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<document id="99FA22D681EAA630A84EBD4C3D61C44F" ID-CLB-Dataset="3152" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5072.4.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="87c4739e-7fe1-41e7-a25f-aae7e837fb33" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748862" ID-ZooBank="810459A8-AF47-47A9-B5B6-BE45659B3E7F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1638424210814" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Benayahu, Yehuda, Ekins, Merrick &amp; Mcfadden, Catherine S." docDate="2021" docId="FB5F8935FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C41D79A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5072.4.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5072 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sympodium hexagonotus Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden 2021, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="338" masterDocId="0766F14DFFDEFFACFF9BFFF93E6FD02C" masterDocTitle="Overview of the genus Sympodium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Xeniidae), with the description of new species, revealing regional endemism" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="324" pageNumber="338" updateTime="1699471700562" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="F94D1EF435DFFC363CF890006B4B6D8A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="A17CA07FC06635B2FB0329E97D255DC5">Overview of the genus Sympodium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea, Xeniidae), with the description of new species, revealing regional endemism</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="CE6F8949BB8E803E2A14813CC215424B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2044BCAE47441229B38DAB42377E9029">
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<mods:namePart id="F841E2699D257D6B1F9D956F52476A9A">Benayahu, Yehuda</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D09F70A22D286843307712CA0DE8FDA6" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6999-0239</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="15F879B03F3DF4DF6B124800E0542A68">School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel yehudab @ tauex. tau. ac. il; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6999 - 0239</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F03FDAC2DF6E0F1AD0989A1160C2BF83" type="email">yehudab@tauex.tau.ac.il</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role id="EF4E17A7615981C0E285B1A10062D6BA">
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<mods:namePart id="78E87BE38D9CED585CFCF5F3C78A4975">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E7CB19D0A51F523BFBC5ABD3B7520479">Queensland Museum, South Brisbane BC, Queensland 4101, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F5EF794ADDDC6A0AEA103D00ADBA2547">Mcfadden, Catherine S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="153EFC88A603139B752D90AD61EC0C8F">Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="71E874585FD290AB09383621B674A610">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="57C4210B8FC295578705EBDDAB531442">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CB896D6D384C60984E4863F0ABB7C298">
<mods:date id="8EE10D9A32AAD5C177B0D3B99EB6D8AC">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2B53923A4648041901451140FDF871A8">2021-12-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="20CC611FF6A8B9BF9AACC3CD949E0A8B">5072</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FB5F8935FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C41D79A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5749818" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190875739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5749818" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB5F8935FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C41D79A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB5F8935FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C41D79A" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C7DD09D" box="[151,530,151,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="28018F4FFFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C7DD09D" bold="true" box="[151,530,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" reason="1">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C7DD09D" bold="true" box="[151,530,151,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3FA6D09E" ID-CoL="8TFZD" authority="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden, 2021" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,457,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hexagonotus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3FA6D09E" bold="true" box="[151,457,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Sympodium hexagonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AB1594AFFD0FFA2FE4BFF6E3C7DD09D" box="[464,530,151,177]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF0CFF423F24D0F9" box="[151,331,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="description">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF0CFF423F24D0F9" blockId="14.[151,530,151,213]" box="[151,331,187,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FF0CFF423E9CD0F9" box="[151,243,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1789,1813]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,240,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-48@7.[151,1436,237,1766]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Live colonies of Sympodium species on the reef. (A) S. arbusculum sp. n.: colonies with clusters of expanded polyps. (B, C) S. caeruleum Ehrenberg, 1834; membrane-like colonies with expanded polyps. (D, E) Patches of Sympodium gibbaeum sp. n. colonies with expanded polyps over the mounds. (F) S. hexagonotus sp. n. holotype colony featuring distinct mounds with expanded polyps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748871/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Figs. 3F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FF64FF423F72D0F9" box="[255,285,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1410,1434]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,598,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-158@14.[151,1436,597,1386]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sympodium hexagonotus sp. n.: morphology of type material colonies. (A) Holotype (QM G330076) featuring mounds with mostly retracted polyps. (B) Paratype fragments (QM G339750)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748893/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FEB2FF423F28D0F9" box="[297,327,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,610,634]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium hexagonotus sp. n. Holotype (QM G330076): (A) Ellipsoid platelets with hexagonal outline. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a granular appearance to the sclerite surface but organized in patches with space in between." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748895/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">11</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF0CFEFA3CD5D1A5" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF0CFEFA3DD8D149" blockId="14.[151,1437,259,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF0CFEFA3F69D131" bold="true" box="[151,262,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD0FFA2FE8AFEFA3F94D131" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092343" box="[273,507,259,285]" country="Australia" location="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="0BE178B3FFD0FFA2FE8AFEFA3F14D131" box="[273,379,259,285]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FE11FEFA3F94D131" box="[394,507,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FE11FEFA3F94D131" bold="true" box="[394,507,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
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<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FE60FEFA3C6FD131" bold="true" box="[507,512,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD0FFA2FD90FEFA3BF7D16E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092314" collectingDate="2009-05-19" collectionCode="QM" collectorName="M. Ekins &amp; M. Bryce" country="Australia" county="Lagoon" elevation="6" latitude="-22.621555" location="Ningaloo Reef" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="113.64239" municipality="Norwegian Bommies" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" specimenCode="G330076" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Australia" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="15E7A0E6FFD0FFA2FD90FEFA3C57D131" box="[523,568,259,285]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="23509058FFD0FFA2FDD8FEFA3CC0D131" box="[579,687,259,285]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">G330076</specimenCode>
,
<location id="76296EF8FFD0FFA2FD25FEFA3D06D131" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB5F8935FFD0FFA2FF0CFF6E3C41D79A:76296EF8FFD0FFA2FD25FEFA3D06D131" box="[702,873,259,285]" country="Australia" county="Lagoon" latitude="-22.621555" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="113.64239" municipality="Norwegian Bommies" name="Ningaloo Reef" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" stateProvince="Western Australia">Ningaloo Reef</location>
, inside
<collectingMunicipality id="932DA259FFD0FFA2FC5DFEFA3AD4D131" box="[966,1211,259,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Norwegian Bommies</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="B132F6C1FFD0FFA2FB51FEFD3BF6D131" box="[1226,1433,259,286]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="0BE178B3FFD0FFA2FF0CFEDE3E91D16D" box="[151,254,295,321]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
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,
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD0FFA2FE2DFEDE3C0ED16E" box="[438,609,295,322]" degrees="113" direction="east" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" precision="1" seconds="32.6" value="113.64239">113°38’32.6”E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingCounty id="9A2840AFFFD0FFA2FDEDFED13CA3D16E" box="[630,716,296,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Lagoon</collectingCounty>
(Patch Reef),
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD0FFA2FCF5FEDE3DD8D16E" box="[878,951,295,322]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">
<elevation id="F8DBDF10FFD0FFA2FCF5FEDE3DD8D16E" box="[878,951,295,322]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="m" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 m</elevation>
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,
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<collectingDate id="170CE70BFFD0FFA2FC58FEDE3A33D16D" box="[963,1116,295,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" value="2009-05-19">19 May 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="DE035DF5FFD0FFA2FB04FED13B69D16D" box="[1183,1286,295,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">M. Ekins</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="DE035DF5FFD0FFA2FAB1FED13BF7D16E" box="[1322,1432,296,322]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">M. Bryce</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD0FFA2FF0CFEB23DDCD149" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092334" box="[151,947,331,358]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" specimenCode="G339750" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Western Australia" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FF0CFEB23F60D149" box="[151,271,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
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<specimenCode id="23509058FFD0FFA2FEC9FEB23FD2D14A" box="[338,445,331,358]" collectionCode="QM" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">G339750</specimenCode>
, four fragments same details as the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FCD6FEB23DDCD149" box="[845,947,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CFE963CD5D1A5" blockId="14.[151,1437,259,573]" box="[199,698,367,394]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<materialsCitation id="C39E327EFFD0FFA2FF5CFE963CD9D1A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413092348" accessionNumber="Z29359" box="[199,694,367,394]" collectionCode="WAM" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="15E7A0E6FFD0FFA2FF5CFE963F64D1A5" box="[199,267,367,393]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
Z29359, same details as the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FDCBFE963CD9D1A5" box="[592,694,367,393]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF5CFE6A3C88D6BB" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="description">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CFE6A3E99D211" blockId="14.[151,1437,259,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CFE6A3F3ED181" bold="true" box="[199,337,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Description</emphasis>
. The
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FE14FE6A3F9ED181" box="[399,497,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
measures 25 x
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD0FFA2FD00FE6A3C86D182" box="[667,745,403,430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FD6CFE6A3D32D181" box="[759,861,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1410,1434]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,598,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-158@14.[151,1436,597,1386]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Sympodium hexagonotus sp. n.: morphology of type material colonies. (A) Holotype (QM G330076) featuring mounds with mostly retracted polyps. (B) Paratype fragments (QM G339750)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748893/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
), and features mounds covered with densely packed polyps. The spreading membrane is about
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thick and the mounds are about
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high. Only a few polyps are significantly expanded while the majority are in various states of retraction. The expanded polyps are up to
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD0FFA2FAE2FE223EACD236" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long and their tentacles are approximately
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long with a single row of 7–8 pinnules on either side of the tentacle.
</paragraph>
<caption id="278968ABFFD0FFA2FF0CFA7B3DDBD592" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5748893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748893/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" startId="14.[151,250,1410,1434]" targetBox="[152,1435,598,1385]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF0CFA7B3DDBD592" blockId="14.[151,1436,1410,1471]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF0CFA7B3F75D5B6" bold="true" box="[151,282,1410,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD0FFA2FEB2FA7B3C48D5B6" authority="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden, 2021" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[297,551,1410,1434]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hexagonotus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FEB2FA7B3C48D5B6" box="[297,551,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Sympodium hexagonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FDB5FA7B3C06D5B6" bold="true" box="[558,617,1410,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5AB1594AFFD0FFA2FDB5FA7B3C06D5B6" box="[558,617,1410,1434]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: morphology of type material colonies. (A) Holotype (QM G330076) featuring mounds with mostly retracted polyps. (B) Paratype fragments (QM G339750).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CFA153D15D65E" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
The sclerites of the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FE23FA153C75D62A" box="[440,538,1516,1542]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are ellipsoid platelets, mostly hexagonal in shape. They are opalescent and abundant throughout the colony, measuring
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD0FFA2FD10F9E93CA5D606" box="[651,714,1552,1578]" degrees="0.010" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" precision="55" value="0.01">0.010</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD0FFA2FD51F9E93D78D606" box="[714,791,1552,1578]" degrees="0.028" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" precision="55" value="-0.028">–0.028</geoCoordinate>
x
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD0FFA2FCADF9E93D99D607" box="[822,1014,1552,1579]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.0155" valueMax="0.023" valueMin="0.008">
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD0FFA2FCADF9E93D1AD606" box="[822,885,1552,1578]" degrees="0.008" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" precision="55" value="0.008">0.008</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="16C25EE4FFD0FFA2FCEEF9E93DADD606" box="[885,962,1552,1578]" degrees="0.023" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" precision="55" value="-0.023">–0.023</geoCoordinate>
mm
</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FB14F9E93A97D606" box="[1167,1272,1552,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,610,634]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium hexagonotus sp. n. Holotype (QM G330076): (A) Ellipsoid platelets with hexagonal outline. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a granular appearance to the sclerite surface but organized in patches with space in between." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748895/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
). The sclerites are composed of calcite rods whose tips provide a uniform granular appearance to the sclerite surface. They are arranged in dense patches with some space in between (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FC93F9A13D01D65E" box="[776,878,1624,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,610,634]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetId="figure-28@15.[151,1436,181,586]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Scanning electron micrographs of sclerites of Sympodium hexagonotus sp. n. Holotype (QM G330076): (A) Ellipsoid platelets with hexagonal outline. (B) Tips of calcite rods provide a granular appearance to the sclerite surface but organized in patches with space in between." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748895/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CF9853C88D6BB" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" box="[199,743,1660,1687]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CF9853F7FD6BA" bold="true" box="[199,272,1660,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Color.</emphasis>
The ethanol-preserved
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FD82F9853C14D6BA" box="[537,635,1660,1686]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is cream.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF5CF9593F2DD6F2" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CF9593F2DD6F2" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CF9593F21D696" bold="true" box="[199,334,1696,1722]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species’ name,
<taxonomicName id="B4F643A0FFD0FFA2FDB7F9593CD5D696" authorityName="Benayahu &amp; Ekins &amp; Mcfadden" authorityYear="2021" box="[556,698,1696,1722]" class="Anthozoa" family="Xeniidae" genus="Sympodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hexagonotus">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FDB7F9593CD5D696" box="[556,698,1696,1722]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">hexagonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Greek, means a six-sided polygon, referring to the unique shape of the sclerites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF5CF9113B7FD7BE" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CF9113C56D742" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CF9113F5BD72E" bold="true" box="[199,308,1768,1794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Remarks</emphasis>
. The
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FEE5F9103F86D72F" box="[382,489,1769,1795]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
resemble the
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FD0EF9113C98D72E" box="[661,759,1768,1794]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
except for their size. The morphology of the colonies is characterized by both mounds and the hexagonal sclerites whose diameter is the largest recorded to date among the congeners (
<quantity id="B40E95C6FFD0FFA2FE83F8C93FE0D767" box="[280,399,1840,1867]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="0.028">0.028 mm</quantity>
). The ethanol-preserved
<typeStatus id="AC4D8681FFD0FFA2FD3EF8C93D68D766" box="[677,775,1840,1866]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(QM G330076) was sequenced and subsequently assigned to MOTU44 (
<bibRefCitation id="176745D2FFD0FFA2FEAAF8AD3C42D742" author="McFadden, C. S. &amp; Gonzalez, A. &amp; Imada, R. &amp; Shi, S. S. &amp; Hong, P. &amp; Ekins, M. &amp; Benayahu, Y." box="[305,557,1876,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" pagination="992 - 1006" refId="ref14669" refString="McFadden, C. S., Gonzalez, A., Imada, R., Shi, S. S., Hong, P., Ekins, M. &amp; Benayahu, Y. (2019) Molecular operational taxonomic units reveal restricted geographic ranges and regional endemism in the Indo-Pacific octocoral family Xeniidae. Journal of Biogeography, 46, 992 - 1006. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13543" type="journal article" year="2019">
McFadden
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FE2AF8AC3F8CD742" box="[433,483,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CF8813B7FD7BE" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" box="[199,1296,1912,1939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CF8813F13D7BE" bold="true" box="[199,380,1912,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Living features</emphasis>
. The live colonies feature distinct mounds and are bluish/cream in color (
<figureCitation id="EBCD24A6FFD0FFA2FB2EF8813B67D7BE" box="[1205,1288,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1789,1813]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,240,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-48@7.[151,1436,237,1766]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Live colonies of Sympodium species on the reef. (A) S. arbusculum sp. n.: colonies with clusters of expanded polyps. (B, C) S. caeruleum Ehrenberg, 1834; membrane-like colonies with expanded polyps. (D, E) Patches of Sympodium gibbaeum sp. n. colonies with expanded polyps over the mounds. (F) S. hexagonotus sp. n. holotype colony featuring distinct mounds with expanded polyps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5748871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5748871/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3BEC6BA8FFD0FFA2FF5CF8653C41D79A" box="[199,558,1948,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="73493823FFD0FFA2FF5CF8653C41D79A" blockId="14.[151,1437,1516,1975]" box="[199,558,1948,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">
<emphasis id="4182E431FFD0FFA2FF5CF8653F36D79A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1948,1974]" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="B132F6C1FFD0FFA2FEFCF8643C41D79A" box="[359,558,1948,1975]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="338">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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