363 lines
36 KiB
XML
363 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" ID-GBIF-Dataset="752f7715-2b9f-45a4-b9ee-c759bebf3981" ID-PMC="PMC3760134" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-324-1" ID-PubMed="24003317" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-324-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 324" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" checkinTime="1451247026135" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Helgen, Kristofer M., Pinto, C. Miguel, Kays, Roland, Helgen, Lauren E., Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N., Quinn, Aleta, Wilson, Don E. & Maldonado, Jesus E." docDate="2013" docId="C54CCAAC5E6E28AB14D6B222D673E264" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 324: 1-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 324" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" docTitle="Bassaricyon gabbii J. A. Allen 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FF99321FFFDBFFCCFFA0FFB7FFC59601" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1668156320301" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pinto, C. Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kays, Roland</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Lauren E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Quinn, Aleta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Maldonado, Jesus E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>324</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-324-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047247" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C54CCAAC5E6E28AB14D6B222D673E264" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C54CCAAC5E6E28AB14D6B222D673E264" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Bassaricyon_gabbii" authority="J. A. Allen, 1876: 23." class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
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gabbii J. A. Allen, 1876:23.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon richardsoni" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="richardsoni">Bassaricyon richardsoni</taxonomicName>
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J.A. Allen, 1908:662.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon lasius" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasius">Bassaricyon lasius</taxonomicName>
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Harris, 1932:3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon pauli" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauli">Bassaricyon pauli</taxonomicName>
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Enders, 1936:365.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type specimens and localities">
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type specimens and localities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The holotype of gabbii is USNM A14214, an unsexed adult skull (with dimensions, in this sexually dimorphic species, that indicate that the specimen is female). The holotype skull, collected by William Gabb, was figured by
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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. No specific locality other than Costa Rica was given in the original description (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="20 - 23" title="Description of a new generic type (Bassaricyon) of Procyonidae from Costa Rica." volume="28" year="1876">Allen 1876</bibRefCitation>
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), but
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="267 - 268" title="Additional note on Bassaricyon gabbii." volume="29" year="1877">Allen (1877)</bibRefCitation>
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later specified its origin as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Talamanca”">"Talamanca"</normalizedToken>
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(i.e., the Talamanca Mountains of southeastern Costa Rica; see also
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908:667</bibRefCitation>
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). The skin associated with the specimen was lost before the species was described (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="20 - 23" title="Description of a new generic type (Bassaricyon) of Procyonidae from Costa Rica." volume="28" year="1876">Allen 1876</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="267 - 268" title="Additional note on Bassaricyon gabbii." volume="29" year="1877">Allen (1877)</bibRefCitation>
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later incorrectly associated the skin of a coati,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Nasua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nasua narica" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="narica">Nasua narica</taxonomicName>
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, with the holotype skull, but corrected this mistake soon after (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="153 - 174" title="On the coatis (genus Nasua, Storr)." volume="5" year="1879">Allen 1879</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The holotype of richardsoni is AMNH 28486, an adult female (skin and skull), from "Rio Grande (altitude below 1,000 feet), Atlantic Slope", Nicaragua (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908</bibRefCitation>
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). The skull of the type was figured by
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The holotype of lasius is UMMZ 64103, an adult male (skin and skull), from "Estrella de Cartago
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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six to eight miles south of Cartago near the source of the Rio Estrella,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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about 4500 feet", Costa Rica (
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<bibRefCitation author="Harris, WP Jr." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 6" title="Four new mammals from Costa Rica." volume="248" year="1932">Harris 1932</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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The holotype of
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<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">pauli</pageBreakToken>
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is ANSP 17911, an adult male (skin and skull), from "between Rio Chiriqui Viejo and Rio Colorado, on a hill known locally as Cerro Pando, elevation 4800 feet, about ten miles from El Volcan, Province de Chiriqui", Panama (
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<bibRefCitation author="Enders, RK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="365 - 366" title="Bassaricyon pauli, a new species from Panama." volume="88" year="1936">Enders 1936</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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This is the largest olingo, measuring larger than all other taxa in most measurements, and is the most sexually dimorphic species of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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in cranial characters and measurements (Table 3). It can be distinguished externally from other olingo species by its coloration, which is grayish-brown (less rufous than in other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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), with the face usually dominated by gray, the belly fur cream-colored (sometimes washed with orange), and the tail showing a faint banding pattern (Figures 3, 20). Fur length on the dorsum varies noticeably with elevation (longer at higher elevation). The tail is similar in length to the head-body length, averaging shorter relative to total length than in other olingos (Table 5), perhaps an indication of less complete arboreal habits than in other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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(an aspect unfortunately not captured well in our Figure 3).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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Figure 20. Northern Olingo,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
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, in life, in the wild. Photographed at Monteverde, Costa Rica by Greg Basco (left) and Samantha Burke (right).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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The skull is large compared to other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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(Table 3), with the zygomata more widely splayed, particularly in males (Figures 4-5, Table 3), and a wide rostrum. Uniquely in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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, a sagittal crest develops in older males. The cheekteeth and auditory bullae are proportionally quite small compared to the size of the skull, relatively smaller than in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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, and the postpalatal shelf tends to be broadened relative to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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. The canines are more massive than in other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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. The first lower molar (m1) is distinctively shaped relative to other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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, with the paraconid usually situated right at the midpoint of the front of the tooth and often jutting out anteriorly (the m1 paraconid is less prominent and/or situated more antero-medially in other
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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This species occurs in the central portion of Central America, in montane and foothill forests, from northern Nicaragua to Costa Rica and into the Chiriqui Mountains in western Panama, possibly also extending north into Honduras and Guatemala (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reid 2009</bibRefCitation>
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; see below). Northern olingos are recorded at elevations as low as sea level, but are most commonly encountered in forests above 1000 m, and extend elevationally at least as high as 1700 m (USNM 324293), and probably as high as the upper limit of forest on the highest peaks in Costa Rica. Forested areas above 1000 m in Central America can be understood to be the core distribution of this species. Vouchered records are from the north-central mountains of Nicaragua (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908</bibRefCitation>
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, AMNH, USNM); the mountains of Costa Rica, including the slopes stretching down to the Atlantic coast (
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="267 - 268" title="Additional note on Bassaricyon gabbii." volume="29" year="1877">Allen 1877</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Harris, WP Jr." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 6" title="Four new mammals from Costa Rica." volume="248" year="1932">Harris 1932</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Goodwin, GG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="271 - 478" title="Mammals of Costa Rica." volume="87" year="1946">Goodwin 1946</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Wilson 1983</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Timm, RM" journalOrPublisher="North American Fauna" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 162" title="Mammals of La Selva-Braulio Carrillo Complex, Costa Rica." url="10.3996/nafa.75.0001" volume="75" year="1989">Timm et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reid 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Timm and LaVal 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">de la Rosa and Nocke 2000</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Wainwright 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reid 2009</bibRefCitation>
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) and a few records of observations from the Pacific slopes (Puntarenas Province:
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<bibRefCitation author="Daily, G" journalOrPublisher="Conservation Biology" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1814 - 1826" title="Countryside biogeography of Neotropical mammals: conservation opportunities in agricultural landscapes of Costa Rica." url="10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00298.x" volume="17" year="2003">Daily et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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; Guanacaste Province:
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<bibRefCitation author="Gonzalez-Maya, JF" journalOrPublisher="Small Carnivore Conservation" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="37 - 39" title="Range extension and sociality of bushy-tailed olingo Bassaricyon gabbii in Costa Rica." volume="43" year="2010">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="González-Maya">Gonzalez-Maya</normalizedToken>
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and Belant 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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); and in the Chiriqui Mountains of western Panama (
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<bibRefCitation author="Enders, RK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="365 - 366" title="Bassaricyon pauli, a new species from Panama." volume="88" year="1936">Enders 1936</bibRefCitation>
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, ANSP, USNM).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Reid (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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included the Azuero Peninsula of Panama in a distribution map for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we can trace no record from this region and the basis of this record is unclear (F. Reid, R. Samudio, J. Pino, in litt., 2012-2013). The eastern limits of occurrence for this species are not yet firmly established, but the boundary of occurrence between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently lies between 81 and 80 degrees longitude in central Panama. Ours is the first study to document the marked taxonomic distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
of (especially montane) central Mesoamerica, including western Panama, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
of eastern Panama, the Central American member of a group of closely related lowland taxa that also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
(of northern South America west of the Andes) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(of South America east of the Andes). The nature of the interactions between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
at this boundary (whether involving, e.g., parapatry, sympatric overlap, or limited hybridization) is unknown and a priority for field study (see Figures 11-12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
There are unverified records of olingos occurring north of Nicaragua, in Honduras and Guatemala, and these records may represent
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ordonez Garza, N" journalOrPublisher="Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="114 - 116" title=". Amplicacion del area de distribucion de Bassaricyon gabbii J. A. Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae) en el norte de America Central." volume="4" year="1999 - 2000">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ordóñez">Ordonez</normalizedToken>
|
||
Garza et al. (1999-2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a night sighting of an olingo in Honduras at "La Picucha,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Montaña">Montana</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Babilonia, 1380 m, Parque Nacional Sierra de Agalta, Departamento de Olancho" and discussed a museum specimen of an olingo (later apparently lost) obtained from hunters in Guatemala near the Honduras border at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Montaña">"Montana</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cerro Negro Norte
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bobos
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
||
300-500 m" in the Sierra del
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Merendón">Merendon</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Departamento de Izabal" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ordonez Garza, N" journalOrPublisher="Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="114 - 116" title=". Amplicacion del area de distribucion de Bassaricyon gabbii J. A. Allen, 1876 (Carnivora: Procyonidae) en el norte de America Central." volume="4" year="1999 - 2000">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ordóñez">Ordonez</normalizedToken>
|
||
Garza et al. 1999-2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
McCarthy and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neither of these localities is immediately adjacent to large contiguous areas of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrence as predicted by our range modeling analyses (Figure 11), but both areas could represent relevant habitats for the Northern Olingo, and verifying the occurrence of olingo populations in Honduras or Guatemala should be considered an important goal in Mesoamerican mammalogy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="geographic variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Geographic variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The nominal taxa richardsoni, lasius, and pauli, synonymized here with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were all originally diagnosed based on distinctions in pelage coloration and fur length, in small samples (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, WP Jr." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 6" title="Four new mammals from Costa Rica." volume="248" year="1932">Harris 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Enders, RK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="365 - 366" title="Bassaricyon pauli, a new species from Panama." volume="88" year="1936">Enders 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and their taxonomic status has never been closely reviewed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Specimens from northern Nicaragua have fur that is slightly more suffused with orange tones than animals from Costa Rica or western Panama. Nicaraguan populations may deserve recognition as a distinct subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii subsp. richardsoni" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gabbii" subSpecies="richardsoni">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
|
||
gabbii richardsoni
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as sometimes classified (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Goodwin, GG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="271 - 478" title="Mammals of Costa Rica." volume="87" year="1946">Goodwin 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but specimens from Nicaragua are too rare in collections for a detailed assessment, and Nicaraguan animals are otherwise very similar to specimens from Costa Rica and Panama. A young adult female specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Almirante in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panama’s">Panama's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bocas del Toro Province (USNM 316320) is one of few low-elevation records for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is notable in having much smaller teeth than specimens from higher-elevation forests in the adjacent Chiriqui Mountains, and deserves close study in the future. We have carefully examined the type series of the nominal taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon lasius" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lasius">Bassaricyon lasius</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon pauli" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauli">Bassaricyon pauli</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the morphological attributes of which clearly fall into the range of variation seen in series we refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We confidently relegate these names, often previously recognized as distinct species known only from the type localities (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nowak 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Wozencraft 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), to the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although we note that the only specimen of gabbii that we have seen from the area of the type locality, the Talamanca Range, is the holotype, which is an adult with worn teeth and no accompanying skin. Without further investigation, ideally involving the compilation and study of greater number of museum specimens from throughout the range of this species, we do not yet advocate recognizing subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though we note that names are available for several of the major sections of the Middle American Highlands (Cordillera de Talamanca: gabbii, Chiriqui: pauli, Cordillera Central: lasius, Nicaraguan Highlands: richardsoni).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
This is the olingo speciesmost commonly seen and photographed by visitors to the Neotropics, especially because it is present at Monteverde and several other protected areas in Costa Rica that are frequently visited by both tourists and biologists (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Forsyth 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kays 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Reid 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is larger, more sexually dimorphic, and has a shorter tail than other olingo species, suggesting a different ecology and behavior compared to the slightly better studied
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see accounts below).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported feeding on fruit and nectar in rainforest trees, but no details have been published on its diet. Olingos in Monteverde, Costa Rica, are often seen during the day, typically as solitary animals; it is unclear if diurnal activity is typical for the species or if this is in response to being fed by humans at the tourist lodge (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Reid 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kays 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Relevant field notes associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: "fruit in stomach" (ANSP 18851); "shot in fruit tree at night" (ANSP 18852);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lactating”">"lactating"</normalizedToken>
|
||
on 4 June 1937 (ANSP 18894); "shot at 8:00 pm in small trees" (ANSP 17911); mother with accompanying young on 20 August 1909 (AMNH 30748).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Costa Rica: AMNH 140334, LACM 26480, 64837, UMMZ 64103 (holotype of lasius), 112321, 112322, USNM A14214 (holotype of gabbii). Nicaragua: AMNH 28486 (holotype of richardsoni), 30748, 30749, USNM 337632, 338859. Panama: AMNH 147772, ANSP 17911 (holotype of pauli), 18850, 18851, 18852, 18893, 18894, BMNH 3.12.6.3, 5.5.4.5, KU 165554, MCZ 38506, TCWC 12941, USNM 316230, 324293, 324294, 516945, 516946.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |