497 lines
69 KiB
XML
497 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="424671A9D385CA8FE992D812B06E719E" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3604[1:BAISOT]2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389188" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630309717363" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G." docDate="2008" docId="03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB" docLanguage="en" docName="N3604.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 3604 (1)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2008)3604%5B1%3ABAISOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001.3:AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="70DDF1BDF6846024993F05262BAE3001" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2000-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Nomioides patruelis Cockerell 1919" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFC1FFD2FFFD424AFFE9FF8CFFE6FFF6" masterDocTitle="Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1699222388806" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E90DBBF36A83FCD7AC54022AD355542D">Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="EFB75E929D6F7086F4F4D927446CDE0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4319418C741AACD6244C609EB1DD8C0C">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="388E4F02B74BF98413959FD515624EED">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="75419998D194B5A3B33CB316D1094F96">
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<mods:date id="D3CB421CCAD6013E2AD956365BE9A778">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D7C0BEDE8D846EE47AC6F445AD47F859">2008-04-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="086D1A08DE3F7665B0FFF6C04B7F5D2E">3604</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3DF4C9D044714A2968FD744AEF85215D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2FD0E937894130E4CFB2768484547874">http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1206%2F0003-0082(2008)3604%5B1%3ABAISOT%5D2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="29BDE4C5CD18EA827E69CDC99457BF33">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="39FF3212045B03CE8E8FC8AD4A272249" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3604[1:BAISOT]2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FBF51C2D7E81348BAE385A7D81EA8E4F" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C347B6A65278CFB7874C1CC637940C22" type="Zenodo-Dep">5389188</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF14246FD36FB87FB4FFBD2" box="[735,1193,1035,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF14246FD36FB87FB4FFBD2" blockId="12.[735,1193,1035,1060]" box="[735,1193,1035,1060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D0A681D0FFF14246FD36FB87FB4FFBD2" allCaps="true" box="[735,1193,1035,1060]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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PUPA OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF14246FC8BFB80FB4FFBD2" ID-CoL="6RZVW" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[866,1193,1036,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF14246FC8BFB80FB4FFBD2" box="[866,1193,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">NOMIOIDES PATRUELIS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF14246FCA0FBBBFBD9FBB9" box="[841,1087,1079,1103]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF14246FCA0FBBBFBD9FBB9" blockId="12.[841,1087,1079,1103]" box="[841,1087,1079,1103]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="D0A681D0FFF14246FCA0FBBBFBD9FBB9" box="[841,1087,1079,1103]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="136A2A39FFF14246FCA0FBBBFC09FBB9" box="[841,1007,1079,1103]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="14.[151,198,1646,1668]" captionTargetBox="[128,1231,121,1611]" captionTargetId="figure-1@14.[128,1231,121,1611]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs. 17–20. 17, 18. Diagrams of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively. 19, 20. Diagrams of front end of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389210/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figures 17, 18</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136A2A39FFF14246FC14FBBBFBD9FBB9" box="[1021,1087,1079,1103]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Figs 26–27" captionStartId-0="16.[151,198,1648,1670]" captionStartId-1="17.[112,156,1033,1055]" captionTargetBox-0="[128,1232,136,1613]" captionTargetBox-1="[88,613,210,999]" captionTargetId-0="figure-1@16.[128,1232,135,1613]" captionTargetId-1="figure-474@17.[88,614,210,999]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 21. Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25. 22. Close-up of frons and vertex. 23. Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles. 24. Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles. 25. Close-up of tegular tubercle." captionText-1="Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389212" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389216" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5389212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5389216/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">21–26</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF14245FD31FBFFFEE3FE6B" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF14246FD31FBFFFBEEFA62" blockId="12.[701,1228,1139,1754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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DIAGNOSIS: The reader is referred
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF14246FB6BFBFFFC7CFB5E" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. Ozbek" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref12554" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. Ozbek. 2008. Immatures of rophitine bees, with notes on their nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). American Museum Novitates 3609: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2008">Rozen and Özbek (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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, where the pupa of this species was compared in some detail with other known halictid pupae. Although pupae of all Halictinae possess a conspicuous tubercle partway down on the outer surface of the forewing pad, this tubercle in
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF14246FBBFFAA8FCFAFAAF" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF14246FBBFFAA8FCFAFAAF" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nomioides patruelis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is much closer to the wing base than in other known pupae and thus is not certainly homologous with the others.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF14246FD31FA16FCF9F968" blockId="12.[701,1228,1139,1754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF14246FC9AFA17FBB7FA45" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[883,1105,1435,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF14246FC9AFA17FBB7FA45" box="[883,1105,1435,1459]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nomioides patruelis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can easily be distinguished from that of its cleptoparasite,
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF14246FCEDFA5AFBD7FA18" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[772,1073,1494,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF14246FCEDFA5AFBD7FA18" box="[772,1073,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, because the host has limited integumental spiculation and lacks a pair of long, erect, spiculate, hornlike tubercles arising from the vertex. In addition, there are obvious differences in the dorsal mesosomal tubercles between host and cleptoparasite.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF14245FD31F928FEE3FE6B" blockId="12.[701,1228,1139,1754]" lastBlockId="15.[88,614,211,1629]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">HEAD: Integument without setae, spiculate as described below. Outer surface of scape bearing several low indistinct swellings but no distinct tubercles; inner surface (next to compound eye) of scape of female (but not male) with tubercle with indistinct apical tubercle; outer surface of pedicle of female (but not male) with tubercle; inner surface of pedicle of female (but not male) with tubercle; first flagellomere of male (but not female) with pronounced tubercle on outer surface; flagellum of male about 1.5 times longer than that of female (as in adults); flagellomeres of male tending to have more pronounced tuberclelike swellings on outer surface than those of female. Vertex spiculate near midline, with moderately large rounded tubercle immediately mesad of each adult lateral ocellus; each adult ocellus covered with small, low, rounded convexity; two more smaller rounded tubercles immediately laterad of lateral adult ocellus; upper frons with large (largest on head) lateral tubercles on each side, with less pronounced tubercle-like swelling immediately mesad of each; genal tubercle below eye apparently absent; clypeus without tubercles; labrum of male unmodified, of female with rounded, median apical tubercle; galea spiculate, with apical tubercle (presumably accommodating developing adult setae); maxillary palpi spiculate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF2E6634FFF04247FF99FAC2FB42FA89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389208" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389208/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[112,159,1358,1380]" targetBox="[88,1194,210,1324]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF04247FF99FAC2FB42FA89" blockId="13.[88,1188,1358,1407]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF04247FE35FAC3FD09FA92" box="[476,751,1359,1380]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF04247FE35FAC3FD0DFA92" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[476,747,1359,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">Chiasmognathus pashupati</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF04247FD1FFAC2FCF2FA92" bold="true" box="[758,788,1358,1380]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.</emphasis>
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Entire larva, lateral view.
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF04247FBC3FAC2FBAFFA92" bold="true" box="[1066,1097,1358,1380]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.</emphasis>
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Apex of abdomen, lateral view
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF04247FED5FAE5FE99FA89" bold="true" box="[316,383,1385,1407]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14, 15.</emphasis>
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Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively.
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF04247FCA2FAE5FC8FFA89" bold="true" box="[843,873,1385,1407]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.</emphasis>
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Right mandible outer, surface.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF2E6634FFF34244FF7EF9E2FE4EF925" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389210" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389210/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[151,198,1646,1668]" targetBox="[128,1231,121,1611]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF34244FF7EF9E2FE4EF925" blockId="14.[128,1227,1646,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Figs. 17–20.
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF34244FEC7F9E2FE93F972" bold="true" box="[302,373,1646,1668]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">17, 18.</emphasis>
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Diagrams of pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF34244FD85F9E2FCD3F975" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[620,821,1646,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF34244FD85F9E2FCD3F975" box="[620,821,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nomioides patruelis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively.
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF34244FC9AF904FC5FF968" bold="true" box="[883,953,1672,1694]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">19, 20.</emphasis>
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Diagrams of front end of pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF34244FF34F92FFE0DF94E" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[221,491,1699,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
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<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF34244FF34F92FFE0DF94E" box="[221,491,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF24245FF9BFE2FFB88FEFE" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FF9BFE2FFE6AFAC2" blockId="15.[88,614,211,1629]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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MESOSOMA: Integument without setae, spiculate as described below. Posterior margin of pronotum and lateral lobe swollen; mesoscutum (figs. 17, 18, 23) with pair of small, rounded paramedian tubercles medially and another, even lower pair of paramedian tubercles close to posterior margin; axilla produced as small erect tubercle (figs. 17, 24); mesoscutellum (figs. 17, 18, 24) with pair of large, strongly produced, erect, apically tapering, acutely rounded, spiculate tubercles; metanotum with similar, slightly smaller, spiculate paired tubercles (figs. 17, 18, 24); propodeum with median section spiculate. Tegula (figs. 17, 18, 25) with strongly projecting, large, nonspiculate tubercle, longer than basal diameter; forewing with outer surface irregular and with tubercle (fig. 26) less than one-quarter distance to wing apex. Male forecoxa without tubercles;
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<superScript id="7C249BF4FFF24245FE4DFC5CFE48FC16" attach="left" box="[420,430,976,992]" fontSize="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4</superScript>
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foretrochanter with large apical tubercle; forefemur somewhat produced at base, nontuberculate; mid- and hind coxae and midtrochanter, each with moderately small, pointed, apical tubercle; hind trochanter with somewhat larger, pointed apical tubercle; hind tibia with large, projecting, spiculate tubercle on outer surface near base (fig. 27); other leg segments without unusual tubercles. Female leg tubercles about as described for male except hind trochanter with larger apical tubercle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FF9BFAB6FD80F9AB" blockId="15.[88,614,211,1629]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">METASOMA: Integument without setae, spiculate in some dorsal areas and sterna more distinctly spiculate; T2–6 (male) or T2–5 (female) with posterior transverse row of moderately large, erect, mostly sharply pointed tubercles on each side; tubercles closest to midline tending to be largest; apex of metasoma with rounded median apical tubercle. Male S1– 4 each with median rounded apical tubercle; male S5 with small apical projection medially</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FF8BF9F6FF4FF92F" blockId="15.[88,614,1658,1753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<superScript id="7C249BF4FFF24245FF8BF9F6FF8CF970" attach="right" box="[98,106,1658,1670]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">4</superScript>
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Because of the small body size and the transparency of the pupal exoskeleton, the descriptions of the basal leg tubercles need to be verified with more recently preserved material.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FD7FFF5FFB88FEFE" blockId="15.[662,1188,211,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">but not rounded; shape of female S1 unknown; female S2–4 each with median projection.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF24245FD59FE82FD3DFD68" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FD59FE82FBA7FE88" blockId="15.[662,1188,211,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="3B393CE1FFF24245FD59FE82FBDBFE88" collectingDate="1984-05-08" collectorName="J. G. Rozen & S. Lodhi & I. Stupakoff" country="Pakistan" location="Gharo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Sindh">
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MATERIAL STUDIED: Two male and
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<specimenCount id="9D57FD35FFF24245FB90FE82FD06FEB2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">two female</specimenCount>
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pupae:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346762CFFF24245FC8DFEA0FC2CFEB2" box="[868,970,300,324]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F85EFFF24245FC03FEA0FB46FEB2" box="[1002,1184,300,324]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sind Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8E8E6067FFF24245FD7FFEC5FD05FE97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB:8E8E6067FFF24245FD7FFEC5FD05FE97" box="[662,739,329,353]" country="Pakistan" name="Gharo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Sindh">Gharo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5C2F9EFFF24245FD1EFEC5FC15FE97" box="[759,1011,329,353]" location="Karachi" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B59FFF24245FD1EFEC5FCDBFE97" box="[759,829,329,353]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1155072" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mi" value="38.0">38 mi</quantity>
|
||
E of Karachi
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEF107CFFF24245FBEEFEC5FB45FE97" box="[1031,1187,329,353]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1984-05-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFABE994FFF24245FBEEFEC5FB45FE97" box="[1031,1187,329,353]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1984-05-08">May 8, 1984</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFF24245FD76FEEAFCC5FE88" box="[671,803,358,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">J.G. Rozen</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFF24245FCD9FEEAFC71FE88" box="[816,919,358,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. Lodhi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFF24245FC4DFEEAFBD3FE88" box="[932,1077,358,382]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">I. Stupakoff</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FD26FE26FB91FE29" blockId="15.[706,1143,426,479]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
POSTDEFECATING
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE79FFF24245FC31FE26FBDCFE34" box="[984,1082,426,450]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">LARVA</collectionCode>
|
||
OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF24245FD2BFE4BFB91FE29" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[706,1143,455,479]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF24245FD2BFE4BFB91FE29" box="[706,1143,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CHIASMOGNATHUS PASHUPATI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FCA5FE7FFC0BFDFD" blockId="15.[844,1005,499,523]" box="[844,1005,499,523]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading id="D0A681D0FFF24245FCA5FE7FFC0BFDFD" box="[844,1005,499,523]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A39FFF24245FCA5FE7FFC0BFDFD" box="[844,1005,499,523]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="13.[112,159,1358,1380]" captionTargetBox="[88,1194,210,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-152@13.[88,1194,210,1324]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389208/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 12–16</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF24245FD59FDA2FD3DFD68" blockId="15.[662,1188,558,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
For comparative purposes, this description follows the format of a recently described larva of another nomadine bee (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF24245FBE7FDE5FD36FD68" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & A. Roig-Alsina & B. A. Alexander" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12599" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., A. Roig-Alsina, and B. A. Alexander. 1997. The cleptoparasitic bee genus Rhopalolemma, with reference to other Nomadinae (Apidae) and biology of its host Protodufourea (Halictidae: Rophitinae). American Museum Novitates 3194: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1997">Rozen et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFF2425BFD59FD28FD80FAF4" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFF2425BFD59FD28FD80FAF4" blockId="15.[662,1188,558,1754]" lastBlockId="17.[88,614,1170,1754]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
DIAGNOSIS: The one feature whereby the mature larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF24245FCA4FD4EFB92FD2C" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[845,1140,706,730]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF24245FCA4FD4EFB92FD2C" box="[845,1140,706,730]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from those of all other known Nomadinae is the faint extension of the epistomal ridge mesad of each of the anterior tentorial pits on the cleared specimen, although the two sections of the ridge fade completely before meeting at the midline. At best, this ridge is difficult to see on such a small specimen. In all other respects the larva has all of the features of other Nomadinae, the monophyly of which is strongly supported by numerous other larval characters as given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF24245FD7FFBADFC65FBCF" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[662,899,1057,1081]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref12255" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of the cleptoparasitic bees belonging to the Nomadinae based on mature larvae (Apoidea: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 3180: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1996">Rozen (1996: 10–11)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The larva closely resembles those of other known Ammobatini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF24245FD74FBD7FC0AFB85" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" box="[669,1004,1115,1139]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differs in that it possesses low but distinct paired tubercles on most body segments (fig. 12). Of all others it seems most similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF24245FD7FFB5DFBDCFB1E" authority="Morawitz" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[662,1082,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Ammobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF24245FD7FFB5DFC42FB1F" box="[662,932,1233,1257]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ammobates carinatus</emphasis>
|
||
Morawitz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ibid.: figs. 10–17), in that they share the following: greatly recessed labiomaxillary area, with the hypopharynx strongly projecting and its leading edge sharply projecting in lateral view (fig. 15); maxillary palpus very large, though not long (fig. 15); labroclypeal area large, strongly projecting in lateral view, extending well beyond other mouthparts (fig. 15); and mandible swollen at base so that base almost globose. (Contrary to the description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF24245FBB3FA79FC6EF9DC" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, a reexamination of the mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF24245FCC5F9BCFC50F9BE" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[812,950,1584,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Ammobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF24245FCC5F9BCFC50F9BE" box="[812,950,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A. carinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that it has very fine serrations on the dorsolateral and ventral apical edges, similar to but much finer than those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFF24245FCB0F904FC1CF956" box="[857,1018,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFF24245FCB0F904FC10F956" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[857,1014,1672,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">C. pashupati</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) The similar appearing vertices as seen in lateral views (fig. 15; cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFF24245FCDFF94EFB46F92C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" box="[822,1184,1730,1754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 17) may or may not be homologous; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEC425BFDA2FB1EFF24FB3E" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFDA2FB1EFF24FB3E" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the swelling extends across both parietals, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEC425BFEA3FB41FE34FB13" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[330,466,1229,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Ammobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFEA3FB41FE34FB13" box="[330,466,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. carinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is restrict- ed to the median and does not extend laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6634FFED425AFF7EF9FCFE28F923" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389212" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389212/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,198,1648,1670]" targetBox="[128,1232,136,1613]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFED425AFF7EF9FCFE28F923" blockId="16.[128,1228,1648,1749]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFED425AFD91F9FCFCA4F973" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[632,834,1648,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFD91F9FCFCA4F973" box="[632,834,1648,1669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nomioides patruelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximate anterolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFB44F9FCFB2AF970" bold="true" box="[1197,1228,1648,1670]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">21.</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFCB4F906FC9AF956" bold="true" box="[861,892,1674,1696]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">22.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of frons and vertex.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFB44F906FB2AF956" bold="true" box="[1197,1228,1674,1696]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">23.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFDD2F929FDBCF94D" bold="true" box="[571,602,1701,1723]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">24.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFED425AFF69F933FF78F923" bold="true" box="[128,158,1727,1749]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">25.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of tegular tubercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6634FFEC425BFF99FB85FEA6FB99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389216/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[112,156,1033,1055]" targetBox="[88,613,210,999]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEC425BFF99FB85FEA6FB99" blockId="17.[88,614,1033,1135]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEC425BFFB1FBA8FEC8FBCF" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[88,302,1060,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFFB1FBA8FEC8FBCF" box="[88,302,1060,1081]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nomioides patruelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximate anterolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFF7EFBB2FF53FBA2" bold="true" box="[151,181,1086,1108]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">26.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of wing tubercle.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFE0BFBB2FDE7FBA2" bold="true" box="[482,513,1086,1108]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">27.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFEC4258FF9BFA84FE39FA59" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEC425BFF9BFA84FE32FA60" blockId="17.[88,614,1170,1754]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: Length approximately 3.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEC425BFF7DFAAAFF36FAC8" bold="true" box="[148,208,1318,1342]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(figs. 14, 15): Unpigmented except for internal ridges, which are weakly pigment- ed; sensilla non-setiform; spiculation, including that of hypopharynx, absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEC425BFF9BFA10FB8BFB0A" blockId="17.[88,614,1170,1754]" lastBlockId="17.[662,1188,211,1753]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Head size small compared with body; head capsule wider than long in frontal view; as seen in lateral view (fig. 12), parietals at top of head projecting forward on each side almost on level with vertex, well above antenna (see ‘‘Remarks’’ for discussion). Tentorium absent except at pits, presumably because specimen was about to molt (but presumably very thin as judged by remains of weak arms); anterior tentorial pit very small, apparently slightly closer to anterior mandibular articulation than to lower edge of antennal disc (but position of anterior mandibular articulation difficult to identify); posterior tentorial pit small, in front of cervical fold and posterior to curve of hypostomal ridge as ridge bends upward toward presumed junction with postoccipital ridge; postoccipital ridge not evident so that hypostomal ridge fading completely as its posterior end bends upward as if to meet postoccipital ridge; posterior margin of head capsule a faint line extending dorsolaterally to cervical fold (hence, same as second line as defined in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEC425BFCC8FDB4FBEAFDA6" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & A. Roig-Alsina & B. A. Alexander" box="[801,1036,568,592]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref12599" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., A. Roig-Alsina, and B. A. Alexander. 1997. The cleptoparasitic bee genus Rhopalolemma, with reference to other Nomadinae (Apidae) and biology of its host Protodufourea (Halictidae: Rophitinae). American Museum Novitates 3194: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1997">Rozen et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; for further analysis of this feature in the Nomadinae, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEC425BFD7FFDFFFC89FD7D" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[662,879,627,651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref12255" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of the cleptoparasitic bees belonging to the Nomadinae based on mature larvae (Apoidea: Apidae). American Museum Novitates 3180: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1996">Rozen, 1996: 6–7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); integument in front of posterior margin sclerotized, nonspiculate, integument behind margin becoming conspicuously spiculate. Median longitudinal thickening of head capsule absent; hypostomal ridge moderately broad but weak; pleurostomal ridge weak, not clearly defined though moderately broad; epistomal ridge mesad of anterior tentorial pit broad but weak, extending diagonally upward immediately mesad of antennal disc before fading completely. Parietal band scarcely evident. Antennal prominence low, small; antenna positioned very low on face in frontal and lateral views (figs. 14, 15), perhaps in part because of exaggerated parietal above it; antennal disc and papilla not clearly differentiated; papilla bearing two sensilla. Labroclypeal region strongly projecting beyond frontal area with labrum large, without sclerite, with two sharply defined, apically acute, small tubercles; epipharynx a simple curved surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEC4258FD59FA8FFF07FDE2" blockId="17.[662,1188,211,1753]" lastBlockId="18.[128,654,211,1754]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mandible (fig. 16) (too small to be dissected from head but interpreted through cleared head capsule) short, robust (almost globular) at base, apically strongly curved toward mouth, and sharply pointed; cusp and apical concavity not differentiated, without denticles, outer surface with approximately five (possibly sensilla-bearing) scattered denticles; dorsal and ventral apical edges with conspicuous, sharply pointed, apically directed teeth. Maxilla strongly fused to labial region, its apex (except for palpus) small, surpassed by hypopharynx; galea and maxillary sclerites absent; palpus large at base, tapering rapidly to pointed apex, so that palpal length clearly shorter than basal diameter. Labium not divided into pre- and postmentum; premental sclerite absent; labial palpus presumably represented only by a sensillum somewhat posterior to salivary opening. Salivary opening simple, circular, without lips. Hypopharynx projecting compared with labium and maxilla, but much less so than labroclypeal area in lateral view (fig. 15); hypopharyngeal groove presumed to be faint line close to salivary opening in frontal view (fig. 14).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FF73FD97FE39FA59" blockId="18.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FF73FD97FF32FDC5" bold="true" box="[154,212,539,563]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Body</emphasis>
|
||
(figs. 12, 13): Without setae but with large spicules on prothorax and on venters of other thoracic segments; spicules becoming successively smaller on venters of following abdominal segments and absent on abdominal segment 8–10; integument without spines or sclerotized tubercles. Body form slender, elongate; intersegmental lines weakly incised between most body segments but becoming more deeply incised after abdominal segment 6; dorsolateral intrasegmental lines not evident; thoracic and abdominal segments 1–7 with paired dorsolateral tubercles, those of segment 8 much less obvious and those of segments 7; paired tubercles absent on segments 9, 10; all dorsolateral tubercles moderately low, conical (i.e., not transverse); venter of abdominal segment 9 not produced; segment 10 not bulging ventrally, attached centrally to 9; anus a transverse slit, apical on 10; perianal area with dorsolateral and ventral lips (fig. 13). Spiracles subequal and moderate in size, except those of abdominal segment 8 with width of atrium about one-half of that of other spiracles; spiracles projecting beyond body wall, apparently without rims; peritreme present, moderately wide; atrium globular; atrial wall without denticles or rings; primary spiracular open with collar; subatrium moderately short, with about 10 chambers. Sex characters unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFEF4258FF73FA3AFD6BF9D1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FF73FA3AFD6BF9D1" blockId="18.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B393CE1FFEF4258FF73FA3AFD6FF9D1" collectingDate="1984-05-08" collectorName="J. G. Rozen & S. Lodhi & I. Stupakoff" country="Pakistan" location="Gharo" municipality="One" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sindh">
|
||
MATERIAL STUDIED:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8AACC6FFEF4258FE4BFA3AFE37FA38" box="[418,465,1462,1486]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">One</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
postdefecating larva,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346762CFFEF4258FF23FA5FFED6FA1D" box="[202,304,1491,1515]" name="Pakistan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F85EFFEF4258FED7FA5FFE04FA1D" box="[318,482,1491,1515]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sind Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8E8E6067FFEF4258FE19FA5FFDDBFA1D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB:8E8E6067FFEF4258FE19FA5FFDDBFA1D" box="[496,573,1491,1515]" country="Pakistan" municipality="One" name="Gharo" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" stateProvince="Sindh">Gharo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5C2F9EFFEF4258FDA5FA5FFEC7F9FF" location="Karachi" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B59FFEF4258FDA5FA5FFD6BFA1D" box="[588,653,1491,1515]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1155072" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mi" value="38.0">38 mi</quantity>
|
||
E of Karachi
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEF107CFFEF4258FEDBFA7DFE2FF9FF" box="[306,457,1521,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1984-05-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFABE994FFEF4258FEDBFA7DFE2FF9FF" box="[306,457,1521,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1984-05-08">May 8, 1984</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFEF4258FE36FA7DFD81F9FF" box="[479,615,1521,1545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">J.G. Rozen</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFEF4258FD91FA7DFF2EF9D1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">S. Lodhi</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFEF4258FF3DF983FE87F9D1" box="[212,353,1551,1575]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">I. Stupakoff</collectorName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FE59F983FDC3F9D1" baseAuthorityName="Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[432,549,1551,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FE59F983FDC3F9D1" box="[432,549,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nomioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest #2
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFEF4258FF73F9A1FBD9FE39" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FF73F9A1FCCFFEB5" blockId="18.[128,654,211,1754]" lastBlockId="18.[701,1227,211,323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
REMARKS: The forward-projecting parietals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FF24F9C7FE13F995" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[205,501,1611,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FF24F9C7FE13F995" box="[205,501,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are probably not homologous with the paired swellings on the vertices of most larval Brachynomadini because the swelling of the latter are more localized and are faintly wrinkled. The swellings of the parietals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FC33FF5FFB8CFF1D" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[986,1130,211,235]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FC33FF5FFB8CFF1D" box="[986,1130,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not discrete, but rather the top of each parietal is forward projecting, and its surface is not wrinkled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FC6EFEE2FB79FE52" blockId="18.[746,1183,366,420]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
PUPA OF
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FD03FE00FB79FE52" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[746,1183,396,420]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FD03FE00FB79FE52" box="[746,1183,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">CHIASMOGNATHUS PASHUPATI</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FCA0FE3BFBD9FE39" blockId="18.[841,1087,439,463]" box="[841,1087,439,463]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading id="D0A681D0FFEF4258FCA0FE3BFBD9FE39" box="[841,1087,439,463]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="7">
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A39FFEF4258FCA0FE3BFC09FE39" box="[841,1007,439,463]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="14.[151,198,1646,1668]" captionTargetBox="[128,1231,121,1611]" captionTargetId="figure-1@14.[128,1231,121,1611]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs. 17–20. 17, 18. Diagrams of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively. 19, 20. Diagrams of front end of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389210/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figures 19, 20</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A2A39FFEF4258FC14FE3BFBD9FE39" box="[1021,1087,439,463]" captionStart="Figs 28–31" captionStartId="19.[112,156,1625,1647]" captionTargetBox="[88,1192,186,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-1@19.[88,1192,186,1591]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389220/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">28–31</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFEF4258FD31FE7FFCE5FA24" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FD31FE7FFB71FC29" blockId="18.[701,1228,499,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
DIAGNOSIS: Because of the pair of long, ‘‘furry’’ tubercles rising from the top of the head (figs. 19–22), the pupa of this bee can immediately be distinguished from those of other Nomadinae (including other Ammobatini) currently known (see references in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FD34FD2EFC7FFD4C" author="McGinley, R. J." box="[733,921,674,698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref11759" refString="McGinley, R. J. 1989. A catalog and review of immature Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 494: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1989">McGinley, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FC4EFD2EFBDCFD4C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[935,1082,674,698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref12124" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1989. Two new species and the redescription of another species of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Triepeolus with notes on their immature stages (Anthophoridae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2956: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1989">Rozen, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FBA1FD2EFB66FD4C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1096,1152,674,698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref12171" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1992. Systematics and host relationships of the cuckoo bee genus Oreopasites (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3046: 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FB66FD2EFB21FD4C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1167,1223,674,698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref12209" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1994. Biology and immature stages of some cuckoo bees belonging to Brachynomadini, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3089: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FD54FD33FCE5FD21" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[701,771,703,727]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref12295" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1997 a. New taxa of brachynomadine bees (Apidae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3200: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1997">1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FCF0FD33FC86FD21" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[793,864,703,727]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="76 - 78" refId="ref12327" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1997 b. Pupal description of Neopasites cressoni (Apidae: Nomadinae: Biastini). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 70: 76 - 78." type="journal article" year="1997">1997b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FC5DFD33FC08FD21" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[948,1006,703,727]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref12364" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 2000. Pupal descriptions of some cleptoparasitic bees (Apidae), with a preliminary generic key to pupae of cleptoparasitic bees. American Museum Novitates 3289: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The absence of sharply pointed, apically pigmented tubercles on the vertex and/or mesoscutum is also unusual compared with pupae of other Nomadinae, except for those of the Brachynomadini (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FC20FCDEFB85FC9C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[969,1123,850,874]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref12209" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1994. Biology and immature stages of some cuckoo bees belonging to Brachynomadini, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3089: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1994">Rozen, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FB90FCDEFB26FC9C" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1145,1216,850,874]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref12295" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1997 a. New taxa of brachynomadine bees (Apidae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3200: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1997">1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The densely spiculate pupal integument has not been noted in other Nomadinae, but this is the first SEM study of a pupa of any cleptoparasitic bee, no matter the family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF4258FD31FC69FCE5FA24" blockId="18.[701,1228,499,1754]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Among the Ammobatini, the pupae of only the Old World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FC99FB8FFB87FBED" authorityName="Morawitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[880,1121,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Ammobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FC99FB8FFB87FBED" box="[880,1121,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ammobates carinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and new world
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FCE1FBACFB95FBCE" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1925" box="[776,1139,1056,1080]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Oreopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vanduzeei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FCE1FBACFC19FBCE" box="[776,1023,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oreopasites vanduzeei</emphasis>
|
||
Cockerell
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FB59FBACFC98FBA3" authority="Rozen" authorityName="Rozen" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Oreopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="favreauae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FB59FBACFCCEFBA3" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">O. favreauae</emphasis>
|
||
Rozen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been described before (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FD2CFBD6FBE4FB84" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" box="[709,1026,1114,1138]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FBE7FBD6FB46FB84" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1038,1184,1114,1138]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref12171" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1992. Systematics and host relationships of the cuckoo bee genus Oreopasites (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3046: 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1992">Rozen, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition to the characters discussed above, the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FCDBFB19FB83FB5B" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[818,1125,1173,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FCDBFB19FB83FB5B" box="[818,1125,1173,1197]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished by its smaller size, geographic distribution, and host preference.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FB88FB5CFCF5FAF3" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FB88FB5CFCF5FAF3" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chiasmognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strictly Old World, known only to attack nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FC91FA86FB7EFAD4" authority="(Engel, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[888,1176,1290,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FC91FA86FC0BFAD4" box="[888,1005,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nomioides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FBE8FA86FB76FAD4" author="Engel, M. S." box="[1025,1168,1290,1314]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="169 - 174" refId="ref11648" refString="Engel, M. S. 2007. A new species of Chiasmognathus from southeastern Pakistan (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 80: 169 - 174." type="journal article" year="2007">Engel, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only other known cleptoparasite of which is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FD54FAC9FBC5FAAA" authority="Pesenko" authorityName="Pesenko" authorityYear="1979" box="[701,1059,1348,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Sphecodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomioidis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FD54FAC9FC56FAAB" box="[701,944,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sphecodes nomioidis</emphasis>
|
||
Pesenko
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FBA9FAC8FD13FA8C" author="Radchenko, V. G." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="71 - 74" refId="ref11946" refString="Radchenko, V. G. 1980. The nesting of Nomioides minutissimus (Rossi) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). Entomological Review 58: 71 - 74. [Original in Russian, in Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye, 1979.]" type="book chapter" year="1980">Radchenko, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FCEDFAEEFC4BFA8C" author="Pesenko, Y. A." box="[772,941,1378,1402]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="136" refId="ref11857" refString="Pesenko, Y. A. 1979. A new species of the genus Sphecodes Latr. from the nest of Nomioides minutissimus (Rozzi) [sic] (Hymenoptera- Halictidae). Entomological Review 58: 136. [Original in Russian, in Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye, 1979.]" type="book chapter" year="1979">Pesenko, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEF4258FBB7FAEEFD0EFA61" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FBB7FAEEFD0EFA61" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will not run successfully in the preliminary key to cleptoparasitic bee pupae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFEF4258FB93FA10FD11FA24" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref12364" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 2000. Pupal descriptions of some cleptoparasitic bees (Apidae), with a preliminary generic key to pupae of cleptoparasitic bees. American Museum Novitates 3289: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2000">Rozen, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFEF425EFD31FA54FE0CFA3B" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEF425EFD31FA54FEFBFD5F" blockId="18.[701,1228,499,1754]" lastBlockId="20.[128,654,211,1754]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: Length 3.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEF4258FBDCFA54FB91FA06" bold="true" box="[1077,1143,1496,1520]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Integument without setae, but many areas pale, velvety (a feature unknown for other bee pupae); when viewed with SEM, velvety appearance due to densely set spicules (fig. 29). Vertex without rounded mounds or tubercles except each side with erect, elongate, hornlike tubercle (figs. 19, 20, 28, 29), beset with microscopic spicules somewhat more elongate than spicules elsewhere on head; these tubercles arising about midway between lateral ocelli and upper orbits; elsewhere head lacking tubercles; apex of clypeus with rounded, downward-projecting swelling on each side of labrum (these swellings referred to as tubercles by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFE9425EFF00FE09FDA0FE6B" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" box="[233,582,389,413]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who recognized them as allowing for the development of the specialized hair tufts of adult males); pupal ocelli weakly defined. Labrum swollen medially, projecting in lateral view; as in adults with mouthparts folded, mandibles directed posteromedially, resting alongside labrum, not crossing labrum; mandibles vaguely swollen subapically, both adorally and medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E6634FFEE4259FF99F9D5FE9CF92C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5389220" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5389220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5389220/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[112,156,1625,1647]" targetBox="[88,1192,186,1589]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFEE4259FF99F9D5FE9CF92C" blockId="19.[88,1188,1625,1754]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFEE4259FDAEF9D6FCB3F999" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[583,853,1626,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEE4259FDAEF9D6FCB3F999" box="[583,853,1626,1647]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, approximate lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEE4259FB6CF9D5FB42F999" bold="true" box="[1157,1188,1625,1647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">28.</emphasis>
|
||
Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEE4259FD2CF9F8FD02F97C" bold="true" box="[709,740,1652,1674]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">29.</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEE4259FDD0F903FDBEF953" bold="true" box="[569,600,1679,1701]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">30.</emphasis>
|
||
T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each.
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFEE4259FDD2F925FDBCF949" bold="true" box="[571,602,1705,1727]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">31.</emphasis>
|
||
Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFE9425EFF73FD23FD8DFBBC" blockId="20.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFF73FD23FEFFFD31" bold="true" box="[154,281,687,711]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mesosoma:</emphasis>
|
||
Integument covered in most areas with pale, dense, velvety, microscopic spiculation; setae absent. Posterior lobes of pronotum normal, not produced. Mesepisternum without tubercles; mesoscutum without rounded or sharp tubercles or even verrucae; axillae unmodified, not elevated; mesoscutellum with pair of paramedian, apically rounded, low but distinct tubercles (best seen in lateral profile); metanotum not pronounced. Tegula not produced, without tubercle(s); wings without tubercles but with a few irregular swellings. All coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi without tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFE9425EFF73FBDCFE0CFA3B" blockId="20.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFF73FBDCFEF1FB9E" bold="true" box="[154,279,1104,1128]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Metasoma:</emphasis>
|
||
Integument covered in most areas with pale, velvety spiculation; setae absent. T1 with one or two small dorsolateral tubercles near posterior margin on each side; T2–T6 with submarginal row of three to four dorsolateral tubercles on each side; larger tubercles sharply pointed though apparently unpigmented; T7 without tubercle. Sterna without tubercles. Apex of metasoma produced as parallel-sided (when seen from above), apically rounded, nonspiculate terminal spine (fig. 31). Spiracles and anus unpigmented at time of preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFE9425EFF73FA5FFDF7F976" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFE9425EFF73FA5FFDF7F976" blockId="20.[128,654,211,1754]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B393CE1FFE9425EFF73FA5FFDEBF976" collectingDate="1984-05-08" collectorName="J. G. Rozen & The" country="Pakistan" location="Gharo" municipality="One" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sindh">
|
||
MATERIAL STUDIED:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8AACC6FFE9425EFE43FA5FFE3FFA1D" box="[426,473,1491,1515]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">One</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
male pupa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346762CFFE9425EFF69FA7DFF00F9FF" box="[128,230,1521,1545]" name="Pakistan" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F85EFFE9425EFF1CFA7DFE7DF9FF" box="[245,411,1521,1545]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Sind Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8E8E6067FFE9425EFE42FA7DFE1EF9FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887AAFFF1425EFD36FB87FBABFDBB:8E8E6067FFE9425EFE42FA7DFE1EF9FF" box="[427,504,1521,1545]" country="Pakistan" municipality="One" name="Gharo" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" stateProvince="Sindh">Gharo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A5C2F9EFFE9425EFDE0FA7DFF39F9D1" location="Karachi" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B59FFE9425EFDE0FA7DFDAAF9FF" box="[521,588,1521,1545]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1155072" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mi" value="38.0">38 mi</quantity>
|
||
E of Karachi
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEF107CFFE9425EFF05F983FE9DF9D1" box="[236,379,1551,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1984-05-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFABE994FFE9425EFF05F983FE9DF9D1" box="[236,379,1551,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1984-05-08">May 8, 1984</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFE9425EFE64F983FDE9F9D1" box="[397,527,1551,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">J.G. Rozen</collectorName>
|
||
) from nest of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFF40F9A1FE7EF9B3" box="[169,408,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFE9425EFF40F9A1FE72F9B3" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1919" box="[169,404,1581,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Nomioides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patruelis">Nomioides patruelis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName id="26A4536AFFE9425EFE43F9A1FE30F9B3" box="[426,470,1581,1605]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">The</collectorName>
|
||
specimen had obviously been preserved soon after it eclosed; there was no hint of pigmentation
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6537FFE9425EFF73F90AFBABFDBB" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36BCFFE9425EFF73F90AFBABFDBB" blockId="20.[128,654,211,1754]" lastBlockId="20.[701,1228,211,589]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
REMARKS: This pupa seems very unlike the known pupae [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFE9425EFED4F928FE59F94A" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1906" box="[317,447,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Oreopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFED4F928FE59F94A" box="[317,447,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Oreopasites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFE9425EFDE4F928FDBAF94A" authorityName="Jurine" authorityYear="1807" box="[525,604,1700,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Pasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFDE4F928FDBAF94A" box="[525,604,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pasites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFE9425EFF69F94EFF08F92C" box="[128,238,1730,1754]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Morgania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFF69F94EFF08F92C" box="[128,238,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Morgania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)] of other Ammobatini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B4DFFE9425EFDE6F94EFC64FF1D" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. J. McGinley" box="[527,898,211,1754]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref12405" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. J. McGinley. 1974. Systematics of ammobatine bees based on their mature larvae and pupae (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 2551: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1974">Rozen and McGinley, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because it lacks sharppointed vertical and mesoscutal tubercles. However, it agrees with these because of the presence of paired, downward-projecting swellings at the lower end of the clypeus next to the labrum (ibid.: fig. 29). The pale, velvety, dense spiculation covering most of the pupal integument of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D3FFFE9425EFC85FE2EFB7FFE4C" authorityName="Engel" authorityYear="2007" box="[876,1177,418,442]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chiasmognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pashupati">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EAAEFFE9425EFC85FE2EFB7FFE4C" box="[876,1177,418,442]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chiasmognathus pashupati</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been noticed among other pupal Nomadinae (although future studies of these pupae should include SEM examination). Its function is uncertain as is the function of the paired, hornlike, vertical tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |