323 lines
51 KiB
XML
323 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="FA7E18E92362AF0171FDCD26C5D6DDF2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3884.6.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="114c1f88-f9e3-483f-a9c9-2f719bc0768a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226024" ID-ZooBank="9302CD89-CF83-4762-A534-86A50B596832" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460972423561" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gong, Lin, Li, Xinzheng & Qiu, Jian-Wen" docDate="2014" docId="780687D3AB0F47182EA2DC298F9DB6A3" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03884p560.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3884 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lophophysema eversa Gong, Li & Qiu, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="559" masterDocId="843FFFABAB0D471E2E35DB728B39B523" masterDocTitle="A new species of Lophophysema (Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hyalonematidae) from the South China Sea" masterLastPageNumber="560" masterPageNumber="553" pageNumber="555" updateTime="1698559271973" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="89FB364F7FDEA8CB00BEA118290E9C26">A new species of Lophophysema (Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hyalonematidae) from the South China Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3B75D37FCCF7EC740E2AC10C3440A765">Gong, Lin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FC92768BCCF48D06B8EFFBD00130D496">Li, Xinzheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D0F743942EE2C793350F729AB4812D81">Qiu, Jian-Wen</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="780687D3AB0F47182EA2DC298F9DB6A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6137733" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119593948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6137733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:780687D3AB0F47182EA2DC298F9DB6A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/780687D3AB0F47182EA2DC298F9DB6A3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">
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<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0F471C2EA2DC298A17B2B4" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0F471C2EA2DC29893EB255" blockId="2.[151,519,1883,1944]" box="[151,519,1883,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">
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<heading id="AB5881A9AB0F471C2EA2DC29893EB255" bold="true" box="[151,519,1883,1910]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0F471C2EA2DC29893EB255" bold="true" box="[151,519,1883,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">
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<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0F471C2EA2DC298A9AB256" ID-CoL="8558F" box="[151,419,1883,1909]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0F471C2EA2DC298A9AB256" bold="true" box="[151,419,1883,1909]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E857ACAB0F471C2F9FDC2E893EB255" box="[426,519,1884,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0F471C2EA2DC0D8A17B2B4" blockId="2.[151,519,1883,1944]" box="[151,302,1919,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">
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(
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<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0F471C2EABDC0D8A1CB2B4" box="[158,293,1919,1944]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox-0="[183,1403,905,1937]" captionTargetBox-1="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[183,1404,905,1937]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”. B – C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0F471C2EA2DCB28A5EB2D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0F471C2EA2DCB28A5EB2D6" blockId="2.[151,1436,1984,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">
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<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0F471C2EA2DCB28987B2F5" ID-CoL="8558F" authority="Zhang, Sun, Li & Qiu, 2014" authorityName="Zhang, Sun, Li & Qiu" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,702,1984,2006]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0F471C2EA2DCB28A44B2F5" box="[151,381,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0F471C2FB2DCB28987B2F5" author="Zhang" box="[391,702,1984,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="555" refString="Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Li, X. & Qiu, J. W. (2014) The mitochondrial genome of the deep-sea glass sponge Lophophysema eversa (Porifera, Hexacinellida, Hyalonematidae). Mitochondrial DNA, 1 - 2." type="book chapter" year="2014">Zhang, Sun, Li & Qiu, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0F471C2CF9DCB288A2B2F5" box="[716,923,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">Mitochondrial DNA</emphasis>
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(in press) DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.945552 [
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0F471C2EFADC928A67B2D7" box="[207,350,2015,2037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="555">nomen nudum</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0E471D2EA2DBE58A9CB5DB" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0E471D2EA2DBE58A9CB5DB" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2EA2DBE58ABBB593" bold="true" box="[151,386,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="2F148867AB0E471D2FB9DBE58AC0B593" box="[396,505,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: MBM 179978, northeast of the Zhongsha Islands, South
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<collectingCountry id="88B87655AB0E471D2AA0DBE58FE1B593" box="[1173,1240,151,176]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">China</collectingCountry>
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Sea,
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<geoCoordinate id="959B5002AB0E471D2B2FDBE58EA1B593" box="[1306,1432,151,176]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" precision="92" value="117.75833">117°45.5'E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="959B5002AB0E471D2EA2DBCE8A36B5F6" box="[151,271,188,213]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" precision="92" value="17.611668">17°36.7’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="84111005AB0E471D2F28DBCF8A91B5F7" box="[285,424,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" value="2013-07-07">7 July 2013</date>
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, 3683 m depth, muddy substrate, collected by Xinzheng Li and Jian-Wen Qiu using the “Jiaolong” submersible.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0E47182EF2DA768F10B446" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0E471D2EF2DA768833B67E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2EF2DA768A60B43E" bold="true" box="[199,345,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Description.</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="2F148867AB0E471D2FA0DA768ACEB43E" box="[405,503,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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is half-gourd shaped, composed of two opposite cones, with a smaller upper part and a larger lower part (
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<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0E471D2F94DA558939B463" box="[417,512,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,905,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1404,905,1937]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”. B – C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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). It is different from the typical shape of genus
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<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0E471D2A22DA5A8FF8B463" box="[1047,1217,296,320]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2A22DA5A8FF8B463" box="[1047,1217,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Lophophysema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which always have a larger upper cone. The body length (without stalk) is
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2D33DA3E885FB447" box="[774,870,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8199999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="182.0">182 mm</quantity>
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, with a maximum diameter of
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2AF7DA3E8E2CB447" box="[1218,1301,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="76.0">76 mm</quantity>
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. An everted atrial surface extends from the whole apical cone to the flank of the lower cone diminishedly. The everted atrial surface composed of the upper cone and divide the flank of the body into two parts which is comparatively very closed. The dermal surface between the basalia and the everted atrial surface located at the lower cone. It has large holes and organized into sieve (
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<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0E471D2FCEDAAE8960B4D7" box="[507,601,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,905,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1404,905,1937]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”. B – C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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B) with mesh size from
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2D58DAAE88FAB4D7" box="[877,963,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2DDDDAAE8F7BB4D7" box="[1000,1090,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
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. The color of the atrial surface and dermal surface is darken yellow and beige, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the dermal surface, the color of the atrial surface looks darker. Large inhalant cavities can be found under the dermal surface. The basal exist on the side of the body. For other
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<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0E471D2C63D93A89C6B743" box="[598,767,584,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2C63D93A89C6B743" box="[598,767,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Lophophysema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spcies, the basal may exist on the middle of body due to it has no special describe on it in
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<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0E471D2C3DD91E8800B7A7" author="Tabachnick" box="[520,825,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. & Levi, C. (1999) Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 13 (3), 495 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97025" type="journal article" year="1999">Tabachnick & Lévi (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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and the figure 4 of the
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<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0E471D2A64D91E8FC2B7A7" box="[1105,1275,620,644]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2A64D91E8FC2B7A7" box="[1105,1275,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Lophophysema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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body form in Tabachnick & Menshenina. Basalia with smooth surface tightly twisted in a tuft, and stretch from the bottom to protrude over the apex. These were broken as a result of their collection (
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<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0E471D2DE5D9C68F17B7EF" box="[976,1070,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,905,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1404,905,1937]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”. B – C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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C). The smallest diameter of the tuft is
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2EDFD9AA8A0DB7CC" box="[234,308,728,751]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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; individual basalia vary from
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2C95D9AA89C5B7CC" box="[672,764,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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to
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<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2D19D9AA884AB7CC" box="[812,883,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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in width. Sponge tissues are fleshy, light and compressible, with an orange rusty patch on the lower part wrapping the basalia (
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<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0E471D2A71D98E8F9DB637" box="[1092,1188,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,905,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[183,1404,905,1937]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “ Jiaolong ”. B – C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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B). The basal stalk is long,>
|
||
<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2ED3D86D8A7FB614" box="[230,326,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="650.0">650 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and the part protruding over the apex is
|
||
<quantity id="37579B20AB0E471D2D23D852884AB614" box="[790,883,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" unit="mm" value="124.0">124 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Marginalia were difficult to observe due to the fragmentation of the specimen after its preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A4D0664DAB0E471D2EA2DCED8A8BB2D3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226025/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" targetBox="[183,1403,905,1937]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0E471D2EA2DCED8A8BB2D3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1951,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2EA2DCED8A2AB297" bold="true" box="[151,275,1951,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0E471D2F2CDCED8AC2B296" box="[281,507,1951,1973]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0E471D2F2CDCED8AC2B296" box="[281,507,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="556">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E857ACAB0E471D2C37DCD28968B296" box="[514,593,1952,1973]" pageId="3" pageNumber="556" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
holotype. A, a photograph showing its natural growth form on the seabed before it was collected by the mechanical hand of the manned submersible “Jiaolong”. B–C, external morphology of the specimen after being lifted out of seawater.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB09471A2EF2DBE589AEB463" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB09471A2EF2DBE58A09B593" bold="true" box="[199,304,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
The choanosomal skeleton has smooth and slightly curved diactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2A01DBE58FAEB593" box="[1076,1175,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diactins are medially widened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2F31DBCE8A5DB5F7" box="[260,356,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
J–L), terminally conical or slightly swollen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2D62DBCE888EB5F7" box="[855,951,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F–I). Acanthophores are present as diactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2EABDBAD8A3AB5DB" box="[158,259,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
N), stauractins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2F8FDBAD8927B5DB" box="[442,542,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="88B87655AB09471A2C2BDB92890AB5DB" box="[542,563,224,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">O</collectingCountry>
|
||
–P), pentactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2CDBDBAD886BB5DB" box="[750,850,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
Q), hexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2DC9DBAD8F58B5DB" box="[1020,1121,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1673,1695]" captionTargetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[272,1315,373,1652]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diactins and acanthophores of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – M, Diactins: A – E, general appearance of whole diactins. F – I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J – M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N – R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O – P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
R), with ends covered with small spines. Choanosomal hexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2C62DA768983B43F" box="[599,698,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
J) are covered with short spines and have relatively longer and thicker rays than microhexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2C27DA55894BB463" box="[530,626,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A4D0664DAB09471A2EA2DDFB884EB3FF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226026/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" targetBox="[272,1314,373,1651]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB09471A2EA2DDFB884EB3FF" blockId="4.[151,1436,1673,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB09471A2EA2DDFB8A2AB3BD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1673,1695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Diactins and acanthophores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB09471A2C62DDFB8800B3BC" box="[599,825,1673,1695]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB09471A2C62DDFB8800B3BC" box="[599,825,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E857ACAB09471A2D75DDF888A9B3BC" box="[832,912,1674,1695]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A–M, Diactins: A–E, general appearance of whole diactins. F–I, magnified ends of different types of diactins. J–M, magnified middle parts of different types of diactins. N–R, acanthophores: N, diactins, O–P, stauractins, Q, pentactins, R, hexactins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB09471B2EE4DC7B8F3EB5F6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1801,2006]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="558" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">
|
||
Dermalia, atrialia, and canalaria are pinular pentactins. The tangential rays of pinular pentactins are spiny. Atrialia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2EC8DC5F8A64B265" box="[253,349,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E) are similar to canalaria (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2CADDC5F89C1B265" box="[664,760,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D) but larger. The atrialia pinular rays are 204.9–402.2 µm long, while canalaria pinular rays are 28.8–129.7 µm long (Table 1). The dermalia pinular rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2AC7DC238E6AB249" box="[1266,1363,1873,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C) are 104.3–174.2 µm long and usually spindle-like, with the teeth on the ray being longer and denser than the other two
|
||
<typeStatus id="2F148867AB09471A2EA2DCE88BEFB291" box="[151,214,1946,1970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. The hypodermal pentactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2C0EDCEB899BB291" box="[571,674,1945,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B) have smooth rays of varying lengths: 187.6–674.9 µm long (proximal rays), and 75.6–220.7 µm long (tangential rays), pentactins with two reduced rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB09471A2AD5DCCF8E7AB2F5" box="[1248,1347,1981,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="557">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A) may occasionally be present. The hypoatrial pentactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB08471B2CD1DBE5887FB593" box="[740,838,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F) have long tangential rays (137.3–406.1 µm long) and short proximal rays which are difficult to measure under light microscopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A4D0664DAB08471B2EA2DCED8F1AB2D3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" targetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB08471B2EA2DCED8F1AB2D3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1951,2032]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB08471B2EA2DCED8A2BB297" bold="true" box="[151,274,1951,1973]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Images of spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB08471B2FC1DCED89ECB296" box="[500,725,1951,1973]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB08471B2FC1DCED89ECB296" box="[500,725,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E857ACAB08471B2CEEDCD28810B296" box="[731,809,1952,1973]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A–I, SEM images of spicules. A–B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J–K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0B47182EE5DBE58F10B446" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
Microscleres consist of amphidiscs and microhexactins. Amphidiscs consist of two forms. Macramphidiscs are absent. Mesamphidiscs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0B47182FE7DBCE8908B5F7" box="[466,561,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G) have shafts covered by numerous spines, total length 55.2–89.2 µm, umbel length 20.1–34.5 µm, and umbel diameter 16.9–26.9 µm. Micramphidiscs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0B47182DEADBAD8F19B5DB" box="[991,1056,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H) have small spiny shafts similar to those of mesamphidiscs, with total length ranging from 12.4–21.2 µm. Micramphidiscs significantly outnumber the mesamphidiscs. Microhexactins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0B47182C01DA5589AAB463" box="[564,659,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
Figure
|
||
<date id="84111005AB0B47182CB0DA5A89AAB463" box="[645,659,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">3</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, K) have numerous small spines on their rays. These rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0B47182B1FDA558EB1B463" box="[1322,1416,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[203,1379,255,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[203,1380,255,1920]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Images of spicules of Lophophysema eversa sp. nov. A – I, SEM images of spicules. A – B, hypodermal pentactin. C, dermal pentactin. D, canalarial pentactin. E, atrial pentactin. F, hypoatrial pentactin. G, mesamphidisc. H, micramphidiscs. I, microhexactin. J – K, LM images of spicules. J, choanosomal hexactins. K, microhexactin." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226027/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
Figure
|
||
<date id="84111005AB0B47182B4EDA5A8EB1B463" box="[1403,1416,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">3</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I) are 14.7–40.6 µm long, mostly straight, although some have slightly curved ends.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0B47182EF2DA1D8937B48E" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0B47182EF2DA1D8937B48E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182EF2DA1D8A77B4AB" bold="true" box="[199,334,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182C1FDA03894AB4AB" box="[554,627,369,392]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182C1FDA03894AB4AB" box="[554,627,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the Latin word "eversus", meaning everted, referring to the notably everted atrial surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B8B5654EAB0B47182EF2DAC58F9DB6A3" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0B47182EF2DAC58AC3B636" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182EF2DAC58A02B4F3" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182F8ADACA8829B4F3" authority="Schulze, 1900" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1900" box="[447,784,439,464]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182F8ADACA8950B4F3" box="[447,617,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Lophophysema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0B47182C45DAC58829B4F3" author="Schulze" box="[624,784,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1900) Hexactinelliden des Indischen Oceanes. III Theil. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1900, 1 - 46. [plates I - VII]" type="journal article" year="1900">Schulze, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains three described species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182AA5DACB8A7BB4D7" authority="Tabachnick & Levi, 1999" authorityName="Tabachnick & Levi" authorityYear="1999" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gilchristi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182AA5DACB8E2AB4F3" box="[1168,1299,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. gilchristi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0B47182B2EDAC58A7BB4D7" author="Tabachnick" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. & Levi, C. (1999) Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 13 (3), 495 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97025" type="journal article" year="1999">Tabachnick & Lévi, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182F62DAAF8876B4D7" authority="Tabachnick & Levi, 1999" authorityName="Tabachnick & Levi" authorityYear="1999" box="[343,847,476,501]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182F62DAAF893DB4D7" box="[343,516,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. australicum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0B47182C21DAAE8876B4D7" author="Tabachnick" box="[532,847,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. & Levi, C. (1999) Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 13 (3), 495 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97025" type="journal article" year="1999">Tabachnick & Lévi, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182DBADAAF8FF6B4D7" authority="Schulze, 1900" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1900" box="[911,1231,476,501]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inflatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182DBADAAF8F2AB4D7" box="[911,1043,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. inflatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0B47182A11DAAE8FF6B4D7" author="Schulze" box="[1060,1231,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1900) Hexactinelliden des Indischen Oceanes. III Theil. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1900, 1 - 46. [plates I - VII]" type="journal article" year="1900">Schulze, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a review of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182EA2D97289BEB73B" authority="Tabachnick & Levi (1999)" authorityName="Tabachnick & Levi" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,647,511,536]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182EA2D9728A78B73B" box="[151,321,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Lophophysema</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943E4B34AB0B47182F67DA8D89BEB73B" author="Tabachnick" box="[338,647,511,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" refString="Tabachnick, K. R. & Levi, C. (1999) Revision of Lophophysema (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hyalonematidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 13 (3), 495 - 509. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97025" type="journal article" year="1999">Tabachnick & Lévi (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pointed out the distinct characters of the three species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182B28D9738EA5B73B" box="[1309,1436,512,536]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inflatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182B28D9738EA5B73B" box="[1309,1436,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. inflatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains microhexactins;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182F8DD9578964B71F" box="[440,605,548,572]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182F8DD9578964B71F" box="[440,605,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. australicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has rough monactin and the macramphidisc umbel is longer than half of the total length; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182FBBD93B892CB743" box="[398,533,584,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gilchristi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182FBBD93B892CB743" box="[398,533,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. gilchristi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has choanosomal hexactins and the umbel diameter in the mesamphidiscs is proportionally larger.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182FBAD91E89B2B7A7" box="[399,651,620,644]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182FBAD91E89B2B7A7" box="[399,651,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Lophophysema eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9E857ACAB0B47182CA1D91F89D4B7A7" box="[660,749,621,644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from all three described species by its unusual body shape with basalia on the side of the body and by lacking macramphidiscs. Specifically, the new species (1) can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182F44D9C7892DB7EF" box="[369,532,692,716]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="australicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182F44D9C7892DB7EF" box="[369,532,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. australicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking rough monactin; (2) can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182A91D9C78E1FB7EF" box="[1188,1318,692,716]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="gilchristi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182A91D9C78E1FB7EF" box="[1188,1318,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. gilchristi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the pinular ray of its atrialia is longer than that of dermalia and canalaria; and (3) is distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182A99D9AB8E1EB7D3" box="[1196,1319,728,752]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="inflatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182A99D9AB8E1EB7D3" box="[1196,1319,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. inflatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having spined choanosomal hexactins..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F01036C5AB0B47182EF2D86D8F9DB6A3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182EF2D86D8ABDB61B" bold="true" box="[199,388,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Molecular data.</emphasis>
|
||
The phylogenies of ML and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="88B87655AB0B47182CF1D85289D9B614" box="[708,736,800,823]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">BI</collectingCountry>
|
||
analyses were highly congruent. The phylogeny based on 16S rRNA (
|
||
<figureCitation id="68942A40AB0B47182EDED8368A74B67F" box="[235,333,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1685,1707]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,952,1657]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[152,1435,949,1664]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Bayesian inference tree based on 16 S rRNA sequence data with the GTR + G substitution model; Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and ML analysis bootstrap values (right) are shown on each branch. The scale bar corresponds to 0.08 expected substitutions per site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226028/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182FEBD837897FB67F" box="[478,582,837,860]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Lophophysema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="eversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182FEBD837897FB67F" box="[478,582,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">L. eversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="37AF4D46AB0B47182D1FD8368892B67F" box="[810,939,836,860]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Hyalonematidae" genus="Hyalonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphidiscosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2DBEAD7AB0B47182D1FD8368892B67F" box="[810,939,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Hyalonema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the exclusion of the pheronematids, thus supporting the family assignment, with support values>70 for both the ML and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="88B87655AB0B47182A2FD81A8F0FB65C" box="[1050,1078,872,895]" name="Belgium" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">BI</collectingCountry>
|
||
analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |