treatments-xml/data/37/60/7C/37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E.xml

<document id="42AE95D581C0E0BBCC2731C442F4CCB4" ID-CLB-Dataset="39119" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e25461b-82af-477f-b723-76f3976d0614" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="259767" ID-ZooBank="CFD3FDAC-B477-4607-9FB7-251DCDB479E9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462774971783" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cranston, Peter S." docDate="2016" docId="37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4109.3.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4109 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Conochironomus tobaterdecimus Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="325" masterDocId="CB59043FFF895F4FA207CC28FFFCFFCD" masterDocTitle="Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues" masterLastPageNumber="331" masterPageNumber="315" pageNumber="321" updateTime="1698662368606" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4652B330554ACB5F102C6567A436FBCC">Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues</mods:title>
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<treatment id="37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6068469" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127624716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6068469" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/37607C47FF8F5F45A290CCBFFB42F91E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF8F5F49A290CCBFFD68FF1E" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A290CCBFFCF4FF7F" blockId="6.[151,776,151,211]" box="[151,776,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<heading id="E43E7A3DFF8F5F49A290CCBFFCF4FF7F" bold="true" box="[151,776,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A290CCBFFCF4FF7F" ID-CoL="9HHTK" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" box="[151,776,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CCBFFCF4FF7F" bold="true" box="[151,776,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CCBFFDD4FF7C" bold="true" box="[151,552,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Conochironomus tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
(Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A290CC92FD68FF1E" blockId="6.[151,776,151,211]" box="[151,660,186,211]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
(
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A298CC92FF1BFF1E" box="[159,231,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A–E; 2C,D; 3E,F; 4A,C; 5A–C, D, F)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF8F5F49A290CD2AFB13FE9B" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A290CD2AFC29FED5" blockId="6.[151,1287,258,342]" box="[151,981,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9FD9EA7FFF8F5F49A290CD2AFC29FED5" box="[151,981,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A290CD2AFC2EFED5" ID-CoL="7B4K2" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990 (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa 1990: 313)" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990 (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityPageNumber="313" authorityYear="1990" box="[151,978,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CD2AFE39FED5" box="[151,453,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Sumatendipes tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A3CCCD2AFD57FED5" author="Kikuchi" box="[459,683,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Kikuchi, M. &amp; Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329." type="journal article" year="1990">Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990</bibRefCitation>
(
<treatmentCitation id="3E68EB40FF8F5F49A0BFCD2AFC36FED5" author="Kikuchi" box="[696,970,258,280]" page="313" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A0BFCD2AFC36FED5" author="Kikuchi" box="[696,970,258,280]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Kikuchi, M. &amp; Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329." type="journal article" year="1990">Kikuchi &amp; Sasa 1990: 313</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A290CD09FB13FE9B" blockId="6.[151,1287,258,342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9FD9EA7FFF8F5F49A290CD09FB13FE9B" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A290CD09FE24FEFA" ID-CoL="9G2FV" authority="(Conochironomus)" baseAuthorityName="Conochironomus" box="[151,472,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CD09FEE8FEFA" box="[151,276,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Chironomus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A325CD09FE33FEFA" box="[290,463,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Conochironomus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A3E1CD09FDB2FEFA" box="[486,590,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tokunagai">tokunagai</taxonomicName>
&quot; of 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A07FCD09FCBBFEFA" author="Karunakaran" box="[632,839,289,311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Karunakaran, S. (1969) Studies on the Bionomics and Taxonomy of Singapore Chironomidae. PhD Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, Singapore, iv + 404 pp." type="book" year="1969">Karunakaran (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, unavailable name (
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A617CD09FB07FEFA" author="ICZN" box="[1040,1275,289,311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="ICZN International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999" yearSuffix="a">ICZN 1999: Article 8a</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A290CD68FD1CFE9B" ID-CoL="9HHTK" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityYear="1990" box="[151,736,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CD68FE1AFE9B" box="[151,486,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Conochironomus tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A3F4CD68FD24FE9B" author="Kikuchi" box="[499,728,320,342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Kikuchi, M. &amp; Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329." type="journal article" year="1990">Kikuchi &amp; Sasa, 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A0EECD68FCB0FE98" bold="true" box="[745,844,320,342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Comb. n.</emphasis>
(merely inferred in 
<treatmentCitation id="3E68EB40FF8F5F49A61FCD68FB18FE9B" author="Cranston" box="[1048,1252,320,342]" page="715" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A61FCD68FB4CFE9B" author="Cranston" box="[1048,1200,320,342]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2004) Insecta: Diptera, Chironomidae. In: Yule, C. M. &amp; Yong, H. S. (Eds.), The Freshwater Invertebrates of Malaysia and Singapore. Academy of Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 710 - 734." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cranston 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 715
</treatmentCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A290CDAAFE86FE56" bold="true" box="[151,378,386,411]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Material examined</emphasis>
. All slide mounted in Euparal; 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF8F5F49A0E4CDABFC79FE56" box="[739,901,387,411]" name="Singapore" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">SINGAPORE</collectingCountry>
: ♂, Bukit Timah N.P., Jungle Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="DAFDAB96FF8F5F49A726CDABFA60FE56" box="[1313,1436,387,411]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" precision="15" value="1.3558334">1°21’21”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="DAFDAB96FF8F5F49A290CD8EFED1FE72" box="[151,301,422,447]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" precision="15" value="103.80723">103°48’26”E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A345CD8EFE47FE72" box="[322,443,422,447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2009-03-12">12.iii.2009</date>
(Cranston); ♂, Bedok Reservoir, Floating deck A, 
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<geoCoordinate id="DAFDAB96FF8F5F49A6A4CD8EFAF2FE72" box="[1187,1294,422,447]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" precision="925" value="103.916664">103°55’E</geoCoordinate>
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A718CD8EFA6BFE72" box="[1311,1431,422,447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2013-04-13">13.iv.2013</date>
, emergence trap, CP379 (
<collectionCode id="D9D85594FF8F5F49A3A8CDE3FE08FE2E" box="[431,500,459,483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">TMSI</collectionCode>
team) (GenBank 
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); ♀, Upper Seletar Reservoir, forest area, 
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, emergence trap, 
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A3FFCDC6FD86FDCA" box="[504,634,494,519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2013-07-16">16.vii.2013</date>
, CP459 (
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team) (association by barcode, GenBank 507304); 4L, 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF8F5F49A290CE3BFED0FDE6" box="[151,300,531,555]" name="Thailand" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<collectionCode id="D9D85594FF8F5F49A290CE3BFED0FDE6" box="[151,300,531,555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">THAILAND</collectionCode>
</collectingCountry>
: Roi Et Prov., Chaturaphak Phiman District, Nong Lad, 
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, 
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(Simwisat) (association by barcode).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A2C0CE72FB46FD76" blockId="6.[151,1436,386,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A2C0CE72FDC4FDBE" bold="true" box="[199,568,602,627]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Putative immature material.</emphasis>
Pupae. Pe, 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF8F5F49A0EFCE73FC76FDBE" box="[744,906,603,627]" name="Singapore" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">SINGAPORE</collectingCountry>
: Bedok Reservoir, NE shore, 
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, 
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A344CE56FE49FD5A" box="[323,437,638,663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2012-02-23">23.ii.2012</date>
(Ang); Larvae. L, 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF8F5F49A0A8CE57FCADFD5A" box="[687,849,639,663]" name="Singapore" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">SINGAPORE</collectingCountry>
: Central Catchment, Nee Soon Swamp, 
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<geoCoordinate id="DAFDAB96FF8F5F49A290CE8BFEF9FD76" box="[151,261,675,699]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" precision="925" value="103.8">103°48’E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A317CE8AFE75FD76" box="[272,393,674,699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2009-03-13">13.iii.2009</date>
(Cranston); L, same as preceding except 
<date id="CB77EB91FF8F5F49A15CCE8AFC30FD76" box="[859,972,674,699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" value="2012-02-27">27.ii.2012</date>
(MV NS 
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#1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF8F5F45A2C0CEEEFF1AFBA2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="325" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" type="description">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A2C0CEEEFE91FD12" bold="true" box="[199,365,710,735]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Redescription</emphasis>
(partial; additional material substantially conforms to previous descriptions of all stages in 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A290CEC2FE96FCCE" author="Karunakaran" box="[151,362,746,771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Karunakaran, S. (1969) Studies on the Bionomics and Taxonomy of Singapore Chironomidae. PhD Thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Singapore, Singapore, iv + 404 pp." type="book" year="1969">Karunakaran 1969</bibRefCitation>
, sub 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A3A3CEC2FCB4FCCE" box="[420,840,746,771]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tokunagai" subGenus="Chironomus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A3A3CEC2FCB4FCCE" box="[420,840,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Chironomus (Chironomus) tokunagai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; of male in 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF8F5F49A1D5CEC2FB3BFCCE" author="Kikuchi" box="[978,1223,746,771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" refString="Kikuchi, M. &amp; Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329." type="journal article" year="1990">Kikuchi &amp; Sasa 1990</bibRefCitation>
, sub 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8F5F49A707CEC2FEBFFCEA" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8F5F49A707CEC2FEBFFCEA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Sumatendipes tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A2C0CF1BFACBFB43" blockId="6.[151,1436,386,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
MALE (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A322CF1AFE91FC86" box="[293,365,818,843]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A–D; 2C; 3E, F) (n = 1–2). Body dark brown with slightly darker delimited thoracic vittae, and paler pronotum, trochanters, femoral apices and distal sections of tibiae (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A1CDCF7EFBF8FCA2" box="[970,1028,854,879]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Fig.1</figureCitation>
A, B). Mensural features as in 
<tableCitation id="F24BF8EAFF8F5F49A759CF7EFF5AFC5E" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1084,1107]" captionTargetBox="[151,1375,1134,1527]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Adult male measurements." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EBB69DD9FF8C5F4AA290C814FDD2FB9E" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" tableUuid="EBB69DD9FF8C5F4AA290C814FDD2FB9E">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A32FCF52FE8EFC5E" box="[296,370,890,915]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D; 2C; 3E, F) with few anal tergite setae located in mid-tergite anterior to base of elongate anal point flanked with lateral setae; anal point tapering to narrower parallel-sided medial section, narrowly rounded at apex. Superior volsella structurally complex (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A0ACCFEAFD02FC16" box="[683,766,962,987]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[205,1377,352,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[201,1394,342,1868]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Conochironomus spp., adult genitalia. A. C. nuengthai sp. n., Male, left side dorsal, right side ventral; B. C. sawngthai sp. n., Male, left side dorsal, right side ventral stylised; C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), Male, dorsal, and superior volsella, ventral (inset, detail); D. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), Female genitalia, (partial, ventral)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259769/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
C, 3E), basal lobe bearing strong microtrichia on median (inner) contour, otherwise smooth; sinuous digitiform projection arises from broad base dorsally on basal lobe, initially dorsally directed, then narrowed and curved medio-posteriorly, terminating in up-turned, rounded tip; Basal lobe without strong setae, digitiform projection bare. Median volsella absent. Inferior volsella basally fused to medial margin of gonocoxite, with swollen free apex densely covered with thick, recurved, simple setae, none directed posteriorly. Gonostylus tapering, with weak inner creases (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A18EC85EFC37FB42" box="[905,971,1142,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[193,1420,202,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[185,1526,196,1727]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Conochironomus spp., parts of male genitalia. A, C, E. Anal point and superior volsella; B, D, F Gonostylus. A, B. C. nuengthai sp. n.; C, D. C. sawngthai sp. n.; E, F. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259770/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F), terminating in rounded apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A2C0C8B6FE3CFA78" blockId="6.[151,1436,386,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
FEMALE (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A34FC8B5FE68FB7B" box="[328,404,1181,1206]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
E; 2D) (n = 1). Body length c 
<quantity id="783160B4FF8F5F49A0F1C8B5FCADFB78" box="[758,849,1181,1206]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
. Antenna: flagellomeres 1–4 500 µm, terminal (5th) 300 µm; AR 0.6. Thoracic setation: ac absent, dc 7, pa 3, sct 6. Wing length 3.0 mm, numbers of setae on wing veins R 34, R1 34, R4+5 40, on sq 14. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A0ABC8CDFD0BFB33" box="[684,759,1253,1278]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
E; 2D). Notum thin, long, extending full length of segment, flared posteriorly prior to short rami. Seminal capsules oval, abruptly darkened in distal 1/3 to base of very short neck; spermathecal ducts straight, broad, ending separately. Gonapophysis VIII in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A6FBC918FAB6FA85" box="[1276,1354,1328,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[256,1323,197,1162]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[256,1331,195,1162]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Conochironomus tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa). A, B. Male habitus in dark-field and bright-field illumination (B lacking fore tarsomeres); C. Apex of mid tibia; D. Male genitalia, dorsal view; E. Part of female genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259768/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
E, 2D) clearly divided into large, quadrate, densely chaetose dorsomesal lobe and slightly smaller, rectangular ventrolateral lobe bearing spine-like chaetae on its median submargin, otherwise essentially bare. Cerci elongate rectangular in dorsal view.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A2C0C9E9FBBFFA30" blockId="6.[151,1436,386,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
PUPA (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A327C9E8FE8FFA15" box="[288,371,1472,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[221,1379,206,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[210,1389,196,1852]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Conochironomus spp., pupa. A, B. Cephalic tubercles; C. Scutal tubercle; D. Antepronotum; E, F. Posterolateral corner of abdominal segment VIII, ventral). A, C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa); B, D, F. C. ‘ Thai’ sp. indet.; E. C. ‘ Nee Soon’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259771/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A,C; 5A–C), based on tentatively associated exuviae (n = 1). Length c. 
<quantity id="783160B4FF8F5F49A6D7C9E8FAE4FA15" box="[1232,1304,1472,1496]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="321" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
, pale, with brownish margins to thoracic appendages, abdominal segment apophyses indistinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8F5F49A2C0CA20FEB2F97C" blockId="6.[151,1436,386,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">
Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercle (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A050CA20FD61F9ED" box="[599,669,1544,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[221,1379,206,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[210,1389,196,1852]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Conochironomus spp., pupa. A, B. Cephalic tubercles; C. Scutal tubercle; D. Antepronotum; E, F. Posterolateral corner of abdominal segment VIII, ventral). A, C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa); B, D, F. C. ‘ Thai’ sp. indet.; E. C. ‘ Nee Soon’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259771/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) squat, 12 µm high, with hyaline but strong frontal seta, 50µm. Pedicel sheath with one inner tubercle. Antepronotum dorsally tuberculose, with 1 hyaline dorsal seta; l.apn not visible. Dorsal region of scutum weakly creased, non-rugose; scutal tubercle with tuberculose surface (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF8F5F49A733CA78FA87F9A5" box="[1332,1403,1616,1641]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[221,1379,206,1842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[210,1389,196,1852]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Conochironomus spp., pupa. A, B. Cephalic tubercles; C. Scutal tubercle; D. Antepronotum; E, F. Posterolateral corner of abdominal segment VIII, ventral). A, C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa); B, D, F. C. ‘ Thai’ sp. indet.; E. C. ‘ Nee Soon’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259771/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="321">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C). Thoracic horn hyaline; number of branches not detectable in slide preparation; tracheal bundle simple, ovate. No prealar tubercle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EBB69DD9FF8E5F48A290CB7DFECBF865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="322" targetBox="[221,1379,206,1842]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF8E5F48A290CB7DFECBF865" blockId="7.[151,1436,1877,1960]" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8E5F48A290CB7DFEE8F8A7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1877,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8E5F48A31CCB7DFE35F8A6" box="[283,457,1877,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8E5F48A31CCB7DFE35F8A6" box="[283,457,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., pupa. A, B. Cephalic tubercles; C. Scutal tubercle; D. Antepronotum; E, F. Posterolateral corner of abdominal segment VIII, ventral). A, C. 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF8E5F48A093CB5CFBFAF844" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" box="[660,1030,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8E5F48A093CB5CFCB0F844" box="[660,844,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
(Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
; B, D, F. 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8E5F48A662CB5CFB81F844" box="[1125,1149,1908,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">C.</emphasis>
‘Thai’ sp. indet.; E. 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF8E5F48A74ACB5CFA98F844" box="[1357,1380,1908,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="322">C.</emphasis>
‘Nee Soon’ sp. indet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EBB69DD9FF815F47A290CB07FD0CF86C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" targetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF815F47A290CB07FD0CF86C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1839,1953]" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A290CB07FEE9F889" bold="true" box="[151,277,1839,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF815F47A319CB07FE37F888" box="[286,459,1839,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A319CB07FE37F888" box="[286,459,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., immature stages. A–C. 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF815F47A103CB18FB7CF888" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" box="[772,1152,1839,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A103CB18FC43F888" box="[772,959,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
(Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
, pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII–IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF815F47A6E9CB65FA67F8AE" box="[1262,1435,1869,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A6E9CB65FA67F8AE" box="[1262,1435,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF815F47A3AACB45FD94F84F" box="[429,616,1900,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A3AACB45FD94F84F" box="[429,616,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E. Antenna, 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A0FACB45FCE9F84F" box="[765,789,1901,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">C.</emphasis>
‘Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF815F47A783CB45FECEF86C" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A783CB45FECEF86C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; G. Mentum (part), 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF815F47A3FBCBA4FDE8F86C" box="[508,532,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="323">C.</emphasis>
‘Mae Ping’ sp. indet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EBB69DD9FF805F46A290CB97FC94F839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259773/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="324" targetBox="[199,1384,180,1940]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF805F46A290CB97FC94F839" blockId="9.[151,1436,1983,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF805F46A290CB97FEEFF819" bold="true" box="[151,275,1983,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF805F46A31CCB97FE34F818" box="[283,456,1983,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF805F46A31CCB97FE34F818" box="[283,456,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="324">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spec. indet., unassociated larvae. A. Antenna, whole; B. Antenna, mid-section; C. Mentum and ventromental plate; D. Mandible; E. Labrum-epipharynx, premandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0CCBFFA82FE65" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">
Abdomen. Tergal armament as in 
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A044CCBFFD78FF7D" box="[579,644,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A. Segments I and II without spinules. Hook row comprising 55 hooks in uniserial row, extending c. 60% of width of tergite II. Tergite III with wide and deep area of spinules, this area smaller and ending more anteriorly on T IV and V, T VI with anterior transverse band only, T VII without spinules; T VIII with antero-medial transverse patch, T IX with wide patch of spinules. Conjunctives bare. Most sternites bare, S VII and VIII with large quadrate area of spinules (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A120CD0DFC90FEF3" box="[807,876,293,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B). Caudolateral corner of segment VIII ventrally with 4–5 transversely aligned, basally fused, straight spines (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A142CD61FC74FEAF" box="[837,904,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C). Pedes spurii B strong on segment II, absent on III. Pedes spurii A (vortices) absent. Segments V–VIII with 0, 0, 2, 5 taeniate lateral setae. Anal lobe dorsally with broad spinulose area (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A3C2CDB8FDFBFE64" box="[453,519,400,425]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A, B) with multiserial fringe of c. 100 taeniae (not shown), without dorsal seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0CD9CFCAAFE22" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">
LARVA (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A333CD9BFE80FE01" box="[308,380,435,460]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, D, F; 6A–E) (n = 4). Conforms to generic diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A1FACD9CFAFBFE01" author="Cranston" box="[1021,1287,435,460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and closely resembles Australian 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A38ECDF0FDC5FE3D" box="[393,569,471,496]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australiensis">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A38ECDF0FDC5FE3D" box="[393,569,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">C. australiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Body length c. 
<quantity id="783160B4FF835F45A0F5CDFFFCAEFE22" box="[754,850,471,495]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0CDD2FD3DFBEA" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">
Head capsule with dark postoccipital margin; most of postmentum and posterior 1/3 of head darkened, anteriorly paler yellow-brown. Eye double, with larger spot exactly dorsal to smaller ventral spot. Body red, claws golden to golden brown (posterior). Head capsule length c. 490–530, postmentum length 164–180. Dorsal head and frontoclypeal apotome as in 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A3D9CE4DFCA8FDB3" author="Cranston" box="[478,852,613,638]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="h">Cranston &amp; Hare (1995: fig. 7h)</bibRefCitation>
; Antenna (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A1D5CE4DFBEAFDB3" box="[978,1046,613,638]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D; 
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: fig 7e) with segment lengths (base to apex): 68–75; 13–15; 18–22; 8–12; 5–7. AR 0.9–1.2; Lauterborn organs large, alternate, 8–9 long; style slender, 10 long; blade 78–82 long, extending to apical segment or slightly beyond. Mandible (identical to 
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A39CCEE7FE23FD25" box="[411,479,719,744]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[199,1384,180,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[194,1390,170,1945]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Conochironomus spec. indet., unassociated larvae. A. Antenna, whole; B. Antenna, mid-section; C. Mentum and ventromental plate; D. Mandible; E. Labrum-epipharynx, premandible." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259773/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D; 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A005CEF8FCF5FD25" author="Cranston" box="[514,777,719,744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7f) 155–165, with somewhat darkened outer tooth as long as dark apical tooth; two dark inner teeth; mola includes small darkened distal area close to base of long, simple seta subdentalis. Labrum (as in 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A055CF3FFCA4FCE2" author="Cranston" box="[594,856,790,815]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 
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) with SI setae arising from common, fused bases (illustrated but not stated in 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A022CF12FCD3FC9F" author="Cranston" box="[549,815,825,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995</bibRefCitation>
); SI and SII finely plumose; pecten epipharyngis of 3 separated scales, each with 2–3 blunt teeth; premandible 87–92, with 3 well-developed teeth and small basal 4th tooth. Mentum (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A354CFA8FE64FC54" box="[339,408,896,921]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F; 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A3BECFA9FD39FC54" author="Cranston" box="[441,709,896,921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7a–d) total width 130–152, with 4 median (ventromental) teeth, varying in relative height of median pair of teeth (
<specimenCount id="A9CF06D8FF835F45A11FCF8DFC6AFC70" box="[792,918,932,957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
has only 3 teeth; 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A666CF8CFAB8FC70" author="Pramual" box="[1121,1348,932,957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Pramual, P., Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J. (2016) Identification and reassessment of the specific status of some tropical freshwater midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) using DNA barcode data. Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 39 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pramual 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A6C1CF8DFB03FC70" box="[1222,1279,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4), and varying in pigment intensity from yellow-brown to as dark as lateral (dorsomental) teeth. Ventromental plate (
<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF835F45A298CFC3FF18FBC9" box="[159,228,1003,1028]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[184,1424,185,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[175,1432,169,1800]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Conochironomus spp., immature stages. A – C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi &amp; Sasa), pupal abdomen (anal lobe taeniae omitted): A. Dorsal view; B. Segments VII – IX, ventral; C. Posterolateral corner of VIII, ventral. D-G. Conochironomus spp., Larvae. D. Antenna, C. tobaterdecimus; E. Antenna, C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet.; F. Mentum and ventromental plate, C. tobaterdecimus; G. Mentum (part), C. ‘ Mae Ping’ sp. indet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259772/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F) 62–65 apart medially, single plate 162–178 long, with characteristic ultrastructure (
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A6D4CFC3FED4FBEA" author="Cranston" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Cranston &amp; Hare 1995: fig. 7b</bibRefCitation>
) and variably wavy anterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0C81AFF1AFBA2" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Abdomen. Anterior parapod claws simple, forming dense cluster. Procercus and supraanal setae pale-mid brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF835F45A2C0C852FB42F91E" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0C852FAE8FAEE" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A2C0C852FEC7FB5E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1146,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Remarks.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="607273F3FF835F45A34BC853FE78FB5E" box="[332,388,1147,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A02AC852FC7AFB5E" box="[557,902,1146,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A02AC852FC7AFB5E" box="[557,902,1146,1171]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Sumatendipes tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not examined. Recognition, including membership of 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A340C8B6FDFBFB7A" box="[327,519,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A340C8B6FDFBFB7A" box="[327,519,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is based on the description and drawings of 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A603C8B6FAF6FB7A" author="Kikuchi" box="[1028,1290,1182,1207]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Kikuchi, M. &amp; Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 41, 291 - 329." type="journal article" year="1990">Kikuchi &amp; Sasa (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, plus images of the 
<typeStatus id="607273F3FF835F45A2E8C8EAFEADFB16" box="[239,337,1218,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male genitalia available at http://www. 
<typeStatus id="607273F3FF835F45A137C8EAFC9DFB16" box="[816,865,1218,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">type</typeStatus>
.kahaku.go.jp/TypeDB (species name misspelled 'tobaterdecumus'). The anal point of the 
<typeStatus id="607273F3FF835F45A05CC8CFFD77FB32" box="[603,651,1255,1279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">type</typeStatus>
appears to differ in shape from Singaporean males, but this may arise from the poor preparation and distortion of the specimen (as too often in material from Sasa’s studies).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF835F45A2C0C906FB42F91E" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1747]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">
Identical DNA barcoding 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A3FCC907FDD7FA8B" box="[507,555,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">COI</emphasis>
sequences allow association of an adult male and female from 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF835F45A72DC906FA60FA8A" box="[1322,1436,1326,1351]" name="Singapore" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(above). Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A376C97AFDCDFAA6" box="[369,561,1362,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A376C97AFDCDFAA6" box="[369,561,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Conochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from Nee Soon (
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF835F45A163C97AFC25FAA6" box="[868,985,1362,1387]" name="Singapore" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Singapore</collectingCountry>
) provided no DNA capable of allowing further association; thus, larvae (and pupae) are associated only putatively with 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A608C95FFB27FA42" box="[1039,1243,1398,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A608C95FFB27FA42" box="[1039,1243,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Later five larval specimens (CP461 from Bedok reservoir; CP1136, 1137, 1716, 1245 from Upper Seletar Reservoir) yielded barcodes identical to 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A380C997FDA8FA1A" box="[391,596,1470,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A380C997FDA8FA1A" box="[391,596,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GenBank accessions 
<accessionNumber id="A09A50B2FF835F45A154C996FC2FFA1A" box="[851,979,1470,1495]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KU507299" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">KU507299</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="A09A50B2FF835F45A1D9C996FB9DFA1A" box="[990,1121,1470,1495]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KU507301" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">KU507301</accessionNumber>
-3, 
<accessionNumber id="A09A50B2FF835F45A686C996FAFCFA1A" box="[1153,1280,1470,1495]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KU507305" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">KU507305</accessionNumber>
, respectively) but have not been examined by the author. Two larvae sequenced for barcode 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A639C9CBFB92FA37" box="[1086,1134,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">COI</emphasis>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A6A5C9CAFA6BFA36" author="Pramual" box="[1186,1431,1506,1531]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Pramual, P., Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J. (2016) Identification and reassessment of the specific status of some tropical freshwater midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) using DNA barcode data. Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 39 - 60. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pramual 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A70CC9CBFAB4FA36" box="[1291,1352,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
(2016
</bibRefCitation>
, GenBank codes 
<accessionNumber id="A09A50B2FF835F45A35DCA2FFE2FF9D2" box="[346,467,1543,1567]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KT213039" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">KT213039</accessionNumber>
and 
<accessionNumber id="A09A50B2FF835F45A011CA2FFD6EF9D2" box="[534,658,1543,1567]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KT213040" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">KT213040</accessionNumber>
) are less than 1.5% different from adult 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A681CA2FFAA5F9D2" box="[1158,1369,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A681CA2FFAA5F9D2" box="[1158,1369,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF835F45A290CA02FEF0F98E" box="[151,268,1578,1603]" name="Singapore" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Singapore</collectingCountry>
. This value lies well within the values of 4–5% taken to reflect species differences in 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A6C8CA03FF00F9AA" authority="Lin et al. 2015" authorityName="Lin et al." authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A6C8CA03FAB5F98F" box="[1231,1353,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A75FCA02FF08F9AA" author="Lin" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Lin, X., Stur, E. &amp; Ekrem, T. (2015) Exploring genetic divergence in a species-rich insect genus using 2790 DNA Barcodes. PLoS ONE, 10 (9), e 0138993. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0138993" type="journal article" year="2015">
Lin 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A78FCA03FF48F9AA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and found appropriate in 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A01BCA67FC7FF9AA" authority="Krosch et al. 2015" authorityName="Krosch et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[540,899,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A01BCA67FD64F9AB" box="[540,664,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Cricotopus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF835F45A0A0CA66FC87F9AA" author="Krosch" box="[679,891,1614,1639]" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" refString="Krosch, M. N., Cranston, P. S., Baker, A. M. &amp; Vink, S. (2015) Molecular data extend Australian Cricotopus midge (Chironomidae) species diversity, and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for biogeography and freshwater monitoring. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 175, 496 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12284" type="journal article" year="2015">
Krosch 
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A107CA67FCC4F9AA" box="[768,824,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; this boundary may have applicability across all 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A290CA5AFECBF946" box="[151,311,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately vouchers were not retained (P. Pramual, pers. comm. 2015) and morphology had to be derived from photographs of menta. However, further specimens from the same locality have been provided for morphometrics and barcoding, confirming association with 
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF835F45A133CA93FBFDF91E" box="[820,1025,1722,1747]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sumatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF835F45A133CA93FBFDF91E" box="[820,1025,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF835F45A642CA92FB46F91E" box="[1093,1210,1722,1747]" name="Singapore" pageId="10" pageNumber="325">Singapore</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>