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<mods:title id="E1CC3596605D8F26F987B934398F794E">Taxonomy and Natural History of the Crematogaster (Decacrema) - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A8BC66589660C" blockId="16.[151,508,487,548]" box="[151,508,487,513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="B648CA3C0D11FFF7FF7A8BC66589660C" bold="true" box="[151,508,487,513]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8BC66589660C" bold="true" box="[151,508,487,513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A8BC665FE660C" ID-CoL="ZBPQ" box="[151,395,487,513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8BC665FE660C" bold="true" box="[151,395,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A882B655C6629" blockId="16.[151,508,487,548]" box="[151,297,522,548]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
(
<figureCitation id="758461D50D11FFF7FF72882B65576629" box="[159,290,522,548]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStart-1="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId-0="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionStartId-1="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetBox-1="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId-0="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetId-1="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId-0="31" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionText-0="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." captionText-1="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 44–53</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A88716648666A" ID-CoL="ZBPQ" authority="Forel, 1887:387" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="387" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,573,592,615]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8871650C666A" box="[151,377,592,615]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster hova</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FE6588716648666A" author="Forel" box="[392,573,592,615]" page="387" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FE658871667A666A" author="Forel" box="[392,527,592,615]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1887) Fourmis recoltees a Madagascar par le Dr. Conrad Keller. Mitteilungen der Schweizer Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 7, 381 - 389." type="journal article" year="1887">Forel, 1887</bibRefCitation>
:387
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</taxonomicName>
. Worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FD4288716779666A" box="[687,780,592,615]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
from 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FCB388716796666A" box="[862,995,592,615]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
: Bois de l’Ivondro près de Tamatave (Dr.C.Keller) [MHNG, examined;]. One worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FD2088516755668A" box="[717,800,624,647]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(CASENT0101804, top specimen of 3w on one pin, image on Antweb
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FED188AE653066AA" bold="true" box="[316,325,655,679]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">)</emphasis>
hereby designated the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FDD688AE66AA66AA" box="[571,735,655,679]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FDD688AE66AA66AA" bold="true" box="[571,735,655,679]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">LECTOTYPE</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A889167CA66CA" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" box="[151,959,688,711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A8891662366CA" ID-CoL="ZBPQ" authority="Forel, Forel,1910b:9" authorityName="Forel, Forel" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,598,688,711]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8891650566CA" box="[151,368,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster hova</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FE9B8891662366CA" author="Forel" box="[374,598,688,711]" page="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FE9B8891663066CA" author="Forel" box="[374,581,688,711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1910 b) Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt in den Jahren 1903 - 1905 von Dr. Leonhard Schultze. Vierter Band. Systematik und Tiergeographie. D) Formicidae. Denkschriften der Medizinsch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Jena, 16, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="b">Forel, Forel,1910b</bibRefCitation>
:9
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Combination in 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FCE0889167CD66CA" box="[781,952,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
C. (
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FCD9889167C566CA" box="[820,944,688,711]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decacrema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Decacrema</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A88F16117670A" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CDAF5A7E0D11FFF7FF7A88F16117670A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A88F164DC66EA" box="[151,169,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF5A88F166B166EA" ID-CoL="5GNR5" authority="Forel, 1892:535" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="535" authorityYear="1892" box="[183,708,720,743]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hova" subSpecies="latinoda">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF5A88F1667566EA" box="[183,512,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster hova latinoda</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FDE388F166B166EA" author="Forel" box="[526,708,720,743]" page="535" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1892">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FDE388F166E066EA" author="Forel" box="[526,661,720,743]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1892) Nouvelles especes de formicides de Madagascar (Recoltees par M. Sikora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 36, 516 - 535." type="journal article" year="1892">Forel, 1892</bibRefCitation>
:535
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FCD988F167E466EA" box="[820,913,720,743]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
from 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FC0F88F1601066EA" box="[994,1125,720,743]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, Mangoroufer, Est 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FAA488F16549670A" ID-CoL="92CDL" authority="M.Sikora" authorityName="M.Sikora" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Imerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Imerina (M.Sikora)</taxonomicName>
[MHNG, examined]; 
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FDCB88D1677A670A" author="Wheeler" box="[550,783,752,775]" page="1026" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FDCB88D166A1670A" author="Wheeler" box="[550,724,752,775]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 1005 - 1055." type="journal article" year="1922" yearSuffix="b">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
:1026
</treatmentCitation>
. Combination in 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC2A88D167AA670A" box="[967,991,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC0288D1600C670A" box="[1007,1145,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FC0288D16018670A" box="[1007,1133,752,775]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decacrema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Decacrema</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FB9288CE6117670A" bold="true" box="[1151,1378,751,775]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">NEW SYNONYMY</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A8931602E676A" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CDAF5A7E0D11FFF7FF7A8931602E676A" infered="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A89316636672A" authority="Forel,1891:182" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="182" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,579,784,807]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schenki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A893165E4672A" box="[151,401,784,807]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster schenki</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FE7189316636672A" author="Forel" box="[412,579,784,807]" page="182" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1891">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FE7189316660672A" author="Forel" box="[412,533,784,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: A. Grandidier (Ed), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, p. 1 - 280." type="book chapter" year="1891">Forel,1891</bibRefCitation>
:182
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Workers 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FD5889316767672A" box="[693,786,784,807]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
from 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FCB189316794672A" box="[860,993,784,807]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
: Imerina: Antananarivo, Andrangoloaka (Rév. Père Camboué, Hildebrandt, Sikora) [MHNG, examined]. One worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FBDA891160FF674A" box="[1079,1162,816,839]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(CASENT0101748, top specimen of 2w on one pin, image on Antweb
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FD5F896E66CE676A" bold="true" box="[690,699,847,871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">)</emphasis>
hereby designated the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FC5D896E6021676A" box="[944,1108,847,871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC5D896E6021676A" bold="true" box="[944,1108,847,871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">LECTOTYPE</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A895160CD678A" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" box="[151,1208,880,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CDAF5A7E0D11FFF7FF7A895160CD678A" box="[151,1208,880,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A8951660E678A" authority="Forel, Forel,1910a:18" authorityName="Forel, Forel" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,635,880,903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schenki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A895165F9678A" box="[151,396,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster schenki</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FE7E8951660E678A" author="Forel" box="[403,635,880,903]" page="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FE7E8951662B678A" author="Forel" box="[403,606,880,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1910 a) Glanures myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 54, 6 - 32." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Forel, Forel,1910a</bibRefCitation>
:18
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FD438951673A678A" author="Forel" box="[686,847,880,903]" page="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FD438951674B678A" author="Forel" box="[686,830,880,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1910 b) Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Sudafrika ausgefuhrt in den Jahren 1903 - 1905 von Dr. Leonhard Schultze. Vierter Band. Systematik und Tiergeographie. D) Formicidae. Denkschriften der Medizinsch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Jena, 16, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="b">Forel, 1910b</bibRefCitation>
:9
</treatmentCitation>
. Combination in 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FBEB895160C4678A" box="[1030,1201,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
C. (
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FBC0895160DC678A" box="[1069,1193,880,903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decacrema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Decacrema</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A89B1671B67AA" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" box="[151,878,912,935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CDAF5A7E0D11FFF7FF7A89B1671B67AA" box="[151,878,912,935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A89B165ED67AA" ID-CoL="ZBVF" box="[151,408,912,935]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A89B165ED67AA" box="[151,408,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as justified emendation, 
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FD4989B1671F67AA" author="Emery" box="[676,874,912,935]" page="138" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1922">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FD4989B1674867AA" author="Emery" box="[676,829,912,935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Emery, C. (1922) Hymenoptera, fam. Formicidae, subfam. Myrmicinae. In: Genera Insectorum 174 B, pp. 95 - 206." type="journal article" year="1922" yearSuffix="c">Emery, 1922c</bibRefCitation>
:138
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A899166B0600A" blockId="16.[151,1436,592,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CDAF5A7E0D11FFF7FF7A899166B0600A" infered="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D11FFF7FF7A8991669467CA" ID-CoL="ZBNK" authority="Forel,1910a:18" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,737,944,967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera" subGenus="Decacrema">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8991664567CA" box="[151,560,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Crematogaster (Decacrema) ensifera</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="6C1E5B410D11FFF7FDD18991669467CA" author="Forel" box="[572,737,944,967]" page="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D11FFF7FDD1899166B067CA" author="Forel" box="[572,709,944,967]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Forel, A. (1910 a) Glanures myrmecologiques. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 54, 6 - 32." type="journal article" year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Forel,1910a</bibRefCitation>
:18
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FCA0899167DF67CA" box="[845,938,944,967]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
from 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FC1A8991600967CA" box="[1015,1148,944,967]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
: Forêts vierge de Sahana [MHNG, examined]. One worker 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FDA589F166EE67EA" box="[584,667,976,999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(CASENT0101790, middle specimen of 3w on one pin, image on Antweb
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FEF689CE6551600A" bold="true" box="[283,292,1007,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">)</emphasis>
hereby designated the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D11FFF7FDF789CE66CB600A" box="[538,702,1007,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="lectotype">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FDF789CE66CB600A" bold="true" box="[538,702,1007,1031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">LECTOTYPE</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A52EDB0D11FFF5FF7A8E0E67AF64DA" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF7FF7A8E0E61FA6339" blockId="16.[151,1438,1071,2031]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8E0E65D86044" bold="true" box="[151,429,1071,1097]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FE2B8E11666F6047" box="[454,538,1072,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">BBBC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FDC28E1166F46047" box="[559,641,1072,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CASC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FD7A8E1166986047" box="[663,749,1072,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">PSWC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FCEF8E1167156047" box="[770,864,1072,1098]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MHNG</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FC998E1167A76047" box="[884,978,1072,1098]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1d5a-4efs" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">NHMB</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FC0A8E1160376047" box="[999,1090,1072,1098]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ZMBH</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="8BAEE5950D11FFF7FBBA8E1160E26047" box="[1111,1175,1072,1098]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ZSM</collectionCode>
) 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FB428E1161E46047" box="[1199,1425,1072,1098]" name="Madagascar" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
: 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FF7A8E74655A6063" box="[151,303,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Antsiranana</emphasis>
: Sakalava Beach: -12.26278, 49.39750, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FCC48E74672A6062" box="[809,863,1109,1135]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="10.0">10m</quantity>
(R. Harin'Hala); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FBD78E7460056062" box="[1082,1136,1109,1135]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
W of Sakalava beach: - 12.28617, 49.36667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE7F8E5B65B36099" box="[402,454,1146,1172]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="40.0">40m</quantity>
(R. Harin'Hala); Montaigne Français: -12.32500, 49.33333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FB7E8E5B60A36099" box="[1171,1238,1146,1172]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="150.0">150m</quantity>
(R. Harin'Hala); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FF7A8E8164B960B7" box="[151,204,1184,1210]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
SW Ambohitra [Joffreville]: -12.53330, 49.16670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FCD38E8167E560B7" box="[830,912,1184,1210]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FBC68E81601D60B7" box="[1067,1128,1184,1210]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
N Joffreville: -12.33333, 49.25000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FEF98EE4652260D2" box="[276,343,1221,1247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="360.0">360m</quantity>
(R. Harin'Hala); R.S. Ambre:-12.46889, 49.24217, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC508EE4678A60D2" box="[957,1023,1221,1247]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="325.0">325m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FB7A8EE460A760D3" box="[1175,1234,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Montagne d’Ambre: -12.53444, 49.17950, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FDFA8ECB662B6109" box="[535,606,1258,1284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="925.0">925m</quantity>
; -12.51444, 49.18139, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC9D8ECB67C36109" box="[880,950,1258,1284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="960.0">960m</quantity>
; -12.51667, 49.18333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FB248ECB61656109" box="[1225,1296,1258,1284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="975.0">975m</quantity>
; -12.58132, 49.13368, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FEF08F3165016127" box="[285,372,1296,1322]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1110.0">1110m</quantity>
; -12.52028, 49.17917, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD758F3166846127" box="[664,753,1296,1322]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1125.0">1125m</quantity>
; -12.58500, 49.15147, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FBF98F31601F6127" box="[1044,1130,1296,1322]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FAE18F3161396124" box="[1292,1356,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Montagne d’Ambre: -12.51670, 49.16670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD4F8F1466806142" box="[674,757,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
(D.M.Olson); R.S. Manongarivo: -13.93145, 48.45143, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FF7A8F7B64AA6179" box="[151,223,1370,1396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="360.0">360m</quantity>
; -13.96167, 48.43333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE1A8F7B66356179" box="[503,576,1370,1396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="400.0">400m</quantity>
; -13.97667, 48.42333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FCBA8F7B67EA6179" box="[855,927,1370,1396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="780.0">780m</quantity>
; -13.99833, 48.42833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FB5A8F7B61786179" box="[1207,1293,1370,1396]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1175.0">1175m</quantity>
; -14.02167, 48.41833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FEF98FA1651C6197" box="[276,361,1408,1434]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1580.0">1580m</quantity>
; -14.04667, 48.40167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD978FA166BE6197" box="[634,715,1408,1434]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1860.0">1860m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC8F8FA167E86194" box="[866,925,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); R.S. Manongarivo: -13.93145, 48.45183, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FF7A8F84649161B2" box="[151,228,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="360.0">360m</quantity>
; -13.93153, 48.45213, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FDF58F84661361B2" box="[536,614,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="370.0">370m</quantity>
; -13.93188, 48.4492333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC578F84607D61B2" box="[954,1032,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="470.0">470m</quantity>
; -13.93155, 48.449333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAA68F8461EC61B2" box="[1355,1433,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="520.0">520m</quantity>
; (B.B.Blaimer); Ampasindava, Ambilanivy: -13.79861, 48.16167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC728FEB679761E9" box="[927,994,1482,1508]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="600.0">600m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FB948FEA60C161E9" box="[1145,1204,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); F Andavakoera: - 13.11833, 49.23000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE7E8FD165A36207" box="[403,470,1520,1546]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="425.0">425m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FD828FD166DE6204" box="[623,683,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); F Antsahabe: -13.21167, 49.55667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FB9F8FD160C06207" box="[1138,1205,1520,1546]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="550.0">550m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FAA38FD161FF6204" box="[1358,1418,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); Rés. Analamerana: -12.80467, 49.37383, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD678C3466B86222" box="[650,717,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="225.0">225m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC8A8C3467D66223" box="[871,931,1557,1582]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); F Binara: -13.25500, 49.61667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAD38C3461F06222" box="[1342,1413,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="375.0">375m</quantity>
; - 13.26333, 49.60333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE7A8C1B66606259" box="[407,533,1594,1620]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="725.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="650.0">650-800m</quantity>
; -13.26333, 49.60000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FCC18C1B670B6259" box="[812,894,1594,1620]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FBF48C1A60236259" box="[1049,1110,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); Montagne d’Akirindro: - 15.28833, 49.54833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE458C41659A6277" box="[424,495,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="600.0">600m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FD798C4166A36274" box="[660,726,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD1E8C4167386277" box="[755,845,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="6.9">6.9 km</quantity>
NE Ambanizana: -15.56667, 50.00000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAB88C4161E96277" box="[1365,1436,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="825.0">825m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FECB8CA465146293" box="[294,353,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D11FFF7FE978CA465CD6292" box="[378,440,1669,1695]" name="Iceland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nosy</collectingCountry>
Mangabe: -15.5000, 49.7667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FCC98CA467126292" box="[804,871,1669,1695]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="300.0">300m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); Rés. Anjanaharibe-Sud: -14.75000, 49.50000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FEFB8C8B652962C9" box="[278,348,1706,1732]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="875.0">875m</quantity>
; -14.75000, 49.46667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD9C8C8B677E62C9" box="[625,779,1706,1732]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" metricValueMax="1.28" metricValueMin="1.18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1230.0" valueMax="1280.0" valueMin="1180.0">1180-1280m</quantity>
; -14.75000, 49.45000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FBF38C8B60C062C9" box="[1054,1205,1706,1732]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5325" metricValueMax="1.585" metricValueMin="1.48" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1532.5" valueMax="1585.0" valueMin="1480.0">1480-1585m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FAA38C8A61FF62C9" box="[1358,1418,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); Montagne d’Anjanaharibe: -15.18833, 49.61500, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD078CF1670762E7" box="[746,882,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="785.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="470.0">470-1100m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FBE18CF1603C62E4" box="[1036,1097,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Marojejy: -14.43333, 49.78333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FEFB8CD4652B6302" box="[278,350,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="450.0">450m</quantity>
; -14.43817, 49.77400, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD998CD466C96302" box="[628,700,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="488.0">488m</quantity>
; -14.43500, 49.76000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC3C8CD4606C6302" box="[977,1049,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="775.0">775m</quantity>
; -14.44333, 49.74333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAC28CD461F06302" box="[1327,1413,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.325" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1325.0">1325m</quantity>
; - 14.44500, 49.74167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE7D8D3B65906339" box="[400,485,1818,1844]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1575.0">1575m</quantity>
; -14.44500, 49.73500, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD198D3B67306339" box="[756,837,1818,1844]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FC368D3A60606339" box="[987,1045,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Marojejy [Manantenina]:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D11FFF5FF7A8D6167AF64DA" blockId="16.[151,1438,1071,2031]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
-14.43667, 49.77500, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FE748D6165AA6357" box="[409,479,1856,1882]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="450.0">450m</quantity>
; -14.43333, 49.76667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FD018D6167466357" box="[748,819,1856,1882]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="750.0">750m</quantity>
; -14.43333, 49.75000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FBAD8D6160E06357" box="[1088,1173,1856,1882]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1225.0">1225m</quantity>
; -14.45000, 49.73333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FF7A8D44649C6372" box="[151,233,1893,1919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1875.0">1875m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FE698D4465B76373" box="[388,450,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); F Betaolana: -14.52996, 49.44039, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC658D4467B86372" box="[904,973,1893,1919]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="880.0">880m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FB8A8D4460D16373" box="[1127,1188,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FB528D4461116373" box="[1215,1380,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Antananarivo</emphasis>
: NE Andranomay: -18.47333, 47.96000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FDAF8DAB66E163A9" box="[578,660,1930,1956]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FCC78DAA671163A9" box="[810,868,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); F Analamazoatra: -18.38466, 48.41270, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAB48DAB61E963A9" box="[1369,1436,1930,1956]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="980.0">980m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FED88D91650D63C4" box="[309,376,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); R.S. Ambohitantely: -18.19800, 47.28150, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC268D91606263C7" box="[971,1047,1968,1994]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="700.0">700m</quantity>
; -18.22528, 47.28683, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAA88D9161E963C7" box="[1349,1436,1968,1994]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1410.0">1410m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D11FFF7FEDD8DF4650563E3" box="[304,368,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
); R.S. Ambohitantely: -18.21656, 47.28275, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FC408DF4607263E2" box="[941,1031,2005,2031]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1520.0">1520m</quantity>
; -18.21722, 47.28470, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D11FFF7FAC78DF461F163E2" box="[1322,1412,2005,2031]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550m</quantity>
; - 18.19473, 47.28642, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE718AB9658064BF" box="[412,501,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1560.0">1560m</quantity>
; -18.19442, 47.28623, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCFF8AB9671E64BF" box="[786,875,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.59" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1590.0">1590m</quantity>
; -18.17272, 47.28023, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB658AB960A964BF" box="[1160,1244,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1610.0">1610m</quantity>
(B.B.Blaimer); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8A9C64A864DA" box="[151,221,189,215]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="25.0">25km</quantity>
NNE Ankazobe: -18.10000, 47.18330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD3A8A9C675864DA" box="[727,813,189,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); Kaloy: -18.58998, 47.65102, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAAA8A9C61E864DA" box="[1351,1437,189,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1420.0">1420m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FEC68AC3651D64F6" box="[299,360,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Antananarivo: -18.91667, 47.51667 (Camboué); Andrangoloaka: -19.03333, 47.91667 (Sikora); 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FEFA8B2965BF652C" box="[279,458,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fianarantsoa</emphasis>
: F Atsirakambiaty: -20.59333, 46.56333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC138B29602D652F" box="[1022,1112,264,290]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1550.0">1550m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FAE98B29613D652C" box="[1284,1352,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.C. Ankazomivady: -20.77667, 47.16500, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD6F8B0C66AC654A" box="[642,729,301,327]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1780.0">1780m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher); P.N. Isalo: -22.48167, 45.46167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAD48B0C61F1654A" box="[1337,1412,301,327]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="725.0">725m</quantity>
; - 22.62667, 45.35817, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE758B7366666561" box="[408,531,338,364]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.625" metricValueMax="8.25" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="762.5" valueMax="825.0" valueMin="700.0">700-825m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD428B7366996566" box="[687,748,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCE58B7367486561" box="[776,829,338,364]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="9.0">9km</quantity>
NNW Ranohira, P.N. Isalo: -22.48330, 45.38330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8B5964AC659F" box="[151,217,376,402]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); F Analalava: -22.59167, 45.12833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCFF8B596720659F" box="[786,853,376,402]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="700.0">700m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FC018B596052659C" box="[1004,1063,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Ranomafana: -21.26650, 47.42017, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEF98BBC651F65BA" box="[276,362,413,439]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1020.0">1020m</quantity>
; -21.29000, 47.43333, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD978BBC66BB65BA" box="[634,718,413,439]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
; -21.23333, 47.36667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC328BBC604765BA" box="[991,1074,413,439]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1110.0">1110m</quantity>
; -21.25000, 47.36667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAA98BBC61E265BA" box="[1348,1431,413,439]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1130.0">1130m</quantity>
; -21.23667, 47.39667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE4D8BE3658765D1" box="[416,498,450,476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1150.0">1150m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD618BE366BD65D6" box="[652,712,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD0E8BE3676D65D1" box="[739,792,450,476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
W Ranomafana, nr Ifanadiana: -21.25000, 47.41670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8BC964AE660F" box="[151,219,488,514]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="950.0">950m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward);); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7C8BC965B2660F" box="[401,455,488,514]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
WNW Ranomafana, nr Ifanadiana: -21.25000, 46.43330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB668BC960A5660F" box="[1163,1232,488,514]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="840.0">840m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); F.C. Vatovavy: -21.40000, 47.94000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDC1882C6604662A" box="[556,625,525,551]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="175.0">175m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FCFD882C673B662B" box="[784,846,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC87882C67D5662A" box="[874,928,525,551]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="2.0">2km</quantity>
W Andrambovato: -21.51167, 47.41000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8813649C6641" box="[151,233,562,588]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1075.0">1075m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FE69881365B76646" box="[388,450,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Tsaranoro: -22.08317, 46.77400, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC82881367C66641" box="[879,947,562,588]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="975.0">975m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FBA3881360FE6646" box="[1102,1163,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB4B8813609C6641" box="[1190,1257,562,588]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="45.0">45km</quantity>
S Ambalavao, Rés. Andringitra [=P.N. Andringitra]: -22.21667, 47.01667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCB9887967B8667F" box="[852,973,600,626]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.525" metricValueMax="7.85" metricValueMin="7.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="752.5" valueMax="785.0" valueMin="720.0">720-785m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB9E887960C3667F" box="[1139,1206,600,626]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="40.0">40km</quantity>
S Ambalavao, Rés. Andringitra [=P.N. Andringitra]: -22.21667, 46.96667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCD6885C67FA669A" box="[827,911,637,663]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1275.0">1275m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher); P.N. Andringitra: -22.21167, 46.84500, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEF88883651266B1" box="[277,359,674,700]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800m</quantity>
(S. Razafimandimby) P.N. Andringitra: -22.22350, 47.01176, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBA1888360E766B1" box="[1100,1170,674,700]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="780.0">780m</quantity>
; -22.22806, 47.00335, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A88E964AA66EF" box="[151,223,712,738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="890.0">890m</quantity>
; -22.21495, 46.96890, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE1A88E9663F66EF" box="[503,586,712,738]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400m</quantity>
(B.B.Blaimer); R.S. Ivohibe: -22.47000, 46.96000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB2888E9617866EF" box="[1221,1293,712,738]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</quantity>
; -22.42167, 46.89833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEC488CC65F6670A" box="[297,387,749,775]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FDD588CC6608670B" box="[568,637,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Vevembe: -22.79100, 47.18183, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB9088CC60B2670A" box="[1149,1223,749,775]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="600.0">600m</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FB3088CC6100670B" box="[1245,1397,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mahajanga</emphasis>
: F Telomirahavavy: -18.12167, 47.20627, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD9E893366B36721" box="[627,710,786,812]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1520.0">1520m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FC8C893367EB6726" box="[865,926,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Andranorovitra: -18.11243, 47.19757, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8919649C675F" box="[151,233,824,850]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1490.0">1490m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FE93891965CC675C" box="[382,441,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Sohisaka: -18.10322, 47.18692, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC8B891967CD675F" box="[870,952,824,850]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1460.0">1460m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FBA3891960FD675C" box="[1102,1160,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Rés. Marotandrano: - 16.28322, 48.81443, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE75897C65A9677A" box="[408,476,861,887]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.65" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="865.0">865m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD95897C66C3677B" box="[632,694,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Namoroka: -16.37667, 45.32667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FB4A897C609F677A" box="[1191,1258,861,887]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="100.0">100m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FA6B897C64C06796" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FF3D89A365276796" box="[208,338,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Toamasina</emphasis>
: P.N. Mananara-Nord: -16.45500, 49.78750, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC9E89A367C26791" box="[883,951,898,924]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="225.0">225m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FBBC89A360F86796" box="[1105,1165,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Rés. Ambodiriana: - 16.67233, 49.70117, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7E898965A067CF" box="[403,469,936,962]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="125.0">125m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD83898966DF67CC" box="[622,682,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Forêt vierge de Sahana: -16.08333, 49.63333 (unknown); RS Ambatovaky: -16.81739, 49.29402, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDB389EC66DC67EA" box="[606,681,973,999]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="360.0">360m</quantity>
; -16.81620, 49.29202, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC2189EC606267EA" box="[972,1047,973,999]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="425.0">425m</quantity>
; -16.77550, 49.26427, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAD789EC61F167EA" box="[1338,1412,973,999]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="430.0">430m</quantity>
; - 16.77274, 49.26551, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7989D365AE6001" box="[404,475,1010,1036]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="450.0">450m</quantity>
; -16.81209, 49.29216, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD0289D367476001" box="[751,818,1010,1036]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="460.0">460m</quantity>
; -16.77020, 49.26638, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBA489D360E56001" box="[1097,1168,1010,1036]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="470.0">470m</quantity>
; -16.76912, 49.26704, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8E3964A8603F" box="[151,221,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="475.0">475m</quantity>
; -16.80561, 49.29507, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE018E396646603F" box="[492,563,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="480.0">480m</quantity>
; -16.76330, 49.26692, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCAF8E3967F0603F" box="[834,901,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="520.0">520m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher et al); P.N. Andasibe: -18.77071, 48.43164, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEF88E1C652E605A" box="[277,347,1085,1111]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.95" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="995.0">995m</quantity>
; -18.92639, 48.40783, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD838E1C66CA605A" box="[622,703,1085,1111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1025.0">1025m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FCBA8E1C67E6605B" box="[855,915,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC418E1C6794605A" box="[940,993,1085,1111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="1.0">1km</quantity>
SSW Andasibe [Périnet]: -18.93330, 48.41670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEFE8E4365236071" box="[275,342,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="920.0">920m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE018E4366556071" box="[492,544,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="6.0">6km</quantity>
ESE Andasibe [Périnet]: -18.95000, 48.46670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBBE8E4360E36071" box="[1107,1174,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAC18E4361156071" box="[1324,1376,1122,1148]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="8.0">8km</quantity>
ESE Andasibe [Périnet]: -18.95000, 48.50000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD5F8EA9668F60AF" box="[690,762,1160,1186]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); Rés. Perinet-Analamazoatra: -18.93330, 48.43330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEFA8E8C652E60CA" box="[279,347,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="950.0">950m</quantity>
(D.M.Olson); F Torotorofotsy: -18.87000, 48.34670, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC0A8E8C604F60CA" box="[999,1082,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1070.0">1070m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FB388E8C616760CB" box="[1237,1298,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Didy: - 18.19833, 48.57833, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7B8EF365AC60E1" box="[406,473,1234,1260]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="960.0">960m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD9E8EF266DA60E1" box="[627,687,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Manakambahiny: -17.75000, 48.71667 (B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FAD98EF2610460E1" box="[1332,1393,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Ambatovy: -18.84770, 48.29600, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDD68ED966E0611F" box="[571,661,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
; -18.84950, 48.29470, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC598ED96078611F" box="[948,1037,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1010.0">1010m</quantity>
; -18.85800, 48.28480, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAC18ED961F0611F" box="[1324,1413,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1040.0">1040m</quantity>
; - 18.85083, 48.32000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE4D8F3C658C613A" box="[416,505,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1075.0">1075m</quantity>
; -18.83930, 48.83930, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FCF78F3C6705613A" box="[794,880,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1080.0">1080m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FBFD8F3C6025613B" box="[1040,1104,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Analamay: -18.80623, 48.33707, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEFE8F6365106151" box="[275,357,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.068" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1068.0">1068m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FE148F6266466151" box="[505,563,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F.C. Sandranantitra: -18.04833, 49.09167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBAD8F6360F66151" box="[1088,1155,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="450.0">450m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FAF58F6261276151" box="[1304,1362,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Mantadia: -18.79167, 48.42667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDC48F496604618F" box="[553,625,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="875.0">875m</quantity>
; -18.79167, 48.42667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC608F4967A4618F" box="[909,977,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.95" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="895.0">895m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FB838F4960D9618C" box="[1134,1196,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Zahamena: - 17.75244, 48.85320, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7D8FAC65A261AA" box="[400,471,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="760.0">760m</quantity>
; -17.75257, 48.85725, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD0B8FAC675861AA" box="[742,813,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.65" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="765.0">765m</quantity>
; -17.75908, 48.85468, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBD18FAC600B61AA" box="[1084,1150,1421,1447]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="780.0">780m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FAF98FAC613A61AB" box="[1300,1359,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Rés. Betampona: -17.92400, 49.19967, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDB18F9366DF61C1" box="[604,682,1458,1484]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="390.0">390m</quantity>
; -17.91801, 49.20074, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC358F93605361C1" box="[984,1062,1458,1484]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="500.0">500m</quantity>
; -17.88667, 49.20250, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAB88F9361E861C1" box="[1365,1437,1458,1484]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="520.0">520m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FEC18FF9651F61FC" box="[300,362,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Est-Imerina: Mangoro-ufer (Sikora); Bois de l’Ivondro près de Tamatave: -18.23333, 49.36667 (Keller); 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FE668FDC6591621B" box="[395,484,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Toliara</emphasis>
: R.S. Ambohijanahary: -18.26667, 45.40667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBD98FDC60FE621A" box="[1076,1163,1533,1559]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1050.0">1050m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FAC38FDC611B621B" box="[1326,1390,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); F Vohimena: -22.68330, 44.83330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDC28C0366066231" box="[559,627,1570,1596]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="730.0">730m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FCE28C0267386231" box="[783,845,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Zombitse: -22.84333, 44.71000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAD98C03610D6231" box="[1332,1400,1570,1596]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="770.0">770m</quantity>
; - 22.84050, 44.73117, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE758C696594626F" box="[408,481,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="825.0">825m</quantity>
; -22.88650, 44.69217, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD178C69674B626F" box="[762,830,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="840.0">840m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FC348C696062626C" box="[985,1047,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBDF8C696002626F" box="[1074,1143,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="15.0">15km</quantity>
E Sakaraha: -22.90000, 44.68330 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEE28C4C6523628A" box="[271,342,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="760.0">760m</quantity>
, (P.S.Ward); F Analavelona: -22.67500, 44.18667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC2C8C4C606D628A" box="[961,1048,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1050.0">1050m</quantity>
; -22.67500, 44.19000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FADD8C4C61F0628A" box="[1328,1413,1645,1671]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
; - 22.64333, 44.17167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE628CB3659462A1" box="[399,481,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD9B8CB266C562A1" box="[630,688,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Fiherenana: -23.23528, 43.87083, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBB08CB360E062A1" box="[1117,1173,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="50.0">50m</quantity>
; -23.17694, 43.96083, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8C9964AE62DF" box="[151,219,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="100.0">100m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FE9A8C9965C162DC" box="[375,436,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); Mahafaly Plateau: -24.65361, 43.99667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC2C8C99678362DF" box="[961,1014,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="80.0">80m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FB7F8C9960BA62DC" box="[1170,1231,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Befotaka- Midongy: -23.84080, 46.95750, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDFE8CFC661162FA" box="[531,612,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD158CFC674762FB" box="[760,818,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); P.N. Andohahela: -24.75850, 46.85370, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FACD8CFC611262FA" box="[1312,1383,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="275.0">275m</quantity>
; and 24.76389, 46.75167, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE788D2365AD6311" box="[405,472,1794,1820]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D10FFF6FD9F8D2266DA6311" box="[626,687,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD248D2367786311" box="[713,781,1794,1820]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="10.0">10km</quantity>
NW Enakara, Rés. Andohahela: -24.56667, 46.81667, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF7A8D096496634F" box="[151,227,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="430.0">430m</quantity>
; 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FF1F8D09654F634F" box="[242,314,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="13.0">13km</quantity>
NW Enakara, Rés. Andohahela: -24.55000, 46.80000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBE48D0960DE634F" box="[1033,1195,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.15" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="1250.0" valueMin="1150.0">1150-1250m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher); P.N. Andohahela: -24.73732, 46.83950, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDA28D6C66E0636A" box="[591,661,1869,1895]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="550.0">550m</quantity>
(B.B.Blaimer); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FC8D8D6C67E3636A" box="[864,918,1869,1895]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="5.0">5km</quantity>
NNW Isaka-Ivondro, Rés. Andohahela: - 24.75000, 46.85000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FE7C8D5365A16381" box="[401,468,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="280.0">280m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FD878D5366EB6381" box="[618,670,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="6.0">6km</quantity>
SSW Eminiminy, Rés. Andohahela: -24.75000, 46.78330, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FAB48D5361E96381" box="[1369,1436,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="500.0">500m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FEDF8DB9651C63BF" box="[306,361,1944,1970]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="km" value="9.0">9km</quantity>
SSW Eminiminy, Rés. Andohahela: -24.73330, 46.80000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FBB08DB960D063BF" box="[1117,1189,1944,1970]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="330.0">330m</quantity>
(P.S.Ward); Col de Manangotry: -24.73330, 46.85000, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FDB58D9C668263DA" box="[600,759,1981,2007]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1650.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500-1800m</quantity>
(D.M.Olson); F Ivohibe: -24.56170, 47.20020, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D10FFF6FABA8D9C61E863DA" box="[1367,1437,1981,2007]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="650.0">650m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FEC28AB9651A64BC" box="[303,367,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
); Grand Lavasoa: -25.08770, 46.74900, 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D13FFF5FC808AB967C664BF" box="[877,947,152,178]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="450.0">450m</quantity>
(B.L.Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FBB98AB960E164BC" box="[1108,1172,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FB5D8AB961E164BC" box="[1200,1428,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">province unknown</emphasis>
: Central 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D13FFF5FF198A9C65F764DA" box="[244,386,189,215]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(Hildebrandt); Südcentral 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D13FFF5FD508A9C673E64DA" box="[701,843,189,215]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(unknown).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A52EDB0D13FFF4FF2B8AC367FC6189" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF2B8AC365BA6561" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FF2B8AC3663364F1" bold="true" box="[198,582,226,252]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Worker measurements (n=58).</emphasis>
HW 0.74–1.19; HL 0.69–1.08; EL 0.15–0.27; SL 0.65–0.93; WL 0.78– 1.22; SPL 0.19–0.44; PTH 0.15–0.24; PTL 0.22–0.38; PTW 0.22–0.39; PPL 0.14–0.23; PPW 0.20–0.33; LHT 0.64–0.97; CI 1.04–1.19; OI 0.18–0.29; SI 0.83–0.99; SPI 0.19–0.40; PTHI 0.52–0.86; PTWI 0.83–1.39; PPI 1.24–1.79; LBI 1.17–1.56.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF2B8B56666265BA" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FF2B8B5665B9659C" bold="true" box="[198,460,375,401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Worker description.</emphasis>
Size highly variable, small to very large (HW 0.74–1.19, WL 0.78–1.22), commonly medium to large size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288BE3654B6641" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Masticatory margin of mandibles with 4 teeth in smaller individuals, 5 teeth in larger specimens; posterior margin of head straight but sometimes medially depressed, laterally forming round or subangular corners; antennae with scapes reaching or surpassing posterior margin; midline of eyes situated at midline of head in full face view.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF28887965BB6791" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pronotum laterally with distinct rounded or subangular shoulders; promesonotal suture incomplete, laterally impressed; outline of promesonotum in lateral view more or less rounded; dorsal face of mesonotum either flat or weakly convex, sometimes medially slightly raised over pronotum and rarely forming a small median tubercle anteriorly; lateral margin of mesonotum from rounded to slightly angular, sometimes bearing postero-lateral angular tubercules; length and divergence of propodeal spines variable; petiole highly variable; shape in dorsal view from weakly to strongly lobed, trapezoidal, hexagonal or suboval, in lateral view petiole usually tapering in height from posterior to anterior; subpetiolar process variable, either narrow to broad protuberance, with more or less angular tooth or absent, postpetiole in dorsal view from weakly to much wider than long (PPI 1.24–1.79).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF28898960F0605A" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head sculpture variable (see below); sculpture on mesosoma following mostly that on head, aciculate, reticulate, costulate or areolate; dorsal face of petiole mostly shiny, ventrally coarsely reticulate; postpetiole dorsally and laterally rugulose or reticulate, helcium carinulate; face with 4–6, sometimes up to 10 erect setae; 0–2, sometimes 4, rarely 6 erect-suberect humeral setae present on promesonotum; petiole and postpetiole devoid of long erect pilosity, sometimes shorter, suberect setae present on postpetiole.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288E4465F060A9" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colour light to dark brown or black, sometimes dorsum of 4th abdominal segment yellow and gaster thereby bi-coloured.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288E9160166137" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FF288E91665F60C7" bold="true" box="[197,554,1200,1226]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Queen measurements (n=16)</emphasis>
HW 1.60–1.97, HL 1.37–1.63, EL 0.43–0.53, SL 0.99–1.19, MSNW 1.22– 1.60, MSNL 2.36–2.67, SPL 0.02–0.13, WL 2.68–3.05, PTH 0.38–0.45, PTL 0.47–0.59, PTW 0.53–0.69, PPL 0.40–0.47, PPW 0.54–0.68, LHT 1.08–1.36, CI 1.14–1.25, OI 0.29–0.37, SI 0.69–0.78, MSNI 0.52–0.66, SPI 0.01–0.05, PTHI 0.70–0.91, PTWI 1.00–1.36, PPI 1.28–1.69, LBI 2.13–2.32.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF2B8F6465096189" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D13FFF5FF2B8F6465C66152" bold="true" box="[198,435,1349,1375]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Queen description.</emphasis>
Large to very large (HW 1.60–1.97, WL 2.68–3.05). With worker characters, except as described below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288FB1617661C2" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Antennal scapes usually not surpassing posterior margin of head; midline of eyes situated at or slightly below midline of head in full face view; posterior margin of head straight or medially depressed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288FFB66B662D9" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mesosoma broad and long (MSNI 0.52–0.66, WL 2.68–3.05); mesoscutum in dorsal view oval, less than half as wide as long; mesopleuron with episternal groove carinulate and usually ending in small pit just short of margin; in lateral view mesepisternum meeting pronotum at an oblique angle; postscutellum with posterior face distinctly flattened; propodeal suture weak, laterally not reaching level of propodeal spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum short, about one third of the size of posterior face; propodeal spines reduced, ranging from tubercule to denticles to very sharp points; petiole shape usually triangular, tapering from anterior to posterior margin, antero-ventral subpetiolar tooth absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288CC1673063B9" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Propodeum with horizontal carinulae on dorsal face; petiole dorsally more or less shiny, laterally and ventrally reticulate to costulate; postpetiole aciculate throughout; face with 10–20 short, erect setae, and otherwise abundant appressed pilosity; mesonotum with scattered erect pilosity, usually&gt;20 setae, and abundant appressed pubescence; petiole laterally with short suberect pilosity, dorso-posterior erect setae absent; postpetiole with dorso-posterior erect setae present, further scattered suberect pilosity may be present; petiole and postpetiole with appressed pilosity throughout.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D13FFF5FF288DE1606C63D7" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2010]" box="[197,1049,1984,2010]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Colour light to dark brown, or black; metasoma usually lighter coloured.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B8AB6657165D1" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B8AB6653464BC" bold="true" box="[198,321,151,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Variation.</emphasis>
I distinguish 5 morphotypes of workers within the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FC4E8AB9678A64BC" box="[931,1023,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FC4E8AB9678A64BC" box="[931,1023,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex on the basis of sculpture, body size and propodeal spines. Designation of these morphotypes is somewhat arbitrary as they are not entirely distinct from each other, but have intermediate forms – and further intermediate forms of these ‘intermediates’ exist. They should therefore not be perceived as distinct units, but rather as samples from an overall gradient. For the purpose of distribution mapping some ambiguous assignments to morphotypes were therefore made. The following distinction however simplifies the description of morphological variation greatly, and allows for its analysis for possible geographic patterns. Moreover, this morphotype concept presents a starting hypothesis for a much needed study on the population genetic level of the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FADC8BBC61E765BB" box="[1329,1426,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FADC8BBC61E765BB" box="[1329,1426,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B8BC6677F667F" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B8BC665B1660C" bold="true" box="[198,452,487,513]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphotype 1 (mt1)</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE398BC66618660C" bold="true" box="[468,621,487,513]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FE398BC6665C660C" box="[468,553,487,513]" captionStart="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStartId="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FDBD8BC66618660C" box="[592,621,487,513]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">49</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
). Small to large size (HW 0.83–1.10, WL 0.87–1.14). Head sculpture reduced aciculate to superficially areolate; propodeal spines medium size, at most as long as distance between their bases (SPI 0.21–0.28), in dorsal view only weakly diverging (&lt;20º). Colour light brown to dark brown, less common black, metasoma often lighter coloured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF28885C617466B1" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This morphotype conforms most closely with the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FCF9885C6704669B" box="[788,881,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FCF9885C6704669B" box="[788,881,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FC41885C6007669B" box="[940,1138,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hova" subSpecies="latinoda">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FC41885C6007669B" box="[940,1138,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova latinoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D12FFF4FB97885C60D8669A" box="[1146,1197,637,663]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
specimens. 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FAAD885C648C66B6" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hova" subSpecies="latinoda">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FAAD885C648C66B6" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova latinoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D12FFF4FEED8883654666B1" box="[256,307,674,700]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
material has a petiole that is strongly broadened anteriorly with respect to 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FB738883608C66B6" box="[1182,1273,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FB738883608C66B6" box="[1182,1273,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B88E660AA6777" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B88E665BA66EC" bold="true" box="[198,463,711,737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphotype 2 (mt2)</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE0888E666FB66EC" bold="true" box="[485,654,711,737]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FE0888E6664A66EC" box="[485,575,711,737]" captionStart="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStartId="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FD9C88E666FB66EC" box="[625,654,711,737]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">50</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
). Medium to large size (HW 0.92–1.19, WL 0.93–1.22). Head sculpture reticulate, reticulate-areolate to weakly areolate; propodeal spines medium size, at most as long as distance between their bases (SPI 0.22–0.26), in dorsal view only weakly diverging (&lt;20º). Colour light brown to black, metasoma often lighter coloured in brown form, 4th abdominal segment or entire gaster sometimes of yellow coloration (may be due to parasitism rather than inherent pigmentation).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2889A467016792" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" box="[197,884,901,927]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">This morphotype is intermediate in regard to mt1 and mt4.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B898B60E76039" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B898B65B667C9" bold="true" box="[198,451,938,964]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphotype 3 (mt3)</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE39898B661867C9" bold="true" box="[468,621,938,964]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FE39898B665C67C9" box="[468,553,938,964]" captionStart="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStartId="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FDBD898B661867C9" box="[592,621,938,964]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">51</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
). Small to large size (HW 0.74–1.13, WL 0.78–1.19). Head sculpture from scattered aciculate to reticulate to costulate-areolate or areolate; propodeal spines large and robust, often “swollen” at base, at least as long or longer than distance between their bases (SPI 0.29–0.40), in dorsal view strongly diverging, ca.&gt;30º from lateral margin of propodeum. Colour brown to black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF288E6167A76057" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" box="[197,978,1088,1114]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This morphotype conforms best with the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FD458E61675D6054" box="[680,808,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FD458E61675D6054" box="[680,808,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. ensifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D12FFF4FCDD8E6167166057" box="[816,867,1088,1114]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B8E44602760E2" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B8E4465BA6072" bold="true" box="[198,463,1125,1151]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphotype 4 (mt4)</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE088E4466FB6072" bold="true" box="[485,654,1125,1151]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FE088E44664A6072" box="[485,575,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStartId="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FD9C8E4466FB6072" box="[625,654,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">52</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
). Medium to large size (HW 0.97–1.18, WL 1.01–1.21). Head sculpture deeply costulate to costulate-areolate; propodeal spines medium size (SPI 0.24–0.29), about as long as distance between bases or shorter, in dorsal view weakly or moderately diverging (&lt;30º). Colour brown to black, more often black, sometimes gaster shows bi-coloration described for mt2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF288EDB66E16137" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
This morphotype conforms closely to the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FD248EDA67236119" box="[713,854,1275,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FD248EDA67236119" box="[713,854,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D12FFF4FCB28EDB67E16119" box="[863,916,1274,1300]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
material. Together with mt2 it is the most common morphotype of the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FE098F0166686134" box="[484,541,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE098F0166686134" box="[484,541,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B8F6467FC6189" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B8F6465BF6152" bold="true" box="[198,458,1349,1375]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Morphotype 5 (mt5)</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FE338F6466F46152" bold="true" box="[478,641,1349,1375]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FE338F6466436152" box="[478,566,1349,1375]" captionStart="FIGURES 44 – 48" captionStartId="31.[151,269,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,208,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[181,1406,194,1685]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 44 – 48. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: full-face view, b: lateral view, c: dorsal view. 44: morphotype 1; 45: morphotype 2; 46: morphotype 3; 47: morphotype 4; 48: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199687/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D12FFF4FD898F6466F46152" box="[612,641,1349,1375]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 53" captionStartId="32.[151,269,1818,1842]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,201,1792]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[182,1404,194,1797]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 53. The Crematogaster (Decacrema) hova - complex; a: petiole &amp; postpetiole in dorsal view, b: petiole &amp; postpetiole in lateral view. 49: morphotype 1; 50: morphotype 2; 51: morphotype 3; 52: morphotype 4; 53: morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199688/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">53</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
). Medium to large size (HW 0.96–1.13, WL 1.01–1.17). 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D12FFF4FAD18F6461296152" box="[1340,1372,1349,1375]" name="American Samoa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">As</collectingCountry>
mt4, except as follows. Head sculpture deeply areolate. Colour black.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A52EDB0D12FFF3FF2B8FB160FA67EA" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="ED007D500D12FFF4FF2B8FB1656563D7" blockId="19.[151,1438,151,2010]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FF2B8FB1652061A7" bold="true" box="[198,341,1424,1450]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Comments.</emphasis>
The question whether the 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FD618FB1668761A4" box="[652,754,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova-</emphasis>
complex consists of one single, highly variable species, or multiple, very closely related species was thoroughly investigated in this study, with molecular data adding an important second line of evidence. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data were inconclusive in regard to the status of the involved taxon or taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data show two distinct “clusters” among specimens sampled within the complex. These form a clade together with 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FB5A8C0761356232" box="[1207,1344,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sabatra">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FB5A8C0761356232" box="[1207,1344,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. sabatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in consequence of the exclusion of the latter from the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FD108C6A672E6269" box="[765,859,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FD108C6A672E6269" box="[765,859,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex (see species description of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FAF98C6A61E46269" box="[1300,1425,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sabatra">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FAF98C6A61E46269" box="[1300,1425,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. sabatra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are a paraphyletic grouping by themselves. The two clusters further only broadly correspond with the characteristics of the morphotypes, in that mt1 + mt5 group together in one cluster, and mt3 + mt4 group together in the other. Morphotype 2 however appears in both clusters. A geographic pattern, as would be expected if the two clusters represented geographically separated regions with reduced gene flow, also could not be discerned. The underlying cause of this problematic species-complex may be one of incipient speciation where complete reproductive isolation is still lacking between diverging populations within a species, or alternatively one of hybridization between previously well separated species. Cases like this are discovered more and more in ants (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D12FFF4FD698D5467356382" author="Feldhaar" box="[644,832,1909,1935]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Feldhaar, H., Foitzik, S. &amp; Heinze, J. (2008) Lifelong hybridization to the wrong partner: hybridization in ants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 363, 2891 - 2899." type="journal article" year="2008">Feldhaar, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D12FFF4FCA38D54600E6382" author="Korczynska" box="[846,1147,1909,1935]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Korczynska, J., Gajewska, M., Pilot, M., Czechowski, W. &amp; Radchenko, A. (2010) Genetic polymorphism in &quot; mixed &quot; colonies of wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Finland and its possible origin. European Journal of Entomology, 107, 157 - 167." type="journal article" year="2010">
Korczynska 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FC048D57605D6382" box="[1001,1064,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), and hybridization has already been posited to occur in members of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D12FFF4FCD38DBA60FB63B9" box="[830,1166,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Decacrema">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FCD38DBA679863B9" box="[830,1005,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Crematogaster</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FC108DBA60F663B9" box="[1021,1155,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Decacrema</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
from Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D12FFF4FAFA8DBB657163D7" author="Feldhaar" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Feldhaar, H., Gadau, J. &amp; Fiala, B. (2010) Speciation in obligately plant-associated Crematogaster ants: Host-distribution rather than adaption towards specific hosts drives the process. In: M. Glaubrecht (Ed), Evolution in Action Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 193 - 213." type="book chapter" year="2010">
Feldhaar 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D12FFF4FA6A8DBA64C063D4" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF3FF288AB9648C65BA" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Consequently three described species are here placed under the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FC2B8AB9605664BC" box="[966,1059,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FC2B8AB9605664BC" box="[966,1059,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex: 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB498AB9617764BC" box="[1188,1282,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB498AB9617764BC" box="[1188,1282,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FAFF8AB961E864BC" box="[1298,1437,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FAFF8AB961E864BC" box="[1298,1437,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FF278A9C653864DB" box="[202,333,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FF278A9C653864DB" box="[202,333,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. ensifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The identities of these species have been thoroughly investigated, including examining the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D15FFF3FF7A8AC364BC64F1" box="[151,201,226,252]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
specimens in the MHNG collection. Among the material examined for this study, specimens close to the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D15FFF3FF7A8B2964B8652F" box="[151,205,264,290]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
localities also closely resemble Forel’s 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D15FFF3FD248B29668A652F" box="[713,767,264,290]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
specimens – material from the vast remainder of the distribution range however presents a variety of intermediate morphological forms. 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB4E8B0C648C6566" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hova" subSpecies="latinoda">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB4E8B0C648C6566" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Crematogaster hova latinoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is synonymised under 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FDEB8B7366176566" box="[518,610,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDEB8B7366176566" box="[518,610,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since its 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D15FFF3FD228B73675F6561" box="[719,810,338,364]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
material very closely resembles that of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB138B73612C6566" box="[1278,1369,338,363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB138B73612C6566" box="[1278,1369,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all but the width of the petiole and postpetiole, which are – the name implies – wider in 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB938B596136659C" box="[1150,1347,376,401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hova" subSpecies="latinoda">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB938B596136659C" box="[1150,1347,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova latinoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FF7A8BBC648765BB" box="[151,242,413,438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FF7A8BBC648765BB" box="[151,242,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF3FF288BE3665A66B1" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D15FFF3FF288BE3651565D1" author="Forel" box="[197,352,450,476]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Forel, A. (1887) Fourmis recoltees a Madagascar par le Dr. Conrad Keller. Mitteilungen der Schweizer Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 7, 381 - 389." type="journal article" year="1887">Forel (1887)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FE088BE3663065D6" box="[485,581,450,475]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FE088BE3663065D6" box="[485,581,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first, with a very detailed species description. When he subsequently described 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FEFF8BC965E8660C" box="[274,413,488,513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FEFF8BC965E8660C" box="[274,413,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D15FFF3FE408BC9605D660C" author="Forel" box="[429,1064,488,514]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Forel, A. (1891) Les Formicides. [part]. In: A. Grandidier (Ed), Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hymenopteres. Deuxieme partie (28 e fascicule). Hachette et Cie, Paris, p. 1 - 280." type="book chapter" year="1891">
Forel, 1891, here originally misspelled as 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FC468BC9605D660C" box="[939,1064,488,513]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schenki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FC468BC9605D660C" box="[939,1064,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schenki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
) he separated this new species from 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FF35882C6540662B" box="[216,309,525,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FF35882C6540662B" box="[216,309,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
solely by size and sculpture – however, he already suspected a strong relatedness between the two species and concluded with the thought 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD72881367526646" box="[671,807,562,587]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD72881367526646" box="[671,807,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might only be a “race” of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FBB2881360CF6646" box="[1119,1210,562,587]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FBB2881360CF6646" box="[1119,1210,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two decades later Forel described 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FEB688796595667C" box="[347,480,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FEB688796595667C" box="[347,480,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. ensifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as being very close to 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD178879672C667C" box="[762,857,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD178879672C667C" box="[762,857,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FC7988796055667C" box="[916,1056,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FC7988796055667C" box="[916,1056,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, distinguishing it from both by petiole shape and greater spine length, from 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD45885C6771669B" box="[680,772,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD45885C6771669B" box="[680,772,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by greater size and robustness and from 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB03885C6103669B" box="[1262,1398,637,662]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB03885C6103669B" box="[1262,1398,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by sculpture and colour (Forel, 1910).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF3FF2888E960FA67EA" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
In conclusion, Forel’s taxonomic decisions were based upon a set of highly variable morphological characters – and an incomplete sample of specimens from very few localities in 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D15FFF3FB9588CC617B670A" box="[1144,1294,749,775]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. Inevitably, extensive sampling and more sophisticated taxonomic methods here have presented a much more complex picture. These advances have certainly been able to better define this taxonomic problem, even though a definite solution on the species level is not attained at this point in time. For the time being the names 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FAD7897C61E0677B" box="[1338,1429,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FAD7897C61E0677B" box="[1338,1429,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FF7A89A365506796" box="[151,293,898,923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schencki">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FF7A89A365506796" box="[151,293,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. schencki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FE8F89A3659F6796" box="[354,490,898,923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ensifera">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FE8F89A3659F6796" box="[354,490,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. ensifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should thus be treated as part of and referred to as the 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB7A89A361126796" box="[1175,1383,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova-complex</emphasis>
. An alternative possibility could be to use 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD8A898966F667CC" box="[615,643,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD60898966B267CC" box="[653,711,936,961]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD60898966B267CC" box="[653,711,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as a “species aggregate” (Article 6.2, ICZN, 1999) for the three names, as has been proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D15FFF3FDBB89EC669B67EA" author="Taylor" box="[598,750,973,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Taylor, R. (1989) The nomenclature and distribution of some Australian ants of the genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 28, 23 - 27." type="journal article" year="1989">
Taylor (
<date id="99015B900D15FFF3FD5F89EC669B67EA" box="[690,750,973,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1989" valueMax="1991">1989</date>
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="892E00A10D15FFF3FCCA89EC671667EA" author="Taylor" box="[807,867,973,999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Taylor, R. (1991) Nomenclature and distribution of some Australasian ants of the Myrmicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30, 599 - 614." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
) for similar cases in ants.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A52EDB0D15FFF2FF2B89D365C8675F" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF3FF2B89D360E4611F" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FF2B89D3667F6001" bold="true" box="[198,522,1010,1036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution and biology.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FDBE89D366C16006" box="[595,692,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDBE89D366C16006" box="[595,692,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex has a wide distribution throughout the humid and transition forests of northern, central and southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D15FFF3FCF98E3967D1603F" box="[788,932,1048,1074]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. It is generally absent from the western dry deciduous and spiny forests occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD988E1C66AA605B" box="[629,735,1085,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grevei">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FD988E1C66AA605B" box="[629,735,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. grevei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but present in isolated pockets of humid or transition forest remaining at a few locations in the west, such as in e.g. P.N. Zombitse or P.N. Isalo (see 
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FB528E4361606071" box="[1215,1301,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 61" captionStartId="34.[151,272,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox="[288,1295,204,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[281,1306,194,1931]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 61. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 58: C. sabatra; 59: C. sisa; 60: C. hovacomplex, entire distribution; 61: C. hova- complex morphotype 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199690/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB528E4361606071" bold="true" box="[1215,1301,1122,1148]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 60</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). From the very northern tip to the extreme south of the island these ants are a prominent element of the rainforest canopy fauna, inhabiting all altitude levels, with a highest record of 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D15FFF3FC968E8C67BB60CA" box="[891,974,1197,1223]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000m</quantity>
in the Marojejy massif. The 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FADE8E8C61E760CB" box="[1331,1426,1197,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FADE8E8C61E760CB" box="[1331,1426,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- complex occurs in sympatry with 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDCA8EF2607A60E1" box="[551,1039,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FDCA8EF266EB60E1" box="[551,670,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malala">C. malala</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FD478EF2675C60E1" box="[682,809,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sabatra">C. sabatra</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FCDB8EF267FD60E1" box="[822,904,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sisa">C. sisa</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FC788EF2607A60E1" box="[917,1039,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahery">C. mahery</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FBA48EF2608660E1" box="[1097,1267,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nosibeensis">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FBA48EF2608660E1" box="[1097,1267,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. nosibeensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a narrow sympatry or parapatry exists with 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FDCB8ED966E4611C" box="[550,657,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grevei">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDCB8ED966E4611C" box="[550,657,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. grevei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see details under description of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FBF88ED960F5611C" box="[1045,1152,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grevei">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FBF88ED960F5611C" box="[1045,1152,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. grevei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF3FF288F3C657C62DF" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The distribution of the five morphotypes can be characterized as follows. Mt1 is found predominantly in the far north, along the east coast and throughout the above mentioned remnant rainforests in the west of 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D15FFF3FF7A8F496547618F" box="[151,306,1384,1410]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FEAB8F4665D1618C" box="[326,420,1383,1409]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 61" captionStartId="34.[151,272,1952,1976]" captionTargetBox="[288,1295,204,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[281,1306,194,1931]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 61. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 58: C. sabatra; 59: C. sisa; 60: C. hovacomplex, entire distribution; 61: C. hova- complex morphotype 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199690/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FEAB8F4665D1618C" bold="true" box="[326,420,1383,1409]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 61</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). This morphotype co-occurs mostly with mt2, and only rarely with the other morphotypes. Mt2 occurs over the entire range of the complex, but with an emphasis on the northern and central highland localities (
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FE078F93663661C1" box="[490,579,1458,1484]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 65" captionStartId="35.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[290,1298,209,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[281,1306,194,1939]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 65. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 62: C. hova- complex morphotype 2; 63: C. hova- complex morphotype 3; 64: C. hova- complex morphotype 4; 65: Crematogaster hova- complex morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FE078F93663661C1" bold="true" box="[490,579,1458,1484]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 62</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
), and further widely co-exists with all other morphotypes. Mt3 has a distinct distribution along the east coast and eastern central highland localities, with isolated distributions in the Sambirano Region of the northwest and in the very far north (
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FC7B8FDC679F621A" box="[918,1002,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 65" captionStartId="35.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[290,1298,209,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[281,1306,194,1939]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 65. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 62: C. hova- complex morphotype 2; 63: C. hova- complex morphotype 3; 64: C. hova- complex morphotype 4; 65: Crematogaster hova- complex morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FC7B8FDC679F621A" bold="true" box="[918,1002,1533,1559]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 63</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). This morphotype co-occurs widely with mt2, but is mostly allopatric with mt4. Mt4 is the most abundant form of the complex and is found throughout the north, the highlands of the Central Region and the southeast of 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D15FFF3FBAF8C6960A6626F" box="[1090,1235,1608,1634]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, with an isolated occurrence on the west coast (
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FDEC8C4C6623628A" box="[513,598,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 65" captionStartId="35.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[290,1298,209,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[281,1306,194,1939]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 65. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 62: C. hova- complex morphotype 2; 63: C. hova- complex morphotype 3; 64: C. hova- complex morphotype 4; 65: Crematogaster hova- complex morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDEC8C4C6623628A" bold="true" box="[513,598,1645,1671]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 64</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Mt5 is less common and shows a more patchy distribution (
<figureCitation id="758461D50D15FFF3FAD18C4C61E4628A" box="[1340,1425,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURES 62 – 65" captionStartId="35.[151,270,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[290,1298,209,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[281,1306,194,1939]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 62 – 65. Distributions of Malagasy Crematogaster (Decacrema). 62: C. hova- complex morphotype 2; 63: C. hova- complex morphotype 3; 64: C. hova- complex morphotype 4; 65: Crematogaster hova- complex morphotype 5." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/199691/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FAD18C4C61E4628A" bold="true" box="[1340,1425,1645,1671]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 65</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
) than the other four morphotypes; it is sympatric with mt4 at some and with mt1 and mt2 at only a few localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D15FFF2FF288CFC648C6641" blockId="20.[151,1438,152,2007]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,152,962]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Within its distribution range, the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FDBE8CFC66C562FB" box="[595,688,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FDBE8CFC66C562FB" box="[595,688,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex is the most abundant and dominant representative of the 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D15FFF3FF288D2365496311" box="[197,316,1794,1820]" name="Madagascar" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FEA98D2265BA6311" box="[324,463,1795,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Decacrema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FEA98D2265BA6311" box="[324,463,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Decacrema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although these ants possess an arboreal lifestyle, they are nonetheless highly conspicuous on the forest floor when foraging for food and nesting material, and could hardly be missed in an inventory. Fisher 
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FE898D6C65EB636B" box="[356,414,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
collected workers of these ants innumerable times from leaf litter and beating samples, as well as pitfall, yellow pan and malaise traps. Prevailing nesting behaviour of the 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D15FFF3FB8B8D5260B46381" box="[1126,1217,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D15FFF3FB8B8D5260B46381" box="[1126,1217,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex however is the construction of arboreal carton nests. I have found these nests in various heights in the canopy: from as low as 
<quantity id="2A47D0B50D15FFF3FF078D9C654B63DA" box="[234,318,1981,2007]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1.2">1.20 m</quantity>
, attached to vines or branches of young trees, to 
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or more high up in the crowns of canopylevel trees. The sizes of carton nests inhabited by workers, the reproductive queen and brood range from as small as 
<date id="99015B900D14FFF2FF118A9C655464DA" box="[252,289,189,215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">6 x</date>
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in diameter to as large as 
<date id="99015B900D14FFF2FD658A9C66AA64DA" box="[648,735,189,215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1920-10-25">
25 x 
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cm. Nests housing only workers are frequently encountered and can be smaller in size. It is unclear whether these queenless colonies represent satellite nests of larger nests that are hard to locate, or aggregations of workers whose colony underwent disturbances that resulted in the loss of their reproductive queen and brood. Polydomy in these carton-nesting colonies seems to be quite common, and two or more nests often can be found very close to each other on the same tree, or located on adjacent trees. Experimental or genetic studies would be needed to fully explore details of colony structure. In 17 carton nests out of a total of 30 dissected nests I found one dealate queen together with workers and brood, sometimes with alate queens and males as well. The remaining 13 nests contained only workers, sometimes together with brood. Carton nest colonies further housed staphylinid beetles (6 colonies), and in one case scale insects of an undetermined genus of the family 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FD38882C67E1662A" box="[725,916,525,551]" class="Insecta" family="Monophlebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Monophlebidae</taxonomicName>
, possibly 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FBE1882C60CA662B" box="[1036,1215,525,550]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Gigantococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FBE1882C60CA662B" box="[1036,1215,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gigantococcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(P.J. Gullan, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED007D500D14FFF2FF28887965C8675F" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,962]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
There are some records in the CASC of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FD418879677C667C" box="[684,777,600,625]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FD418879677C667C" box="[684,777,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex workers (in some cases with dealate queens) collected from dead twigs or branches, and in a single instance I have found workers with brood in a dead twig myself. It seems likely that colony founding within the species-complex takes place in dead twigs or branches and the construction of carton nests subsequently commences after a certain colony size is reached, i.e. when the colony can afford to send workers to forage for nest material rather than food. The ultimate domicile may always be the carton nest, since this can support much larger numbers of individuals and can be extended in size as the colony grows.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A5A52EDB0D14FFF2FF2B897C672E67CF" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="ED007D500D14FFF2FF2B897C672E67CF" blockId="21.[151,1437,152,962]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FF2B897C6526677A" bold="true" box="[198,339,861,887]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Etymology.</emphasis>
The C. 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FE58897C659B677B" box="[437,494,861,886]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FE58897C659B677B" box="[437,494,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex is named for the oldest available species name that belongs under the complex, 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FEE689A366176791" authority="Forel. The Malagasy" authorityName="Forel. The Malagasy" box="[267,610,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FEE689A365136796" box="[267,358,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. hova</emphasis>
Forel. The 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D14FFF2FE1D89A366176791" box="[496,610,898,924]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
word “ 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FD5589A366836791" box="[696,758,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">hova</taxonomicName>
” denotes the inhabitants of the region Imerina on the east coast of 
<collectingCountry id="95A83DC00D14FFF2FF17898965FF67CF" box="[250,394,936,962]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, where the 
<typeStatus id="3204C3F20D14FFF2FDE28989663767CF" box="[527,578,936,962]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="2ABF06D30D14FFF2FD258989675667CC" box="[712,803,936,961]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hova">
<emphasis id="DFCBA1420D14FFF2FD258989675667CC" box="[712,803,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. hova</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>