25" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Distribution and collection localities of Rhacophorus that are discussed in the text. Distribution is given state wise in the following sequence: district followed by specific locality. Altitude is in meters. * locality requires confirmation, see ‘ Discussion’ for explanation." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the specimens used in this study. Status of specimens is given after the Museum number: HT-Holotype, PT-Paratype. other abbreviations are defined in the method and materials." captionText-2="TABLE 3. Voucher numbers, locality information and GenBank accession numbers of the taxa included in this study." httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/8EFEF8F0FFF1FFAB23D6CC5B0300FC3E" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" tableUuid-2="8EFEF8F0FFF1FFAB23D6CC5B0300FC3E">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE6FFBC23D6CEFA07C2FFE3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1761,2003]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC23D6CEFA046DFE93" bold="true" box="[151,531,1761,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Original name and description.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFE6FFBC215ACEF905A0FE93" authority="Boulenger, 1883" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" box="[539,990,1762,1786]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC215ACEF90566FE93" box="[539,792,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1883
</taxonomicName>
, Description of new species of reptiles and batrachians in the British Museum.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC2117CF1D0261FF77" box="[598,1055,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Annals and Magazine of Natural History</emphasis>
, Series 5, 12:162.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC27B0CF1E06AFFF2B" bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
Name-bearing
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFE6FFBC23D6CF3106B2FF2B" box="[151,204,1834,1858]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFE6FFBC23A1CF310735FF2B" box="[224,331,1834,1858]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, NHM 1947.7.
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE6FFBC2145CF310436FF2B" box="[516,584,1834,1858]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" value="38-08-02">2.8.38</date>
(ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), by monotypy, an adult male, collected by Beddome.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC2256CF5507C4FF0F" bold="true" box="[279,442,1869,1894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFE6FFBC2256CF55072EFF0F" box="[279,336,1870,1894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
“Malabar”,
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFE6FFBC2114CF5504ECFF0F" box="[597,658,1870,1894]" name="India" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">India</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC21E2CF560244FF0F" bold="true" box="[675,1082,1869,1894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Current status of specific name.</emphasis>
Va li d n a m e, a s
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFE6FFBC2647CF5507C9FFE3" authority="Boulenger, 1883" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1883" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC2647CF55068BFFE3" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1883
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFE6FFBD2386CF8E0217F9A6" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="272" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE6FFBD2386CF8E0217F9A6" blockId="14.[151,1436,1761,2003]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="272" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC2386CF8E0560FFC7" bold="true" box="[199,798,1941,1966]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Other material studied/observed. KARNATAKA:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE6FFBC2066CF8D05A6FFC7" box="[807,984,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="271">Kodagu district</emphasis>
, Virajpet, Lakunda Estate, ZSI A 9071 (adult female), collected on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE6FFBC229FCFA10406FFBB" box="[478,632,1978,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" value="1998-07-19">19 July 1998</date>
, ZSI A9072 (adult female), collected on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE6FFBC2716CFA1028FFFBB" box="[1111,1265,1978,2002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="271" value="1998-07-29">29 July 1998</date>
; Honey Valley Estate, SDBDU 2011.84 (adult male), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD2002C88C05A0F8C6" box="[835,990,151,175]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2011-06-13">13 June 2011</date>
;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD20AAC88302A8F8D9" box="[1003,1238,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Chikmagalur district</emphasis>
, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, SDBDU 2011.1420 (adult female), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD208AC8A7020EF8BD" box="[971,1136,188,212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2010-06-20">20 June 2010</date>
; Bygoor Estate, SDBDU 2010.330–2010.331 (two adult males), collected by RS on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD200AC8C40592F89E" box="[843,1004,223,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2010-06-26">26 June 2010</date>
; Kudremukh National Park, SDBDU 2011.1421 (adult male), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD21E2C91F0525F975" box="[675,859,260,284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2009-08-11">11 August 2009</date>
.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD2026C9180596F975" bold="true" box="[871,1000,259,284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">KERALA:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD20B1C91F02F0F975" box="[1008,1166,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Idukki district</emphasis>
, Periyar Tiger Reserve, ZSI/SRS VA 245 (sex not known);
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD216AC9330497F929" box="[555,745,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Wayanad district</emphasis>
, Kalpetta, SDBDU 395–398 (four adult males), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD23BAC95707F1F90D" box="[251,399,332,356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2002-07-12">12 July 2002</date>
and SDBDU 40114 (adult female), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD2764C95702C2F90D" box="[1061,1212,332,356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2002-07-12">12 July 2002</date>
, SDBDU–712 (two adult males), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD216CC97404B9F9EE" box="[557,711,367,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2004-07-15">15 July 2004</date>
; Kurichiyarmala, SDB personal observation (adult male), (not collected) on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD2272C98F07B4F9C5" box="[307,458,404,428]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2002-07-12">12 July 2002</date>
; Mananthavady, SDBDU 6302–6303 (two adult males), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD2609C98F06ADF9A6" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2002-07-15">15 July 2002</date>
; Sulthanbathery, SDBDU 204 (adult male), collected by SDB on
<date id="AE3F8EB8FFE7FFBD20EEC9AC021BF9A6" box="[943,1125,439,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" value="2003-08-11">11 August 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="8EFEF8F0FFE7FFBD23D6CF1C054CFF33" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" targetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE7FFBD23D6CF1C054CFF33" blockId="15.[151,1436,1799,1883]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD23D6CF1C0728FF77" bold="true" box="[151,342,1799,1822]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">FIGURE 7. A–G.</emphasis>
Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFE7FFBD22A6CF1C04B3FF74" box="[487,717,1799,1821]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD22A6CF1C04B3FF74" box="[487,717,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
NHM 1947.7.2.8.38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot;Malabar&quot;:
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD26C2CF1C03E2FF75" bold="true" box="[1411,1436,1799,1820]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">A.</emphasis>
dorsal view;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD225BCF3D074FFF52" bold="true" box="[282,305,1830,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">B.</emphasis>
ventral view;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD2283CF3E07A5FF55" bold="true" box="[450,475,1829,1852]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">C.</emphasis>
lateral view of head;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD21F6CF3D04AEFF52" bold="true" box="[695,720,1830,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">D.</emphasis>
ventral view of hand;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD20F5CF3D05B5FF52" bold="true" box="[948,971,1830,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">E.</emphasis>
schematic illustration of webbing on hand;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD26C9CF3D03E4FF52" bold="true" box="[1416,1434,1830,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">F.</emphasis>
ventral view of foot;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD222DCF5F07FFFF32" bold="true" box="[364,385,1860,1883]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">G.</emphasis>
schematic illustration of webbing on foot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFE7FFA22386CF9C06A4F991" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFE7FFA22386CF9C0325F976" blockId="15.[151,1436,1927,2023]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD2386CF9C073FFFC9" bold="true" box="[199,321,1927,1952]" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFE7FFBD2208CF9C043AFFF6" box="[329,580,1927,1951]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="15" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFE7FFBD2208CF9C043AFFF6" box="[329,580,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="272">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) small male adult size (SVL 28.2–35.0 mm); (2) body slender; (3) green or dark brown dorsal skin, presence of a distinct metallic yellow or light yellow lateral stripe that commences from the snout, running over the upper eyelids to the groin and terminating in the inguinal region; (4) finger and toe discs well developed (FD III 1.6 ±
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF8FFA2225DC8A7070AF8BD" box="[284,372,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
, FW III 0.6 ±
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF8FFA22140C8A70427F8BD" box="[513,601,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22127C8A60407F8BD" box="[614,633,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">N</emphasis>
= 14, male; TD IV 1.4 ±
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF8FFA220C5C8A705A0F8BD" box="[900,990,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
, TW IV 0.6 ±
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF8FFA2272CC8A702BBF8BD" box="[1133,1221,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22790C8A6029AF8BD" box="[1233,1252,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">N</emphasis>
= 14, male); (5) webbing moderate between fingers, reaching below the distal subarticular tubercle on either side of finger III; (6) webbing on toes moderate, reaching up to distal subarticular tubercle on either side of toe IV (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA227F5C91C0330F976" box="[1204,1358,263,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A – G" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,499,1778]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7. 2.8. 38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot; Malabar &quot;: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 7 F, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386C93106B1F9E3" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22386C931071CF92A" bold="true" box="[199,354,298,323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Comparison.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF8FFA2222DC9300414F92A" box="[364,618,299,323]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA2222DC9300414F92A" box="[364,618,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in having green or brown dorsal skin colouration with two golden yellowish lateral lines from the nostrils running over the eyelids and along the sides of the body to near the vent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386C98306A4F991" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Das (2000) provided a description of this species based on a fresh collection of two female specimens. We here provide a redescription of the
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF8FFA222ACC9A10431F9BB" box="[493,591,442,466]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male for completeness of the taxonomic revision of historic name bearing
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF8FFA223D6C9FB06A8F991" box="[151,214,480,504]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">types</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFF8FFA22386CA19032BFF8D" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386CA190287FD35" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22386CA19079FFA72" bold="true" box="[199,481,514,539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Description of
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF8FFA2223BCA18079FFA72" box="[378,481,515,539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA222B2CA180579FA72" box="[499,775,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">all measurements in mm</emphasis>
): Medium sized frog (SVL 35.0); head width subequal to length (HL 9.7; HW 9.8; MN 9.3; MFE 7.1; MBE 3.5); outline of snout in dorsal and ventral view oval, snout (SL 4.2) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 3.1); loreal region obtuse, canthus rostralis distinct; nostril oval and closer to tip of snout than eye (NS 1.1; EN 2.5); interorbital area (IUE 3.9) wider than upper eyelid (UEW 2.0); distance between posterior margins of eyes (IBE 9.2) less than two times the distance between anterior margins of eyes (IFE 5.6); Tympanum (
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFF8FFA22299CAAC046DFAA6" box="[472,531,695,719]" name="Chad" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">TYD</collectingCountry>
1.7) distinct, rounded, its distance to eye (TYE 0.6) approximately one third of tympanum diameter, supratympanic fold indistinct, from posterior corner of upper eyelid to near the shoulder; pineal ocellus absent; vomerine ridge horizontal, near anterior corner of choanae; space between the two ridges is less than the length of the ridge; tongue notched; median lingual process absent. Forearm (FAL 5.8), shorter than hand (HAL 9.3); dermal fringe on outer border of forelimbs present; fingers with dermal fringes; finger discs with distinct circummarginal grooves, third finger disc two times wider than finger (FD III 1.2; FW III 0.5); webbing moderate, on finger I up to subarticular tubercle; finger II, to subarticular tubercle (inner) and above the subarticular tubercle (outer); finger III, to above the first subarticular tubercle on both sides; finger IV, up to second subarticular tubercle; relative length of fingers: (I &lt;II &lt;IV &lt;III); subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, all present; prepollex distinct, oval; one palmar tubercle, oval, indistinct; nuptial pad well developed.
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFF8FFA2265ACBE6032DFC7C" box="[1307,1363,1021,1045]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Hind</collectingCountry>
limbs moderately long, shank length (SHL 16.3) longer to thigh (TL 15.0), and foot length (FOL 11.9); distance from heel to tip of toe IV (TFOL 20.7); thick dermal fringe from base of pad of toe V extends along lateral edge of tarsus to heel where it develops into broad flange with lateral projecting calcar on lateral edge of heel; webbing medium, webbing on toe I, well above subarticular tubercle; toe II, to well above subarticular tubercle (inner) and base of disc (outer); toe III, well above distal subarticular tubercle (inner) and up to distal subarticular tubercle (outer); toe IV, reaching the third subarticular tubercle on either side of toe; and toe V, up to second subarticular tubercle; relative length of toe: I &lt;II &lt;III &lt;V &lt;IV; finger discs with distinct circummarginal grooves, fourth toe disc 2.4 times wider than toe (TD IV 1.2; TW IV 0.5); subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386CD7304F0FD85" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Skin of snout and between eyes smooth, upper eyelids shagreened; anterior and posterior parts of back shagreened, dorsal parts of forelimb, thigh and shank are smooth (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA220CDCD970278FDCD" box="[908,1030,1420,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A – G" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,499,1778]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7. 2.8. 38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot; Malabar &quot;: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 7A</figureCitation>
); ventral side, throat, chest smooth, belly shagreened, posterior part of belly granular, forelimbs smooth, thigh granular, (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA2272ACDAB029DFDA1" box="[1131,1251,1456,1480]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A – G" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,499,1778]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7. 2.8. 38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot; Malabar &quot;: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 7B</figureCitation>
); a conspicuous squarish dermal fold above the anal opening.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386CDE30488FE15" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22386CDE307CFFE78" bold="true" box="[199,433,1528,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
Colour of
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF8FFA22202CDE207D2FE78" box="[323,428,1529,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA222FBCDE20410FE79" box="[442,622,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">In preservation.</emphasis>
Dorsal side light brown, ventral side light grey, thigh darker than belly and chest, hand, feet and webbing dark grey (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA221D3CE07048AFE5D" box="[658,756,1564,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A – G" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,501,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,499,1778]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. A – G. Holotype of Rhacophorus lateralis NHM 1947.7. 2.8. 38 (ex BMNH 1882.2.10.75), from &quot; Malabar &quot;: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. schematic illustration of webbing on hand; F. ventral view of foot; G. schematic illustration of webbing on foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218532/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). A light grey stripe that commences above the nostrils, runs over the upper eyelids on either sides of the body, terminating in the inguinal region.
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA2272CCE5A02C7FE31" box="[1133,1209,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">In life.</emphasis>
This species shows considerable variation in dorsal colour (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA22115CE7F0494FE15" box="[596,746,1636,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 3C–E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386CE930260FEAD" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22386CE93045DFEC8" bold="true" box="[199,547,1672,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA2216BCE93041AFEC9" box="[554,612,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Male</emphasis>
, nuptial pads present;
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22021CE9305D5FEC9" box="[864,939,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">female</emphasis>
, eggs large (diameter 2.5 ±
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF8FFA227A5CE930343FEC9" box="[1252,1341,1672,1696]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22609CE920325FEC9" box="[1352,1371,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">N</emphasis>
= 30, single egg clutch), unpigmented (based on SDBDU 40114, SDBDU 2011.1420).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF8FFA22386CECB032BFF8D" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA22386CECB0745FE80" bold="true" box="[199,315,1744,1769]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Variation.</emphasis>
Measurements of two female and
<specimenCount id="CC8763F1FFF8FFA22194CECB054CFE81" box="[725,818,1744,1768]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="male">14 male</specimenCount>
specimens, including
<typeStatus id="053A16DAFFF8FFA22777CECB02E5FE81" box="[1078,1179,1744,1768]" pageId="16" pageNumber="273" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, are given in
<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFF8FFA2267ECECB03E6FE81" box="[1343,1432,1744,1768]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="20.[119,209,469,492]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements (in mm) of the specimens used in this study. Status of specimens is given after the Museum number: HT-Holotype, PT-Paratype. other abbreviations are defined in the method and materials." pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Table 2</tableCitation>
. Considerable variation is seen in the dorsal colouration of this species: SDBDU 40114, dorsally light green, a pair of golden yellow stripes commences above the nostrils to vent margined with florescent blue, lateral side of the body and margins of thigh light reddish, limbs with inconspicuous bluish cross bands, webbing dark grey (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA22610CF2706C2FF11" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 3D</figureCitation>
); SDBDU 2011.84, brown with scattered inconspicuous spots, lateral line golden yellow with dark brown margins, lateral side light yellowish red, ventral side light grey, limbs with darker cross bands, webbing dark grey (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA223DFCFB30769FFA9" box="[158,279,1960,1984]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 3E</figureCitation>
); SDBDU 395, greenish with broken lateral yellow line margined with light blue (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF8FFA227A2CFB30323FFA9" box="[1251,1373,1960,1984]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A – H" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1717,1740]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,387,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,371,1688]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A – H. Rhacophorus of the Western Ghats. A – B. R. calcadensis; C – E. R. lateralis; F – G. R. malabaricus; H. R. pseudomalabaricus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218528/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">Figure 3C</figureCitation>
). For additional colour variations in life see Dinesh
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF8FFA221DDCFD604AAFF8D" box="[668,724,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
(2010), Goel &amp; Goel (2010) and Molur &amp; Molur (2010).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFF9FFA32386C88C0795F9EE" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA32386C88C0795F9EE" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32386C88C041EF8D9" bold="true" box="[199,608,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA3212CC8830513F8D9" box="[621,877,152,176]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA3212CC8830513F8D9" box="[621,877,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently known from multiple localities in Chikmagalur and Kodagu districts of Karnataka, and Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala (
<figureCitation id="42BAB4FDFFF9FFA327A5C8A70323F8BD" box="[1252,1373,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. A – D" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1806,1829]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,407,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,396,1785]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. A – D. Distribution maps of the four Rhacophorus species in the Western Ghats. A. R. calcadensis; B. R. lateralis; C. R. malabaricus; and D. R. pseudomalabaricus. Positioning of symbols is approximate; see Table 1 for coordinates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218531/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Figure 6B</figureCitation>
). For complete list of specific localities refer to
<tableCitation id="97039DC3FFF9FFA3212DC8C404C1F89E" box="[620,703,223,247]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,239,971,995]" captionText="TABLE 1. Distribution and collection localities of Rhacophorus that are discussed in the text. Distribution is given state wise in the following sequence: district followed by specific locality. Altitude is in meters. * locality requires confirmation, see ‘ Discussion’ for explanation." pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Table 1</tableCitation>
. All populations were found in disturbed habitats, either in coffee plantations close to forest patches or in disturbed secondary forests. The calling microhabitat preference in all populations was about
<quantity id="1D79059DFFF9FFA322DEC93C079CF956" box="[415,482,295,319]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
above the ground, usually on leaves. It is likely that
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA32706C93202B8F929" box="[1095,1222,296,320]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32706C93202B8F929" box="[1095,1222,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">R. lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the north of Palghat Gap in its distribution (see discussion section). All collections in the present study were made between 19:00 to 20:00 hours.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="929BFBF3FFF9FFA32386C98F034FFA86" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="DA3EA878FFF9FFA32386C98F034FFA86" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32386C98F0745F9C5" bold="true" box="[199,315,404,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA32204C98F043DF9C5" box="[325,579,404,428]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA32204C98F043DF9C5" box="[325,579,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described on the basis of a single specimen by Boulenger (1883). Wolf (1936) provisionally placed the species in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="1D81D3FBFFF9FFA320ADC9A30366F9B9" box="[1004,1304,440,464]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="17" pageNumber="274" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA320ADC9A30366F9B9" box="[1004,1304,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">Rhacophorus malabaricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which was subsequently rejected by Inger &amp; Dutta (1987 &quot;1986&quot;) and Biju (2000). After the original description another specimen was collected by W. M. Daly in 1892 from “Koppa, Mysore” and deposited (under the number 13565) in the Indian Museum (= Zoological Survey of
<collectingCountry id="A296E8E8FFF9FFA321CDCA3F04B6FA55" box="[652,712,548,572]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">India</collectingCountry>
, Kolkata, [Sclater 1892a]). Sclater (1892a) described the species distribution range as “Mysore and Malabar”. The historical locality “Koppa, Mysore” was however overlooked by subsequent workers. The location of the Koppa specimen is not known and is presumably lost (SDB personal observation). After more than 100 years Biju (2000) and Das (2000) reported this species from Kerala and Karnataka, respectively. Later the species was subsequently reported from different parts of the Western Ghats in Kerala and Karnataka (Bennet
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA322B0CAC20454FA99" box="[497,554,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">et al.</emphasis>
2000; Dinesh
<emphasis id="E8F5746AFFF9FFA3218CCAC20578FA99" box="[717,774,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="274">et al.</emphasis>
2010; Goel &amp; Goel 2010; Molur &amp; Molur 2010).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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