169 lines
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169 lines
17 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" ID-PMC="PMC4109472" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-421-91" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" ID-PubMed="25061381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578387" ID-ZooBank="4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304" ModsDocID="1313-2970-421-91" checkinTime="1451245675936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian & Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2014" docId="9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 421: 91-113" docOrigin="ZooKeys 421" docPubDate="2014-06-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517" docTitle="Raphia frater subsp. coloradensis Putnam-Cramer 2014, stat. r." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="104" updateTime="1668158807944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy and biogeography of the Nearctic Raphia Huebner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Raphiinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, K. W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum, 218 Earth Sciences Building, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T 6 G 2 E 9</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2014-06-27</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>421</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>91</mods:start>
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<mods:end>113</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7517</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-421-91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4DB3DA2D21B14D269544B4008028D304</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA88030FFBAFF84A232FFF3FF807607</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578387</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182234974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9509A1F2C1855382ABD92ED51C2E02CA" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName LSID="9509A1F2-C185-5382-ABD9-2ED51C2E02CA" authority="Putnam-Cramer" authorityName="Putnam-Cramer" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raphia frater subsp. coloradensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" status="stat. r." subSpecies="coloradensis">Raphia frater coloradensis Putnam-Cramer</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="104">stat. r.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Figs 1j-m</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographic distribution and phenotypic variation of Raphia frater subspecies. Circles indicate specimens examined during this study: green - subsp. piazzi; pink - subsp. abrupta; black - subsp. frater; blue - subsp. coloradensis; yellow - subsp. cinderella. Multi-coloured circles indicate transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens between respective subspecies. a Raphia frater piazzi (Zavallo Co., TX) b Raphia frater abrupta (Oktibeha Co., MS) c Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) d Raphia frater abrupta (Cottle Co., TX) e Raphia frater abrupta (Montgomery Co., MD) f, g Raphia frater frater (Edmunston, NB) h Raphia frater abrupta - frater intermediate (Anne Arundel Co., MD) i Raphia frater abrupta - frater - coloradensis intermediate from highly variable population in Cherry Co., NE j Raphia frater coloradensis (Alamosa Co., CO) k Raphia frater coloradensis (Milk River valley, AB) l Raphia frater coloradensis (Sanpete Co., UT) m Raphia frater coloradensis (Elko Co., NV) n Raphia frater cinderella (Ventura Co., CA) o, p Raphia frater coloradensis - frater intermediates (Chelan Co., WA) q Raphia frater elbea (Cochise Co., AZ) r Raphia frater elbea (San Juan Co., UT) s Raphia frater elbea (Santa Cruz Co., AZ). All specimens are males." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30255" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">, 1o</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Raphia frater subspecies (circles) relative to range of Populus species (coloured shading) in western North America. Half-circles represent transitional populations and / or phenotypically intermediate specimens. Ranges for Populus trichocarpa + Populus balsamifera and Populus angustifolia + Populus deltoides are combined, with both Populus balsamifera and Populus deltoides occuring in Alberta - Montana (upper right). Populus ranges adapted from USGS (2013)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30257" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">, 3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="104" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater" status="stat. r.">Raphia frater</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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Putnam-Cramer, 1886
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallula" status="stat. r.">Raphia pallula</taxonomicName>
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H. Edwards, 1886,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="104" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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- Neotype female, here designated [CNC]. Type locality: Deer Creek Cyn. Park,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="33.18" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="39.553">39°33.18'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="west" minutes="08.49" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-105.1415">105°08.49'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 5950', SW Littleton, Jefferson Co., Colorado. None of the original types, three males and four females "taken in Colorado by D. Bruce," could be located and are presumed lost. The primary type of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Putnam-Cramer" authorityYear="1886" class="Hexapoda" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xylena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoracica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Xylena thoracica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Putnam-Cramer, the only other noctuid named by Putnam-Cramer, is housed at USNM. Prior to 1886, D. Bruce collected in the mountains and foothills near Denver (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="107" pagination="126 - 133" refId="B4" refString="Brown, FM, 1966. David Bruce (1833-1903) and other entomological collectors in Colorado. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 74: 126 - 133" title="David Bruce (1833 - 1903) and other entomological collectors in Colorado." volume="74" year="1966">Brown 1966</bibRefCitation>
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), and we accordingly select a specimen from the same region to designate as
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">neotype:</emphasis>
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"Colorado: Jefferson Co. /
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<geoCoordinate degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="33.18" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="39.553">39°33.18'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="105" direction="west" minutes="08.49" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-105.1415">105°08.49'W</geoCoordinate>
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/ Deer Creek Cyn. Park / SW Littleton, w of hogback / 16-17 June 2008, 5950' elev / riparian area s. of road / leg: Chuck Harp uv trap"; "Neotype /
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Raphia frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var. /
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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Putnam-Cramer / Schmidt and Anweiler 2014."
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallula">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Raphia pallula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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- Holotype female [AMNH]. Type locality: Siskiyou Co., California [USA]. Published several months after
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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Putnam-Cramer, Edwards was apparently not aware of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Putnam-Cramer’s">Putnam-Cramer's</normalizedToken>
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name as it is not mentioned in his description.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="104" type="diagnosis and description">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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Within the range of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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, specimens identical to the typical boreal
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are often present; in the most arid parts of the range of
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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in the southern Great Basin,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">coloradensis</emphasis>
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is more consistently pale ochre yellow with obsolete transverse lines and diffuse black costal/reniform blotches, overall very similar to
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">elbea</emphasis>
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, but with less pronounced costal and reniform dark patches. Average forewing length is 14.9 mm (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">n</emphasis>
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= 9) in males, 16.8 mm in females (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">n</emphasis>
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= 6).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" type="biology and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Biology and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
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This subspecies occurs from southernmost British Columbia / Alberta to New Mexico, Utah, and California. It is most commonly associated
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="105" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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riparian, low-elevation habitats. Northern populations fly from late May to July in a single generation. Flight dates spanning from May into August in the Great Basin and Southern Rocky mountain region indicate a second or partial second generation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="105" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="105">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Putnam-Cramer" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="coloradensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Raphia frater coloradensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the most weakly-differentiated subspecies, and may simply be an ecologically induced phenotype of
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<taxonomicName authority="frater" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Raphia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="frater" subSpecies="frater">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Raphia frater frater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that occurs in the warmer, drier regions of the West. Several populations, spanning a large geographical area, have been identified that exhibit a large range of phenotypic variation, as discussed above in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Morphology’">'Morphology'</normalizedToken>
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section. Specimens from Siskiyou Co., California and the east slope of the northern Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co.) are phenotypically very similar to Great Basin
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">coloradensis</emphasis>
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, and we therefore treat
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">pallula</emphasis>
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as a junior subjective synonym. DNA barcodes of two specimens from the northern Sierra Nevada (Sierra Co.) belonged to the
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">frater-coloradensis-abrupta</emphasis>
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haplogroup (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Neighbour-joining tree and associated sampling sites of mtDNA barcode haplotypes in Raphia frater. Haplogroup colour corresponds to that of sampling sites. Subspecies assignment based on morphology and sample size is indicated for each haplogroup. Width of triangles is proportional to number of haplotypes, height represents maximum divergence within haplogroup." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/30258" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |