247 lines
39 KiB
XML
247 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="BFB6372521FB9724804E0F4056410725" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="68b0d7de-1651-4945-8576-b7328a26175b" ModsDocID="z00249p001" checkinTime="1246893442886" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Jonathan W. Armbruster" docDate="2003" docId="4CDB33DCE60FBFDF63B6C0B704425711" docLanguage="en" docName="2003_Armbruster_2_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 249" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DDFAA9D6-E4FA-4C3C-9749-CF0313D30F3C" docTitle="Hypostomus cochliodon" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="A29EE709B7587AF1AD73A093A03CF987" masterDocTitle="The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)." masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1701313868015" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="187BE13960530B2A05B5FB2019942317">
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<mods:title id="5F207A8682F55AC0D1BB8A9B6902152C">The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae).</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E468F38EA94A1A2952B8DFA494FA9427" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6637006AD945EBBAA11742996D6E800C">Jonathan W. Armbruster</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="23799F874B73BE76AD920D739935376F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F71FB04C9A2EC422F360E889DDB5D990">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AC51D5FE46FEA83A64132142B09FFC52">
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<mods:date id="451EA916FB6C917DE761ED2F10DF4FAF">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="B9FF7FD7831FF7B23873ECCFE1E8CBCE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="4CDB33DCE60FBFDF63B6C0B704425711" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6274729" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100125129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6274729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4CDB33DCE60FBFDF63B6C0B704425711" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4CDB33DCE60FBFDF63B6C0B704425711" lastPageNumber="57" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="48C755FD8D8479CB6ABB3C67A783EA1D" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6B5542EDA26D187DD2C25FB52DB3C353" pageNumber="54">
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[[
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<taxonomicName id="A39F1A766D2D2FB68F8BFAD6A87C0CFE" ID-CoL="3NZ6W" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">Hypostomus cochliodon</taxonomicName>
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Group ]]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="02423599E8CAD938377B9BBA7B48A892" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="16175EACF9178640995295702773418C" pageNumber="54">Discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="27108E3BBD435DFF506FE0CADD7509CF" pageNumber="54">
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Delimiting the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="2035E5B3DFC6721A48C8AF45D3DA8882" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">Hypostomus cochliodon</taxonomicName>
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group is made difficult by the fact that the species vary little in morphometrics or meristics, and the species have a well developed ability to alter color pattern. However, the species can be divided into four groups and from those groups it is possible to distinguish the species. The four groups are the intermediate group (
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<taxonomicName id="39CAE0C904BA5231637EC936A5312477" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">H. hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="B496F6A9B791C761AD16103935D45316" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="375323EB7934C0D3D65ABEE9E29894CB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
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with a unique color pattern, the odontodeless opercle group (
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<taxonomicName id="9F371644CF84BA4CE0D93ED4F95FA7F3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="54ADF308773E25BF300DADBCBC8F9B58" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">H. levis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="752DF1621946A0E470266B15726FA925" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="6338415C2450FFD5037746C941640367" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="8D73F8A1ABF575AFE7892A44DA14FB0E" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
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), and an undifferentiated northern group (
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<taxonomicName id="7DF4FE0A6E29643142D154BC30702A71" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hondae">H. hondae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="82A22CEC600E9B680C0983C5C49A8C58" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8E17BFCB-CFC3-4096-8202-76C9E23D3D1F" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus pagei Armbruster 2003:39" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagei">H. pagei</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="7FC6292A633912597C30A1253CBAA88B" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plecostomoides">H. plecostomoides</taxonomicName>
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). The odontodeless opercle group can be further subdivided into a highly keeled group (
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<taxonomicName id="BDB89D0D044B61AF3C29CEE950AB3EE4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C2B5D9DE63FD89727F05EAC8489819E1" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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) and a weakly to non-keeled group (
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<taxonomicName id="89D81443AB85CABB79EBE1BE8F73F1C1" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">H. levis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="A833B564AD649E72EAA46CF41A558920" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="310F79D09398120A9DD110E5A5C06C1A" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
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). Once in these groups, it is fairly simple to separate the species. Principal components analysis is provided for each of the groups although
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<taxonomicName id="6A565728BC30134C25BE77D009CAFAED" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">H. levis</taxonomicName>
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is excluded from the analysis because it lacks many of the measurements because of its absence of an adipose fin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A212618E2545741732DE80622624A929" pageNumber="54">
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The PCA of the intermediate group showed a 100% separation of the species on principal component 2 (Fig. 10A). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by dorsal-anal length and anal-fin width and most strongly and positively effected by anal-fin length and folded dorsal-fin length. A ratio of dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length completely separates the two species from one another: average = 111.1 ± 8.4%, 92.5-132.6% in
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<taxonomicName id="B62229D50958AF2D3EEA99B0270A9A55" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">Hypostomus hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
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and average = 79.2 ± 7.6%, 69.6-89.7% in
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<taxonomicName id="1F034D7D8D13B7077B9D456D24180529" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8EC831689F6B57A33623D96659FF063E" pageNumber="54">
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The PCA of the odontodeless groups showed two trends, a complete or almost complete separation of
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<taxonomicName id="7531205A6D2FF460201CD945801FCB4A" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taphorni">H. taphorni</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="F9E7463F08EFAAD62F4E8193FB0B3FDC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="3DDC412D285223B804F35D02ECE5A49F" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="F4CF413117C79AB70DB6FCFB64ADBA20" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
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and a complete separation of
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<taxonomicName id="A7F4EFDE45A2E668CB442E6A2D646815" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="32C2989C05938933F89343D6FE210A2C" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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on a graph of PC2 vs. PC3 (Fig. 10B). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by adipose-caudal length and mouth width and most strongly and positively effected by interdorsal length, eye-nare length and orbit length. PC3 is most strongly and negatively effected by base of anal-fin length, anal-fin length, and adipose-spine length and most strongly and positively effected by interdorsal length, adipose-caudal length, and postanal length. Although there is no morphometric evidence suggesting that
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<taxonomicName id="4ADF4AC36D90143E79BD4DBA0C02CB5F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2438EE746D126565488B5A213F03B8C4" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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are distinct from
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<taxonomicName id="823785377FC1892ECE9B14858AB874ED" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
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there are morphological differences (well-developed keels in
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<taxonomicName id="C7200F5D9C8349C85E325EF32BF0B4C0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="D290CF2941EAB406BAABBD78CC33EEDD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
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vs. no or weak keels in
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<taxonomicName id="C022E2B7C10A1B67E18FACCBCC2AE67F" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D7366DAD27B4661C854D3D3A35F0FAEB" pageNumber="55">
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The PCA of the northern group showed some general trends separating
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<taxonomicName id="3CE0CBAF6B0FAA13EA9B8AE418386458" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hondae">H. hondae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="38F38492B39D64061975EC314B67C765" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8E17BFCB-CFC3-4096-8202-76C9E23D3D1F" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus pagei Armbruster 2003:39" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagei">H. pagei</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="1F39FB57EBA0D19292C4EF8AE188C80B" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plecostomoides">H. plecostomoides</taxonomicName>
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and a complete separation of
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<taxonomicName id="2DCC10EEF0E03748FBAC815EC227851B" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hondae">H. hondae</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="F18C33B30AD81BD16F72D36533112537" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8E17BFCB-CFC3-4096-8202-76C9E23D3D1F" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus pagei Armbruster 2003:39" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagei">H. pagei</taxonomicName>
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on PC2 vs. PC3 (Fig. 10C). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by eye-nare length and interorbital width and most strongly and positively effected by anal-fin length and interdorsal length. PC3 is most strongly and negatively effected by anal-fin length and folded dorsal-fin length and most strongly and positively effected by adipose-caudal length and interdorsal length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="01C794B8864CC1056916DE294EF9DE55" pageNumber="55">
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For the most part, the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="23F87BCD97386417758395D1AAF920C6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">Hypostomus cochliodon</taxonomicName>
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group are allopatric (Figs. 8, 11, 17). It is only in the Amazon basin that several species coexist.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28AEF352E22F0DB51F6F2B35AC03CEBF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:07C2F0C3-785D-4516-ACF2-A239A9197587" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Panaque Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889:44" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Panaque</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the other wood-eating genus of loricariid catfishes, also reaches its peak of diversity in the Amazon basin (Schaefer & Stewart 1993; Schaefer & Stewart 2002). In the upper
|
|
<normalizedToken id="129E44C64E13FB38C5D4F22F4D2FA964" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="58CDFF20FF37E9D34E12C63457EC5C60" originalValue="Marañon">Maranon</normalizedToken>
|
|
drainage of Peru, there are at least nine species of wood-eaters:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="54E67FE89CE7CCC5E2BB06334F16D0F1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2EB53818424FB7922FF680B58DF7B18A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">H. hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D5BE25BABBC7053ECE92E93D5C2046ED" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oculeus">H. oculeus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA003B54F186058DCEB4AFF8F72E17CD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrineusi">H. pyrineusi</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="34DBAE0FA0B6B945933154A4D372F3F3" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albopunctatus">P. albopunctatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="531463A6C3ED667A6E858DC2947D53E7" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dentex">P. dentex</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F101F91B4C0D0DD2B275DD0B7E8A3622" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5CDACC22-B4BF-4192-B947-11C8A70BBE98" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Panaque gnomus Schaefer & Stewart 1993:333" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">P. gnomus</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="99DE1B290A7F09DC234A6A2A61D7E2B8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5867DF72-5013-4576-B0F6-EB5E341AC6CB" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Panaque nocturnus Schaefer & Stewart 1993:330" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nocturnus">P. nocturnus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and probably at least one species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DB3C2982EDDD615FFFBF3CB640DA3E95" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrolineatus">P. nigrolineatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
clade (distributions based on this study and Schaefer & Stewart 1993). How these species subdivide the wood-eating niche is unknown, and ecological studies on wood-eating by fishes in the upper
|
|
<normalizedToken id="7D9D5DCFF1FB95B50E872E72325A9733" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
|
<normalizedToken id="532CEF6D6450F621627B2ED540700FD6" originalValue="Marañon">Maranon</normalizedToken>
|
|
would represent a very interesting study.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6D9FECF95DCCC136C66BB0D0456B1950" pageNumber="55">
|
|
Weber and Montoya-Burgos (2002) recently described
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CC3DC499930A9D3501995BDC07949D48" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">Hypostomus fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and suggested that the species was derived from the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D302B408DBEA307665CD594A14DEC600" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. The teeth described for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1BF1996C138DE2D45818D6D51F6E8BA3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">H. fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
are elongate and unicuspid and it is suggested that the unicuspid teeth represent a synapomorphy for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="737BDDEB31B9111EC533977FDC15701A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">H. fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="111E7305BE9B3B86B285ABACA3A3125E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. This is problematic in that I have not observed truly unicuspid teeth in any members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5D121BB401F0F81E5CCFA98058238253" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. In all specimens of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D4307A4D8E95B2509579FE884EFB7E26" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group that I have examined, the medial cusp remains present, but is generally fused with the lateral cusp. The mesial cusp remains visible as a slightly darker, thicker ridge on the medial side of the tooth. I have not examined any specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DAE99C290B7580604F85339E40ED022D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">H. fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and I cannot determine whether or not this is the case with this species. The only truly unicuspid teeth that have been reported for the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="906FFC0D5AE197EC8D223C198101D44E" pageNumber="55" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are the teeth found in nuptial male
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F2FB345A81452A781EEA293BFB4EF3E8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:253EC2D1-1550-4EC3-9C0A-D6486659393E" family="Loricariidae" genus="Aphanotorulus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aphanotorulus Isbrücker & Nijssen 1983:105" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphanotorulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Armbruster & Page 1996). I do not consider
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E63AD9FDEC49B2F7E5BEDAEABCA71741" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">H. fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a member of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ECDE392AFB50FD58884986A204359F76" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group as its body shape is that of a generalized, fast-water dwelling
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A64FECD4EA5F7121CD232DB71FE5ABF3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E0BC8DAD-9CD9-4E32-920A-063D33AD0E80" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus Lacépède 1803:144" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypostomus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and not the derived shape of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="618789EB806267FE0AA25BD194CC366C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Exact placement of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="560BD75F21DD99655D3FC6B8545E6058" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A557EE83-EE0E-44C1-A3CB-DABE62D79D62" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus fonchii Weber & Montoya-Burgos 2002:357" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fonchii">H. fonchii</taxonomicName>
|
|
awaits an analysis of its diet, osteology, and external anatomy for the synapomorphies of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="540B4BE928FDE42C95AEA852FF975AF5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FCAACA91A40AFF360F95EBFA78FF92CE" pageNumber="55">
|
|
Recent expeditions into poorly collected regions where no members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D361D700DB43DA14E1E18809469707C3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">Hypostomus cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group have been reported from in the past are finding more species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B98EBA923F19B6B419C89CAE84A5FA96" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Two undescribed species are now known from the Essequibo and Takutu River drainages of Guyana (pers. obs.) and one species from the Rio Tocantins in Brazil (Reis, pers. comm.). These species and a revised key will be presented in future publications.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A523532C9FD1450FF16A31066A6A5900" pageNumber="56">Phylogeny</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A37B84D6CF8B49DD3317A779A1B99142" pageNumber="56">Character 1: Teeth - 0: elongate (Fig. 1A); 1: intermediate throughout life (Fig. 1B); 2: spoon-shaped at least in adults (Fig. 1C).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7951871B0FA6994B3A384259F271B643" pageNumber="56">Character 2: Maxilla - 0: straight to moderately curved (Fig. 3A); 1: greatly curved, almost forming right angle (Fig. 3B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="70DD872BEA946EBC42E051C902DA1D29" pageNumber="56">Character 3: Odontodes on opercle - 0: 11+ (Fig. 2A); 1: 0-10 (Fig. 2B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="271457C15B036A80F8F9E3E32DEEDD7F" pageNumber="56">Character 4: Longitudinal ridge formed from bone and slightly enlarged odontodes on pterotic-supracleithrum - 0: present (Fig. 5A); 1: absent (Fig. 5B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="690A27CD617ABEA078211027B078DCD8" pageNumber="56">Character 5: Nuptial body odontodes - 0: absent (Fig. 2A); 1: present (Fig. 2B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="727D78E6694C53A02D1E3728AE274EF8" pageNumber="56">Character 6: Notch between the hyomandibula and metapterygoid - 0: present (Fig. 3A); 1: absent (Fig. 3B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1E81CE781DF9EE4D49FECF87CF79D384" pageNumber="56">Character 7: Buccal papilla - 0: present (Fig. 4A); 1: absent or extremely small (Fig. 4B).</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="DB4BCEBD91ED9F8BBDDC9922798C9A31" pageNumber="56">Character 8: Dentary angle - 0: averaging greater than 90°; 1: averaging less than 80°.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="722ECE78D7A4072AE1404F9AE0DB367C" pageNumber="56">Character 9: Sharp keel odontodes - 0: present; 1: absent.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F4AA00726E3732BE482F350F77D20BE1" pageNumber="56">Character 10: Body shape deep and narrow with the head taller than wide - 0: absent; 1: present.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5FAEC1BE224721776AD50E247A547B9C" lastPageNumber="57" pageNumber="56">
|
|
Very few morphological characters are useful in elucidating the relationships of the species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C5F6BBBE444A360715DB6849971A3CE6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">Hypostomus cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Based on the ten characters found, a phylogeny is produced for the species of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="128DD4F055471F7ED3574348F7FA88BE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (Fig. 23). The single tree found has 12 steps and CI = 1.00. Character state data is in Table 8. No skeletal material is available for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B47B29798AED0238BD6E77142A120233" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C48B847BCC0BE9C56B8B6EDFA6DB842D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7C2629A-1686-4E4E-9E15-59B1D1162CBE" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus ericius Armbruster 2003:25" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ericius">H. ericius</taxonomicName>
|
|
; however, external evidence does provide information as to the potential relationships of these species with other members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="763D132B0678CCD8EB441271FF173DC5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Considering there are so few characters available for analysis, the phylogeny should be considered tentative.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E4DB4AA8FF55AC3EF5E1F6C7E8A9C614" pageNumber="57">
|
|
Also providing support for the basal position of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8DB1399EFEB495D2D3852EF0B0541094" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">Hypostomus hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0869BEA7F7A9947D9CFC5636D0566AF6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
is diet. In all of the specimens of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CE895C720DB9D62ECD2CAC82ACEBED87" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7520B3CD-59C7-4425-A30E-1336A0B2AADD" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1854:265 [15]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochliodon">H. cochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
group examined, almost the entire intestine is filled with small wood chips suggesting that the fishes consume little other than wood. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2319A4AA98AF90E6532E5E0CB7B60718" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">H. hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6B6C72AB07D56FBA96044F4A7B0E0D62" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
|
|
the intestine mostly contains wood, but other organic matter makes up a major portion of the diet (not greater than 50%). It is apparent that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8A0A6EF0459390E21AFC06264E27FAF9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4125CE0B-B466-47CA-B90F-CF9073FEE6F8" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus hemicochliodon Armbruster 2003:29" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hemicochliodon">H. hemicochliodon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="0CC094497C6D5DC5BFAE8973B329C3BB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F8E55C1-0EAD-49CA-B887-0D953CC48DA0" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hypostomus sculpodon Armbruster 2003:49" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sculpodon">H. sculpodon</taxonomicName>
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are wood eaters but not wood specialists.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |