311 lines
40 KiB
XML
311 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A887A4B6994C1F076A31772C67C32E40">Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2320AD2013D516C671839C830A134795">Nicholls, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6F74A111EF7F47B6A2849E24217CEC08" type="email">james.nicholls@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="93A4BF7D7B203446E22551178756249E">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0AABCE1625BB398696A6BC6E38C06441" type="email">melikageorge@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D15C30B334AE8E8629B3D028B7FE49DC">Digweed, Scott C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC83E9DB9F206ECDC9D110E248F1F6A5">Stone, Graham N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3D425090E8FA407A02A69F9E7559CEF3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="74C3ED111D29AE36AD15CCBB757D456C">
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<mods:date id="DD9C09BB2D759BA9329247BEA533EE51">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F049BA36A90B177145745C9E1EB43F39">2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5B85EB138086AA7F1B4B2AA94DADE762" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5145.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E987BFFFBECE174E9D560CAD4FAC4F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6959011" ID-GBIF-Taxon="198576544" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6959011" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987BFFFBECE174E9D560CAD4FAC4F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E987BFFFBECE174E9D560CAD4FAC4F" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFBECE0B4E9D560CAF25A964" box="[151,835,1627,1654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFBECE0B4E9D560CAF25A964" blockId="15.[151,835,1627,1690]" box="[151,835,1627,1654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0B781C5FFBECE0B4E9D560CAF25A964" bold="true" box="[151,835,1627,1654]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4E9D560CAF25A964" bold="true" box="[151,835,1627,1654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4E9D560CAE3CA964" authority="Ashmead, 1887" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,602,1627,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4E9D560CADF5A964" bold="true" box="[151,403,1627,1654]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amphibolips spinosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFBECE0B4F90560BAE3CA964" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[410,602,1628,1654]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="125 - 158" refId="ref37156" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1887) On the cynipidous galls of Florida, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 125 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076487" type="journal article" year="1887">Ashmead, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, sexual generation
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFBECE0B4E9D56D7AD8DA9E9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFBECE0B4E9D56D7AD26A988" blockId="15.[151,835,1627,1690]" box="[151,320,1664,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4E9D56D7AD26A988" bold="true" box="[151,320,1664,1690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFBECE0B4E9D56D7AD7EA988" box="[151,280,1664,1690]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 29–36" captionStart-1="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId-0="16.[151,264,1641,1665]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1418,388,1607]" captionTargetBox-1="[169,1421,462,1618]" captionTargetId-0="figure-93@16.[151,1435,381,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure-145@17.[157,1430,453,1630]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURES 29–36. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, sexual generation. 29–32, head, female: 29, frontal view, 30, dorsal view, 31, posterior view, 32, lateral view. 33, antenna, female. 34–35, male: 34, head, frontal view, 35, antenna. 36, forewing, part, female." captionText-1="FIGURES 37–41. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, sexual generation, female. 37–39, mesosoma: 37, lateral view, 38–39, dorsal view. 40, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view. 41, metasoma, lateral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601822" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601824" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6601822/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6601824/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 29–41</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFBECE0B4F2E56D7AD26A988" box="[292,320,1664,1690]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–43" captionStartId="18.[151,264,2004,2028]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-306@18.[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 42–43. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead. 42, asexual gall. 43, sexual gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601828/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">43</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFBECE0B4E9D5693AD8DA9E9" blockId="15.[151,1436,1732,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4E9D5693AD69A9CE" bold="true" box="[151,271,1732,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4F1C5693AEB5A9CF" authority="Ashmead (1887: 141)" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="1887" box="[278,723,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4F1C5693AD8DA9CE" box="[278,491,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amphibolips spinosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFBECE0B4FF85693AEB5A9CF" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[498,723,1732,1757]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="125 - 158" refId="ref37156" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1887) On the cynipidous galls of Florida, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 125 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076487" type="journal article" year="1887">Ashmead (1887: 141)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, females and galls.
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4DAA5693A819A9CE" box="[928,1151,1732,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4DAA5693A819A9CE" box="[928,1151,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amphibolips spinosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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corrected spelling by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFBECE0B4B6F5693AD81A9E9" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. von & Kieffer, J. J." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref38873" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von & Kieffer, J. J. (1910) Cynipidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 24. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 891 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1077" type="book" year="1910">Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910: 591)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFBECE0B4E9D577EAFFFA8A2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFBECE0B4E9D577EAFFFA8A2" blockId="15.[151,1436,1833,2040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4E9D577EAD1CA851" bold="true" box="[151,378,1833,1859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Material examined</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B283CF4FFBECE0B4F83577EA845A899" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878855324" collectingDate="1995-05-03" collectingDateMax="2008-04-16" collectingDateMin="1995-05-03" collectionCode="FL" collectorName="J. Nichols" country="United States of America" county="Walton Co." location="Highlands Co." municipality="Gratin Beach Island" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="FL1075" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
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<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFBECE0B4F83577EAD90A851" box="[393,502,1833,1860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
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labelled as “
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<collectingCountry id="F3577639FFBECE0B4C8D577EAEA2A851" box="[647,708,1833,1859]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFBECE0B4CDA577DAE90A856" box="[720,758,1834,1860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FL</collectionCode>
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.,
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<collectingCounty id="629E4E25FFBECE0B4D0C577EAFE1A851" box="[774,903,1833,1859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Walton Co.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B9BACD3FFBECE0B4D9E577EA811A851" box="[916,1143,1833,1859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gratin Beach Island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectorName id="26B5537FFFBECE0B4A89577EA969A851" box="[1155,1295,1833,1859]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Coast Scrub</collectorName>
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, coll.
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<date id="FFFE1069FFBECE0B4B59577EACB4A87A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1995-05-03">
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<collectingDate id="EFBAE981FFBECE0B4B59577EACB4A87A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1995-05-03">3 May 1995</collectingDate>
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</date>
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; emerged
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<date id="FFFE1069FFBECE0B4F4F571AADB8A87A" box="[325,478,1869,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1995-05-16">
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<collectingDate id="EFBAE981FFBECE0B4F4F571AADB8A87A" box="[325,478,1869,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1995-05-16">16 May 1995</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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<collectorName id="26B5537FFFBECE0B4FE3571AAE38A875" box="[489,606,1869,1895]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">G. Melika</collectorName>
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; ex
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4C815719AF38A875" box="[651,862,1869,1896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrtifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4C815719AF38A875" box="[651,862,1869,1896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Quercus myrtifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”. One male labelled as “
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<collectingCountry id="F3577639FFBECE0B4A7F571AA8D4A875" box="[1141,1202,1869,1895]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFBECE0B4AB75719A885A87A" box="[1213,1251,1870,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FL</collectionCode>
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.,
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<location id="8E9F6072FFBECE0B4AF9571AA9FEA875" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987BFFFBECE174E9D560CAD4FAC4F:8E9F6072FFBECE0B4AF9571AA9FEA875" box="[1267,1432,1869,1895]" country="United States of America" county="Walton Co." municipality="Gratin Beach Island" name="Highlands Co." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Highlands Co.</location>
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,
|
||
<collectorName id="26B5537FFFBECE0B4E9D5726AD63A899" box="[151,261,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Josephine</collectorName>
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Creek, leg. J. Nicholls,
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<date id="FFFE1069FFBECE0B4C1A5726AEF4A899" box="[528,658,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-04-16">
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<collectingDate id="EFBAE981FFBECE0B4C1A5726AEF4A899" box="[528,658,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-04-16">2008.04.16</collectingDate>
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</date>
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. Code
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||
<specimenCode id="DBE69ED2FFBECE0B4CD75726AF5FA89E" box="[733,825,1905,1932]" collectionCode="FL" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FL1075</specimenCode>
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; ex
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4D6E5725A872A899" box="[868,1044,1906,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4D6E5725A872A899" box="[868,1044,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Quercus incana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B283CF4FFBECE0B4A245726AD72A8BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878855306" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFBECE0B4A245726A8FCA899" box="[1070,1178,1905,1931]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
have been deposited at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFBECE0B4ECA57C2AD72A8BD" box="[192,276,1941,1967]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFBECE0B4F1557C2ADC1A8BD" box="[287,423,1941,1967]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, DC;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B283CF4FFBECE0B4FE257C2AFF3A8A2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878855311" box="[488,917,1941,1968]" collectionCode="PHDNRL" country="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFBECE0B4FE257C2AE32A8BD" box="[488,596,1941,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFBECE0B4C8057C2AEB3A8BD" box="[650,725,1941,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFBECE0B4D2B57C1AFF3A8A2" box="[801,917,1942,1968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">PHDNRL</collectionCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFBECE144ECD57EEAE73AE0F" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFBECE144ECD57EEAE73AE0F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1833,2040]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4ECD57EEAD24A8C1" bold="true" box="[199,322,1977,2003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The sexual galls resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFBECE0B4CE857EDA8C4A8C1" authority="(Ashmead, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[738,1186,1977,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuscitriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFBECE0B4CE857EDAFB4A8C1" box="[738,978,1977,2004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. quercuscitriformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Ashmead, 1881)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differ from them in having much thicker and harder walls, the surface of the gall is rough, and they are appreciably narrower, and turn dirty brown when mature; in contrast the galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA1CE144CF950C0AF86AFA3" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[755,992,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercuscitriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA1CE144CF950C0AF86AFA3" box="[755,992,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A. quercuscitriformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much more fragile at maturity, with thinner walls, the surface of the gall is smooth and glabrous, are much broader in diameter, remain lemon-yellow after adult emergence. Below the description of the sexual female and male are given according to the current morpho-description requirements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFA1CE174ECD5171ACB1AEC3" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA1CE144ECD5171AC80AE77" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA1CE144ECD5171AD3FAE52" bold="true" box="[199,345,294,320]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFA1CE144C025170AEBDAE50" box="[520,731,295,322]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 29–36" captionStart-1="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId-0="16.[151,264,1641,1665]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,264,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox-0="[168,1418,388,1607]" captionTargetBox-1="[169,1421,462,1618]" captionTargetId-0="figure-93@16.[151,1435,381,1618]" captionTargetId-1="figure-145@17.[157,1430,453,1630]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURES 29–36. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, sexual generation. 29–32, head, female: 29, frontal view, 30, dorsal view, 31, posterior view, 32, lateral view. 33, antenna, female. 34–35, male: 34, head, frontal view, 35, antenna. 36, forewing, part, female." captionText-1="FIGURES 37–41. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, sexual generation, female. 37–39, mesosoma: 37, lateral view, 38–39, dorsal view. 40, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view. 41, metasoma, lateral view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601822" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601824" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6601822/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6601824/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 29–33, 36–41</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head, mesosoma, metasoma, antennae, legs uniformly reddish brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3F6621FFA1CE144E9D563EAC85A9D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601822" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601822/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,264,1641,1665]" targetBox="[168,1418,388,1607]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA1CE144E9D563EAC85A9D8" blockId="16.[151,1437,1641,1738]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA1CE144E9D563EAD30A993" bold="true" box="[151,342,1641,1665]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURES 29–36.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA1CE144F57563DAEFAA990" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[349,668,1642,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA1CE144F57563DAE54A993" box="[349,562,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amphibolips spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sexual generation. 29–32, head, female: 29, frontal view, 30, dorsal view, 31, posterior view, 32, lateral view. 33, antenna, female. 34–35, male: 34, head, frontal view, 35, antenna. 36, forewing, part, female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA1CE154ECD56AFA9F7AEBF" blockId="16.[151,1437,1784,2026]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Head dull rugose, with sparse short white setae, denser on lower face, gena and postgena, quadrangular, 1.3× as broad as high, narrower than mesosoma in frontal view; 1.9x as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena dull rugose, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space rugose, without striae. Eye 2.0× as high as length of malar space. POL 2.0× as long as OOL, OOL longer than LOL, lateral ocellus 2.2× as long as LOL; ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance slightly longer than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7x as long as distance between toruli, and 1.4x as long as distance between torulus and eye; lower face dull rugose, without striae and with narrow elevated rugose median area. Clypeus coriaceous, rectangular, broader than high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pits small, indistinct, epistomal sulcus impressed, clypeo-pleurostomal line indistinct. Frons, vertex and occiput uniformly dull rugose. Interocellar area dull rugose, with large strongly elevated ocelli. Postocciput and postgena smooth, glabrous, impressed around occipital foramen; posterior tentorial pits large, deep, area around them strongly impressed; occipital foramen at least 4.0× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 10 flagellomeres; scape 2.0× as long as pedicel, pedicel subglobose, F1 2.8× as long as pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 slightly longer than F3, F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F10 2.0× as long as F9, placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3F6621FFA0CE154E9D5621A879A9A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601824" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601824/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[151,264,1654,1678]" targetBox="[169,1421,462,1618]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA0CE154E9D5621A879A9A0" blockId="17.[151,1436,1654,1714]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA0CE154E9D5621AD35A99C" bold="true" box="[151,339,1654,1678]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURES 37–41.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA0CE154F525621AEF5A99C" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" box="[344,659,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA0CE154F525621AE4DA99C" box="[344,555,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Amphibolips spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sexual generation, female. 37–39, mesosoma: 37, lateral view, 38–39, dorsal view. 40, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view. 41, metasoma, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA0CE164ECD568CAE3AAD0B" blockId="17.[151,1437,1755,2033]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mesosoma slightly longer than high in lateral view. Pronotum rugose dorsally, with numerous transversely orientated strong irregular rugae laterally which are absent in smooth, glabrous anterolateral part. Mesoscutum uniformly dull rugose, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum level with tegulae base). Notaulus indistinct in dull rugose sculpture; anterior parallel line extending to 1/3 length of mesoscutum, slightly impressed, marked by more delicate sculpture; parapsidal line distinct, originating away from posterior margin and extending to nearly half the length of mesoscutum, marked by elevated lines; median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina broad, extending to level of tegula. Mesoscutellum uniformly dull rugose, trapezoid, slightly longer than broad, without posteromedian depression, with median incision, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae large, deep, slightly longer than broad, with a few striae on smooth, glabrous bottom, with distinct elevated narrow median carina; lateral sides of foveae with strong carinae, separating them from dorsoaxillar areas. Mesopleuron, including speculum, uniformly dull rugose. Mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; dorsal axillar area delicately rugose with dense setae; lateral axillar area coriaceous, with a few short, white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel sides, its height less than height of metanotal trough, posterior end extending to half height of mesoscutellum; metapleural sulcus hidden in dull rugose sculpture. Metascutellum uniformly coriaceous, metanotal trough coriaceous, with dense white setae; ventral impressed area smooth, slightly shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, with strong median longitudinal carina; lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards medially; lateral propodeal area with irregular strong rugae and dense white setae. Nucha short, with irregular sulci. All legs with dense short white setae; tarsal claws with acute basal lobe.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA3CE164ECD5274A953AD97" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Forewing longer than body, infuscate, margin with short dense cilia and dark brown rounded spot in radial cell; R1 and Rs weakly pigmented, light, nearly reaching wing margin; radial cell narrow, open, slightly longer than broad; areolet small, triangular, closed, distinct; Rs+M reaching basalis (M) slightly above half its height.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA3CE164ECD52D8AF63AC2B" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum extending to 2/3 of metasoma length, smooth, glabrous, with short dense setae anterolaterally, with band of micropunctures posteriorly; all subsequent terga and hypopygium uniformly and entirely micropunctate.Ventral spine of hypopygium robust, long, needle-like, prominent part 6.5× as long as broad, with two rows of white setae ventrally, extending beyond apex of spine. Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA3CE164C2F5349AECAAC2B" box="[549,684,798,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="4.65" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="4.5">4.5–4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3F6621FFA3CE164E9D5783AF83A8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601828" box="[151,997,2004,2029]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601828/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[151,264,2004,2028]" targetBox="[151,1436,849,1981]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA3CE164E9D5783AF83A8FF" blockId="18.[151,997,2004,2029]" box="[151,997,2004,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA3CE164E9D5783AD32A8FF" bold="true" box="[151,340,2004,2029]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURES 42–43.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA3CE164F505782AEFDA8FF" authority="Ashmead." authorityName="Ashmead." box="[346,667,2005,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Amphibolips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA3CE164F505782AE4BA8FE" box="[346,557,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Amphibolips spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
Ashmead.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
42, asexual gall. 43, sexual gall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA2CE174ECD50C0AF79AE53" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFA2CE174F0450C0ADF7AFA3" box="[270,401,150,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–36" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1641,1665]" captionTargetBox="[168,1418,388,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-93@16.[151,1435,381,1618]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 29–36. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead, sexual generation. 29–32, head, female: 29, frontal view, 30, dorsal view, 31, posterior view, 32, lateral view. 33, antenna, female. 34–35, male: 34, head, frontal view, 35, antenna. 36, forewing, part, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601822/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 34–35</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to female but head more rounded in frontal view, eye 4.2× as high as length of malar space; POL 2.5× as long as OOL, OOL longer than LOL; interocellar area strongly elevated in frontal view; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, pedicel as long as broad, F1 the longest flagellomere, slightly curved and broadened in distal half and 1.4× as long as F2, F2=F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter and nearly equal in length, placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA2CE174C655170AEA3AE53" box="[623,709,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA2CE174ECD511DACB1AEC3" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174ECD511DAC9CAE76" bold="true" box="[199,250,330,356]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Gall</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFA2CE174F03511CAD3AAE77" box="[265,348,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–43" captionStartId="18.[151,264,2004,2028]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-306@18.[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 42–43. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead. 42, asexual gall. 43, sexual gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601828/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spindle-like bud galls, green and soft while young and growing,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA2CE174A33511DA8D7AE77" box="[1081,1201,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA2CE174B2F511DA9E7AE77" box="[1317,1409,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. The surface is rough, not shiny, with pale spots, interior filled with dense radiating filaments that support the central larval cell. After the gall matures, it turns dirty brown, the walls are very hard and approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA2CE174B5151C4A9FBAEBF" box="[1371,1437,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFA2CE174ECD518DAD6BAD72" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA2CE174ECD518DAD6BAD72" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174ECD518DAD41AEE6" bold="true" box="[199,295,474,500]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. Asexual galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFA2CE174A25518CA8E7AEE7" box="[1071,1153,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–43" captionStartId="18.[151,264,2004,2028]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetId="figure-306@18.[151,1436,849,1981]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 42–43. Amphibolips spinosa Ashmead. 42, asexual gall. 43, sexual gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601828/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
|
||
) are ovate, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFA2CE174B47518CA9FBAEE7" box="[1357,1437,475,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, in buds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174F5A51A8ADBDAD0B" box="[336,475,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laurifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174F5A51A8ADBDAD0B" box="[336,475,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Q. laurifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174C1A51A8AEF9AD0B" box="[528,671,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrtifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174C1A51A8AEF9AD0B" box="[528,671,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Q. myrtifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The sexual bud galls begin to develop in early May, mature in May-June, adults emerge in May through June. We recorded sexual galls on
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174DB35274A90BAD2E" box="[953,1389,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174DB35274A82BAD2F" box="[953,1101,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrtifolia">Q. myrtifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174A535274A88FAD2F" box="[1113,1257,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laurifolia">Q. laurifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174AFE5274A90BAD2E" box="[1268,1389,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inopina">Q. inopina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174E9D5210AD6BAD72" box="[151,269,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFA2CE174E9D5210AD6FAD72" box="[151,265,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incana">Q. incana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFA2CE174ECD523DAD4FAC4F" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA2CE174ECD523DA8C5ADBB" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174ECD523DAD07AD96" bold="true" box="[199,353,618,644]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3577639FFA2CE174F60523CADC0AD97" box="[362,422,619,645]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFA2CE174FB9523CAE61AD97" box="[435,519,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Highlands, Manatee, Martin, Walton, Liberty, Brevard Counties. We found this species also in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFA2CE174F4A52D8AD8EADBB" box="[320,488,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Patsy Pond Area and Croatan National Forest, Carperet Co.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFA2CE174ECD52E4AD4FAC4F" blockId="19.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFA2CE174ECD52E4ADA1ADDF" bold="true" box="[199,455,691,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Molecular taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Alternating generations were matched using DNA data, with seven individuals (five asexual females, one sexual female, one sexual male) sequenced for cytb and six individuals (four asexual females, one sexual female, one sexual male) sequenced for ITS2. Cytb sequences were on average 0.99% divergent (range 0–1.85%; GenBank accessions
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFA2CE174C455348AEB5AC28" box="[591,723,799,826]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM321616" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">OM321616</accessionNumber>
|
||
–
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFA2CE174CEB5348AF03AC28" box="[737,869,799,826]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM321622" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">OM321622</accessionNumber>
|
||
); ITS2 sequences were all identical (
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFA2CE174B015348A9EBAC2B" box="[1291,1421,799,825]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM331810" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">OM331810</accessionNumber>
|
||
–
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFA2CE174E9D5315AD7BAC4F" box="[151,285,834,861]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM331815" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">OM331815</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |