273 lines
32 KiB
XML
273 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AD7C8C9941F403FDC0FED289F23D7D7F">Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F60187BA70D9AC70C606DB1E220A2321">Stonis, Jonas R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A733DAA35BEA652C0A90CE1DE668017D">Diškus, Arūnas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5EC21B19EC0A3292FF80C9758D0E6373">Remeikis, Andrius</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EEFAC56A9169495749A1CF3A5A063AD6">Gerulaitis, Virginijus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="74B29AF2E29093FE543C41B5074CD6DE">Karsholt, Ole</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F65E3EBC7A32F87AA36E4321F367DA48">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FD56AC9BF28D0CD8FD250C79ED3A030B">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8798F741BB0EFE1493882E91870F9A27">4181</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6075932" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6075932" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="C357655AFFE0D236FF4623C2F280FB14" box="[151,749,1231,1258]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236D1FFE0D236FF4623C2F280FB14" blockId="84.[151,749,1231,1258]" box="[151,749,1231,1258]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0BA81BDFFE0D236FF4623C2F280FB14" bold="true" box="[151,749,1231,1258]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FF4623C2F280FB14" bold="true" box="[151,749,1231,1258]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FF4623C2F158FB14" ID-CoL="DB5" ID-ENA="58822" box="[151,309,1232,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
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of the Andean
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FE2223DDF280FB14" authority="Woodlands" authorityName="Woodlands" box="[499,749,1231,1258]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FE2223DDF20DFB17" bold="true" box="[499,608,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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woodlands
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C357655AFFE0D236FF462204F350F8B5" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF236D1FFE0D236FF462204F47AF9F9" blockId="84.[151,1437,1302,2011]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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<materialsCitation id="3B253C8CFFE0D236FF462204F47AF9F9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324487247" country="New Zealand, Australia" county="After" elevation="4850" location="High Andes" municipality="Andes" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" specimenCount="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FF462204F1FAFAD0" ID-CoL="7PVBD" authority="Ruiz & Pav." authorityName="Ruiz & Pav." box="[151,407,1302,1327]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FF462204F16DFAD0" box="[151,256,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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Ruiz & Pav.
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</taxonomicName>
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is the only genus with arborescent species that occurs naturally at high elevations of the Andes (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FF3C2228F1EAFAAD" author="Harling" box="[237,391,1338,1363]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Harling, G. (1979) The vegetation types of Ecuador-a brief survey. In: Larsen, K. & Holm-Nielsen, L. B. (Eds.), Tropical Botany. Academic Press, London, pp. 165 - 174." type="book chapter" year="1979">Harling 1979</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FE422228F244FAAD" author="Kessler" box="[403,553,1338,1363]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Kessler, M. (2002) The elevational gradient of Andean plant endemism: varying influences of taxon-specific traits and topography at different taxonomic levels. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1159 - 1165. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2002.00773. x" type="journal article" year="2002">Kessler 2002</bibRefCitation>
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; Andean Páramo 2016); some species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FC2A2229F40EFAAD" ID-CoL="7PVBD" box="[1019,1123,1339,1363]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FC2A2229F40EFAAD" box="[1019,1123,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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even occur at an altitude of
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<quantity id="4CB59B34FFE0D236FF46224CF080FA88" box="[151,237,1374,1399]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="4850.0">
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<elevation id="0060D1E2FFE0D236FF46224CF080FA88" box="[151,237,1374,1399]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="4850.0">4850 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FF2D224DF1EBFA89" author="Braun" box="[252,390,1375,1399]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Braun, G. (1997) The use of digital methods in assessing forest patterns in an Andean environment: the Polylepis example. Mountain Research and Development, 17, 253 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3673852" type="journal article" year="1997">Braun 1997</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
<collectingCounty id="62934E5DFFE0D236FE4A224CF1BBFA89" box="[411,470,1374,1399]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">After</collectingCounty>
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||
the glacial period the highlands of the
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B96ACABFFE0D236FC42224CF3B6FA89" box="[915,987,1374,1399]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Andes</collectingMunicipality>
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||
were open to colonization by
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FAE5224CF5F1FA88" ID-CoL="7PVBD" box="[1332,1436,1374,1398]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FAE5224CF5F1FA88" box="[1332,1436,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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trees, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FEDF2291F194FA65" ID-CoL="7PVBD" authority="Woodlands" authorityName="Woodlands" box="[270,505,1410,1435]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FEDF2291F11BFA65" box="[270,374,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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woodlands
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</taxonomicName>
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constituted the natural vegetation in much of the
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<location id="8E92600AFFE0D236FBEA2290F4A9FA65" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1:8E92600AFFE0D236FBEA2290F4A9FA65" box="[1083,1220,1410,1435]" country="New Zealand, Australia" county="After" municipality="Andes" name="High Andes" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">High Andes</location>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FB042290F5FAFA65" author="Clapperton" box="[1237,1431,1410,1435]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Clapperton, C. M. (1983) The glaciation of the Andes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2, 83 - 155. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0277 - 3791 (83) 90005 - 7" type="journal article" year="1983">Clapperton 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FF4622B4F18CFA41" author="Hooghiemstra" box="[151,481,1446,1471]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Hooghiemstra, H. & Cleef, A. M. (1995) Pleistocene climatic change and environmental and generic dynamics in the North Andean montane forest and paramo. In: Churchill, S. P., Balslev, H., Forero, E. & Luteyn, J. L. (Eds.), Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. The New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, pp. 35 - 49." type="book chapter" year="1995">Hooghiemstra & Cleef 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FE2122B4F369FA41" author="Fjeldsa" box="[496,772,1446,1471]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Fjeldsa, J. & Kessler, M. (1996) Conserving the Biological Diversity of Polylepis Woodlands of the Highland of Peru and Bolivia: a Contribution to Sustainable Natural Resource Management in the Andes. Nordeco, Denmark, 250 pp." type="book" year="1996">Fjeldså & Kessler 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FCC322B4F3DAFA41" author="Ridback" box="[786,951,1446,1471]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Ridback, U. (2008) A floristic study of Polylepis forest fragments in the central Andes of Ecuador. Examensarbete i biologi. Visby, Hogskolan pa Gotland, 25 pp." type="book" year="2008">Ridbäck 2008</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
<location id="8E92600AFFE0D236FC1D22B5F3B0FA40" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1:8E92600AFFE0D236FC1D22B5F3B0FA40" box="[972,989,1447,1470]" country="New Zealand, Australia" county="After" municipality="Andes" name="It" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">It</location>
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||
is interesting to note that this
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||
<location id="8E92600AFFE0D236FA9422B4F5F1FA41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1:8E92600AFFE0D236FA9422B4F5F1FA41" box="[1349,1436,1446,1471]" country="New Zealand, Australia" county="After" municipality="Andes" name="Andean" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Andean</location>
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||
endemic host-plant is phylogenetically related to
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FD0622D9F346FA1C" ID-CoL="LVN" box="[727,811,1483,1506]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Acaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FD0622D9F346FA1C" box="[727,811,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Acaena</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FCEF22D9F3C0FA1D" ID-CoL="FTK" box="[830,941,1483,1507]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
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||
: tribe Sanguisorbeceae, section Elongatae) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FF4F22FCF129F9F9" author="Simpson" box="[158,324,1518,1543]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Simpson, B. B. (1986) Speciation and specialization of Polylepis in the Andes. In: Vuilleumier, F. & Monasterio, M. (Eds.), High Altitude Tropical Biogeography. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 304 - 316." type="book chapter" year="1986">Simpson 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mainly known from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FDEF22FDF324F9F9" box="[574,841,1518,1543]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">New Zealand, Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8E92600AFFE0D236FCAE22FCF47AF9F9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487C7FFE0D237FF4623C2F1BCFEC1:8E92600AFFE0D236FCAE22FCF47AF9F9" box="[895,1047,1518,1543]" country="New Zealand, Australia" county="After" municipality="Andes" name="South Africa." pageId="84" pageNumber="85">South Africa.</location>
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF236D1FFE0D236FF162100F350F8B5" blockId="84.[151,1437,1302,2011]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Until recently, no leaf-mining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FDFA2100F2D7F9D5" ID-CoL="DB5" box="[555,698,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
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||
associated with
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FC512101F385F9D5" ID-CoL="7PVBD" box="[896,1000,1555,1579]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FC512101F385F9D5" box="[896,1000,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
as a host-plant had been discovered. Only during the last ten years the first records were obtained, in material collected during the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FB622124F08EF98D" ID-CoL="7PVBD" authority="Expedition (1987)" authorityName="Expedition" authorityYear="1987" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FB622124F5F1F9B0" box="[1203,1436,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis Expedition</emphasis>
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||
(1987)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, and by later collecting in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FDC12149F229F98C" box="[528,580,1627,1650]" name="Peru" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2008) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FD1C2148F347F98D" box="[717,810,1626,1651]" name="Ecuador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(2001, 2005, and 2007). The results have only recently been published (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FE9E216CF24AF969" author="Stonis" box="[335,551,1662,1687]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Stonis, J. R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A. & Karsholt, O. (2016 c) Do leaf-mining Nepticulidae occur in the natural but so threatened Andean Polylepis forests? Biologija, 62 (2), 83 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.6001 / biologija. v 62 i 2.3334" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Stonis
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FE4F216DF1BBF968" box="[414,470,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several discoveries new to science of
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FC36216CF434F968" box="[999,1113,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis-</emphasis>
|
||
feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FB65216CF52EF969" ID-CoL="DB5" box="[1204,1347,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were made in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FEE721B0F1FEF945" box="[310,403,1698,1723]" name="Ecuador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A54FFE0D236FE7221B0F252F945" box="[419,575,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 259 – 265" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,194,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[146,1441,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 259 – 265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261 – 263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025 – 3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016 b)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164299/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 264, 265</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FDAE21B1F2DFF944" box="[639,690,1699,1722]" name="Peru" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A54FFE0D236FD1021B0F30CF945" box="[705,865,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 259 – 265" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,194,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[146,1441,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 259 – 265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261 – 263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025 – 3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016 b)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164299/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 259–263</figureCitation>
|
||
). From the Andes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FB9E21B1F4E8F944" box="[1103,1157,1699,1722]" name="Peru" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FAE221B1F1B5F921" ID-CoL="52M97" authority="Diskus & Stonis" authorityName="Diskus & Stonis" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polylepiella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FAE221B1F171F920" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Stigmella polylepiella</emphasis>
|
||
Diškus & Stonis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FD5D21D4F30FF921" author="Stonis" box="[652,866,1734,1759]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Stonis, J. R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A. & Karsholt, O. (2016 c) Do leaf-mining Nepticulidae occur in the natural but so threatened Andean Polylepis forests? Biologija, 62 (2), 83 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.6001 / biologija. v 62 i 2.3334" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Stonis
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FD0B21D5F37FF920" box="[730,786,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); larvae of this morphologically interesting species are leaf-miners in leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FE0121F9F350F8FC" authority="Ruiz & Pav." authorityName="Ruiz & Pav." box="[464,829,1770,1795]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FE0121F9F2C1F8FC" box="[464,684,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
Ruiz & Pav.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and they spin a unique shaped cocoon inside the leafmine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A54FFE0D236FF31201CF1E9F8D9" box="[224,388,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURES 259 – 265" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,194,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[146,1441,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 259 – 265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261 – 263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025 – 3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016 b)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164299/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 259, 260</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species was documented as highly abundant in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F68873FFE0D236FBCF201DF423F8D9" box="[1054,1102,1807,1831]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality northwest of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4989F833FFE0D236FA9F201DF5F5F8D9" box="[1358,1432,1807,1831]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
|
||
, with recorded mass mining, literally infesting the host-plant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C357655AFFE0D237FF162045F1BCFEC1" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D1FFE0D237FF162045F27AFF2B" blockId="84.[151,1437,1302,2011]" lastBlockId="85.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
A few other discoveries on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FE2F2044F20BF890" box="[510,614,1878,1902]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FE2F2044F20BF890" box="[510,614,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include new, but unnamed species feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FBA22044F512F891" authority="Hieron." authorityName="Hieron." box="[1139,1407,1878,1903]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FBA22044F54EF890" box="[1139,1315,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis pauta</emphasis>
|
||
Hieron.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FF462068F099F86D" box="[151,244,1914,1939]" name="Ecuador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FED52069F100F86D" box="[260,365,1915,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FED52069F100F86D" box="[260,365,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Stigmella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species 763,
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FDD32069F27DF86C" box="[514,528,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">S</emphasis>
|
||
. species 764) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A54FFE0D236FD662068F33EF86D" box="[695,851,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 259 – 265" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,194,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[146,1441,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 259 – 265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261 – 263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025 – 3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016 b)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164299/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 264, 265</figureCitation>
|
||
), or merely a documented record of leaf-mines of an unknown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FED6208CF1FBF849" box="[263,406,1950,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxon associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FD4B208CF31AF848" box="[666,887,1950,1974]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FD4B208CF31AF848" box="[666,887,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35A7641FFE0D236FC6F208DF39CF848" box="[958,1009,1951,1974]" name="Peru" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A54FFE0D236FBD0208CF4F2F849" box="[1025,1183,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURES 259 – 265" captionStartId="87.[151,264,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,194,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[146,1441,193,1847]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURES 259 – 265. Known leaf-mines on Polylepis. 259, 260, Stigmella polylepiella Diškus & Stonis on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, 60 km NW of Cuzco, Ollantaytambo, elevation 2850 m; 261 – 263, documentated leaf-mines of unknown Nepticulidae taxon on Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav., Peru, Junin Province, Ondores, elevation 4100 m; 264, 265, Stigmella species 763 and species 764, mixed leaf-mines on Polylepis pauta Hieron., Ecuador, Pangor Canyon, 30 km NE Pallatanga, elevation 3025 – 3400 m (after Stonis et al. 2016 b)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/164299/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 261–263</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE0D236FB67208CF5FDF849" author="Stonis" box="[1206,1424,1950,1975]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Stonis, J. R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A. & Karsholt, O. (2016 c) Do leaf-mining Nepticulidae occur in the natural but so threatened Andean Polylepis forests? Biologija, 62 (2), 83 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.6001 / biologija. v 62 i 2.3334" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Stonis
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FAD7208DF552F848" box="[1286,1343,1950,1974]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unexpectedly, species feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE0D236FDC420D1F210F825" box="[533,637,1987,2011]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE0D236FDC420D1F210F825" box="[533,637,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related and display great morphological diversity. They probably represent older evolutionary events rather than very recent speciation so common in the Andean fauna of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE1D237FF4627AEF27EFF2B" authority="Stonis et al. 2016c" authorityName="Stonis et al." authorityYear="2016" box="[151,531,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Nepticulidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B20FFE1D237FEE427AEF266FF2B" author="Stonis" box="[309,523,188,213]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refString="Stonis, J. R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A. & Karsholt, O. (2016 c) Do leaf-mining Nepticulidae occur in the natural but so threatened Andean Polylepis forests? Biologija, 62 (2), 83 - 97. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.6001 / biologija. v 62 i 2.3334" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Stonis
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE1D237FE5227AFF1D9FF2A" box="[387,436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016c
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236D1FFE1D237FF1627CDF1BCFEC1" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Finally, although all currently published records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE1D237FCE127F2F3F5FF06" box="[816,920,224,248]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE1D237FCE127F2F3F5FF06" box="[816,920,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE1D237FBD227CDF4FFFF06" box="[1027,1170,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepticulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
came from elevations ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B34FFE1D237FEE32616F18BFEE2" box="[306,486,260,285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.125" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.85" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="3125.0" valueMax="3400.0" valueMin="2850.0">2850 to 3400 m</quantity>
|
||
, it is expected that these species (or other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D52FFE1D237FC122616F446FEE2" box="[963,1067,260,284]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platyrhacidae" genus="Polylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAC3FFE1D237FC122616F446FEE2" box="[963,1067,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-feeding species) may also occur at elevations above
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B34FFE1D237FEA4263AF1A0FEC1" box="[373,461,296,320]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="3700.0">3700 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |