268 lines
38 KiB
XML
268 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="372341A8411BF7820933CA015B4B7211">
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<mods:title id="CAEF9378DE4632F79C983469ACE25626">Updated list of the mammals of Costa Rica, with notes on recent taxonomic changes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F8E403AC65B7A5E074BBBAC553FB442A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="711D28D9A6F4D411154F3C5E3DE505E0">Mora, José Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EB5C8BD378B01579961D6D6D8603CC2D">Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 - 0751, USA. jomora @ pdx. edu, josemora 07 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1200 - 1495 & Carrera de Gestión Ecoturística, Sede Central, Universidad Técnica Nacional, Alajuela, Costa Rica.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BE310B7211DD5CE2DFA84EF03B791B40" type="email">josemora07@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D6F1452AEE6FA40CFF09A459CA176CB5">Ruedas, Luis A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C98F2B57258EE884C5E948CF4D5EE19">Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 - 0751, USA ruedas @ pdx. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4746 - 4799</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2B9D2F0BA72F70A81F9FD57A10DE6452" type="email">ruedas@pdx.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="EDBDD9D7A0E8CAC838556D97EAFD9CF7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="74DAE70E43215AE64920A77E331026DB">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E48798FFC0FFD3D983F9536603D8C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10067673" ID-GBIF-Taxon="214251026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10067673" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E48798FFC0FFD3D983F9536603D8C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E48798FFC0FFD3D983F9536603D8C7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" scope_order="Eulipotyphla">
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<subSubSection id="C3576505FFC0FFD0D983F953663FDD32" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF2368EFFC0FFD0D983F953663FDD32" blockId="5.[151,338,1770,1796]" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
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<heading id="D0BA81E2FFC0FFD0D983F953663FDD32" bold="true" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0D983F953663FDD32" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" class="Mammalia" family="Choloepodidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0D983F953663FDD32" bold="true" box="[151,338,1770,1796]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Choloepodidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3576505FFC0FFD3D983F88A6603D8C7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF2368EFFC0FFD3D983F88A63BFDB53" blockId="5.[151,1437,1842,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,150,753]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
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The two–toed sloths are based on “
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DB01F88A65EDDD7B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[533,640,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DB01F88A65EDDD7B" box="[533,640,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Bradypus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” [=
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DBBFF88A644EDD7B" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[683,803,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DBBFF88A644EDD7B" box="[683,803,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Choloepus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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]
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DA25F88A631EDD7B" authority="Linnaeus 1758: 35" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1758" box="[817,1139,1842,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DA25F88A64C9DD7B" box="[817,932,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">didactylus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0DABDF88A631EDD7B" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[937,1139,1842,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref36410" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Sistema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. Regnum animale. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758:35</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a taxon the range of which he erroneously ascribed to “Zeylona”, i.e., the modern island of
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<collectingCountry id="F35A761EFFC0FFD0DA94F8EE6499DD47" box="[896,1012,1879,1905]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0DD15F8EE63DADD47" author="Simpson, G. G." box="[1025,1207,1878,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 350" refId="ref43111" refString="Simpson, G. G. (1945) The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85, i - xvi + 1 - 350. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 1104]" type="journal article" year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
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grouped the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0D983F8C2666FDDA3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,258,1915,1941]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0D983F8C2666FDDA3" box="[151,258,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Bradypus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0D82CF8C26553DDA3" authority="Illiger, 1811" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[312,574,1915,1941]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0D82CF8C266DDDDA3" box="[312,432,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0D8A2F8C26553DDA3" author="Illiger, C." box="[438,574,1915,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref35148" refString="Illiger, C. (1811) Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium: additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione germanica. C. Salfeld, Berlin, xviii + 301 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106965" type="book" year="1811">Illiger, 1811</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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together in the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DA2FF8C264B6DDA3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[827,987,1915,1941]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bradypodidae</taxonomicName>
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, within
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DD27F8C2631ADDA3" authorityName="Flower" authorityYear="1883" box="[1075,1143,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Pilosa</taxonomicName>
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(at the infraordinal level), as did
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0D9F2F82666DEDD8F" author="Hoffstetter, R." box="[230,435,1950,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="6" refId="ref34488" refString="Hoffstetter, R. (1958) Xenarthra. In: Piveteau, P. (Ed.), Traite de Paleontologie. Tome 6. L'origine des mammiferes et les aspects fondamentaux de leurs evolution. Vol. 2. Mammiferes: Evolution. Masson et Cie., Paris, pp. 535 - 636" type="book chapter" year="1958">Hoffstetter (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0D8FBF82665FEDD8F" author="Romer, A. S." box="[495,659,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref41904" refString="Romer, A. S. (1966) Vertebrate Paleontology. 3 rd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, viii + 304 pp." type="book" year="1966">Romer (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DBB5F8266309DD8F" authority="Linnaeus 1758: 34" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1758" box="[673,1124,1950,1977]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
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<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DBB5F82664E3DD8F" box="[673,910,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Bradypus tridactylus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC0FFD0DA8CF8266309DD8F" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[920,1124,1950,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref36410" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Sistema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. Regnum animale. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758:34</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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remained in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DDEBF82662F1DD8F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1279,1436,1951,1977]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bradypodidae</taxonomicName>
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||
when familial rearrangements began to affect the taxonomy of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DA96F87A6480DDEB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[898,1005,1987,2013]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DA96F87A6480DDEB" box="[898,1005,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
”
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC0FFD0DD10F87A631ADDEB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1028,1143,1987,2013]" class="Mammalia" family="Cyclopedidae" genus="Cyclopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC0FFD0DD10F87A631ADDEB" box="[1028,1143,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">didactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following the suggestion by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D9AFFF2E6624DA87" author="Guth, C." box="[187,329,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref33358" refString="Guth, C. (1961) La region temporale des Edentes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, L'Universite de Paris, Paris, 192 pp." type="book" year="1961">Guth (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D842FF2E65EBDA87" author="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R." box="[342,646,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="409 - 451" refId="ref39677" refString="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R. (1968) The fossil mammal fauna of South America. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43 (4), 409 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405916" type="journal article" year="1968">Patterson & Pascual (1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DB86FF2E65A3DA87" author="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R." box="[658,718,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="247 - 309" refId="ref39722" refString="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R. (1972) The fossil mammal fauna of South America. In: Keast, A., Erk, F. C. & Glass, B. (Eds.), Evolution, mammals, and southern continents. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, pp. 247 - 309." type="book chapter" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DBF6FF2E6415DA87" author="Webb, S. D." box="[738,888,150,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref46478" refString="Webb, S. D. (1985) The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths. In: Montgomery, G. G. (Ed.), The ecology and evolution of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 105 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1985">Webb (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DAA2FF2E63D9DA87" author="Patterson, B. & Segall, W. & Turnbull, W. D. & Gaudin, T. J." box="[950,1204,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref39791" refString="Patterson, B., Segall, W., Turnbull, W. D. & Gaudin, T. J. (1992) The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata, Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana, Geology, New Series, 24, 1 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3466" type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Patterson
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||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DD32FF2E6334DA87" box="[1062,1113,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DDE0FF2E6201DA87" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1268,1388,151,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DDE0FF2E6201DA87" box="[1268,1388,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D983FF02666FDAE3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,258,187,213]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D983FF02666FDAE3" box="[151,258,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not each other’s sister taxa. In particular,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DA07FF026328DAE3" author="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R." box="[787,1093,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="409 - 451" refId="ref39677" refString="Patterson, B. & Pascual, R. (1968) The fossil mammal fauna of South America. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43 (4), 409 - 451. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 405916" type="journal article" year="1968">Patterson & Pascual (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DDE6FF026207DAE3" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1266,1386,187,213]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DDE6FF026207DAE3" box="[1266,1386,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D8BDFF66650ADACF" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[425,615,223,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DBCEFF666428DACF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[730,837,223,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DBCEFF666428DACF" box="[730,837,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DD83FF666250DACF" box="[1175,1341,223,249]" class="Mammalia" family="Megatheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megatheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Gaudin (1995) provided a robust morphological test of the hypothesis of a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DD22FEBA63BEDB2B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1078,1235,259,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bradypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
using 85 discrete osteological characters of the auditory region in 21 extant and extinct sloth genera, and confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DC17FE9E6203DB77" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1283,1390,295,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DC17FE9E6203DB77" box="[1283,1390,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D983FEF26662DB53" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,271,331,357]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D983FEF26662DB53" box="[151,271,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were distantly related (e.g., Gaudin 1995:678; see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A0BFFC3FFD3DA6BFEF264ADDB53" box="[895,960,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[156,1435,184,1345]" captionTargetId="figure-18@3.[151,1436,179,1353]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plot of number of species known (vertical axis) by year of publication of taxonomic compendium for mammals of Costa Rica. See text for publication details of the taxonomic compendia. The data suggest that over the past 154 years, the number of species of mammals known for Costa Rica has accumulated at a rate of 1.2 species year-1 in two major pulses (1869 to 1946: 1.73 spp. yr-1, R2 = 0.99; and 1983 to 2023: 1.64 spp. yr-1, R2 = 0.98) and is not experiencing any reduction at present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10063545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10063545/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB59B6BFFC3FFD3DAA6FEF264ADDB53" box="[946,960,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="in" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DAF0FEF263ABDB53" author="Raj Pant, S. & Goswami, A. & Finarelli, J. A." box="[996,1222,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="184" refId="ref40954" refString="Raj Pant, S., Goswami, A. & Finarelli, J. A. (2014) Complex body size trends in the evolution of sloths (Xenarthra: Pilosa). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 184. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 014 - 0184 - 1" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Raj Pant
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DD5EFEF26311DB53" box="[1098,1148,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF2368EFFC3FFD3D9D3FED66603D8C7" blockId="6.[151,1437,150,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Subsequent molecular studies of xenarthrans, including the orders
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DAC9FED66327DBBF" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[989,1098,367,393]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Cingulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DD9FFED663A2DBBF" authorityName="Flower" authorityYear="1883" box="[1163,1231,367,393]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Pilosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DC11FED667B6DB9B" author="Delsuc, F. & Catzeflis, F. M. & Stanhope, M. J. & Douzery, E. J. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1605 - 1615" refId="ref29231" refString="Delsuc, F., Catzeflis, F. M., Stanhope, M. J. & Douzery, E. J. P. (2001) The evolution of armadillos, anteaters, and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences, 268 (1476), 1605 - 1615. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2001.1702" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Delsuc
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DC4BFED662F8DBBF" box="[1375,1429,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D9FEFE2A6648DB9B" author="Delsuc, F. & Scally, M. & Madsen, O. & Stanhope, M. J. & De Jong, W. W. & Catzeflis, F. M. & Springer, M. S. & Douzery, E. J. P." box="[234,293,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1656 - 1671" refId="ref29321" refString="Delsuc, F., Scally, M., Madsen, O., Stanhope, M. J., De Jong, W. W., Catzeflis, F. M., Springer, M. S. & Douzery, E. J. P. (2002) Molecular phylogeny of living xenarthrans and the impact of character and taxon sampling on the placental tree rooting. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19 (10), 1656 - 1671. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 003989" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D827FE2A6603DB9B" author="Delsuc, F. & Stanhope, M. J. & Douzery, E. J. P." box="[307,366,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="261 - 275" refId="ref29424" refString="Delsuc, F., Stanhope, M. J. & Douzery, E. J. P. (2003) Molecular systematics of armadillos (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae): contribution of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28 (2), 261 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 1055 - 7903 (03) 00111 - 8" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D869FE2A66D5DB9B" author="Delsuc, F. & Vizcaino, S. F. & Douzery, E. J. P." box="[381,440,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="11" refId="ref29503" refString="Delsuc, F., Vizcaino, S. F. & Douzery, E. J. P. (2004) Influence of Tertiary paleoenvironmental changes on the diversification of South American mammals: a relaxed molecular clock study within xenarthrans. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4, 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 4 - 11" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D8D2FE2A656DDB9B" author="Delsuc, F. & Superina, M. & Tilak, M. K. & Douzery, E. J. P. & Hassanin, A." box="[454,512,403,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="673 - 680" refId="ref29571" refString="Delsuc, F., Superina, M., Tilak, M. K., Douzery, E. J. P. & Hassanin, A. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics unveils the ancient evolutionary origins of the enigmatic fairy armadillos. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62 (2), 673 - 680. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.11.008" type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and M̂ller-Krull
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DBCBFE2A647EDB9B" box="[735,787,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007), refined our contemporary understanding of the relationships among modern genera in the group. More recent mitogenomic data have provided not only resolution but a timeline of evolution for xenarthrans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DB8CFE626430DBC3" author="Gibb, G. C. & Condamine, F. L. & Kuch, M. & Enk, J. & Moraes-Barros, N. & Superina, M. & Poinar, H. K. & Delsuc, F." box="[664,861,475,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="621 - 642" refId="ref31152" refString="Gibb, G. C., Condamine, F. L., Kuch, M., Enk, J., Moraes-Barros, N., Superina, M., Poinar, H. K. & Delsuc, F. (2016) Shotgun mitogenomics provides a reference phylogenetic framework and timescale for living xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (3), 621 - 642. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msv 250" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Gibb
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DBC8FE62647DDBC3" box="[732,784,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but also confirmation of the distant relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D9EBFE466607D82F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[255,362,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D9EBFE466607D82F" box="[255,362,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D8BCFE46654DD82F" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[424,544,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D8BCFE46654DD82F" box="[424,544,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and taxonomic localization of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DA80FE466492D82F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[916,1023,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DA80FE466492D82F" box="[916,1023,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Bradypus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DD3EFE4663AAD82F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1066,1223,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bradypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DC10FE466211D82F" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1284,1404,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DC10FE466211D82F" box="[1284,1404,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D983FD9A6638D80B" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,341,547,573]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, that latter study was based on extant taxa only. Incorporation of mitogenomes from extinct taxa of xenarthrans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D8CFFDFE65DED857" author="Delsuc, F. & Kuch, M. & Gibb, G. C. & Karpinski, E. & Hackenberger, D. & Szpak, P. & Martinez, J. G. & Mead, J. I. & McDonald, H. G. & MacPhee, R. D. E. & Billet, G. & Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N." box="[475,691,583,609]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="2031 - 2042" refId="ref29645" refString="Delsuc, F., Kuch, M., Gibb, G. C., Karpinski, E., Hackenberger, D., Szpak, P., Martinez, J. G., Mead, J. I., McDonald, H. G., MacPhee, R. D. E., Billet, G., Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N. (2019) Ancient mitogenomes reveal the evolutionary history and biogeography of sloths. Current Biology, 29 (12), 2031 - 2042. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2019.05.043" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Delsuc
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DB20FDFE6505D857" box="[564,616,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DA43FDFE64A2D857" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[855,975,583,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DA43FDFE64A2D857" box="[855,975,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the sister taxon to †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DDE8FDFE62F1D857" box="[1276,1436,583,609]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mylodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a suprafamilial clade (Mylodontoidea) sister to another suprafamilial clade (Megatheroidea) that successively included †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D81FFD3666DFD89F" box="[267,434,655,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Megatheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megatheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D8FAFD3665E6D89F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[494,651,655,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bradypodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to a clade including †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DAF3FD3663C9D89F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[999,1188,655,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Megalonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DDFCFD3662F1D89F" box="[1256,1436,655,681]" class="Mammalia" family="Nothrotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nothrotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A0BFFC3FFD3D9D8FD0A6663D8FB" box="[204,270,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1007,1031]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,565,981]" captionTargetId="figure-215@20.[151,1435,561,983]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of Costa Rican mammals by categories of threat as assessed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). A: overall assessment of all mammal species known for Costa Rica into IUCN categories of threat. Key to abbreviations: EN, endangered; DD, data deficient; LC, least concern; NT, not threatened; VU, vulnerable. B: Trends in population growth rates for the 202 species of Costa Rican mammals listed in the IUCN category of “least concern.” C: Trends in population growth rates for all Costa Rican mammal species. Numbers represent total number of species in each category followed by proportional representation relative to the total, expressed as a percentage." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10063547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10063547/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3D821FD0A6565D8FB" author="Delsuc, F. & Kuch, M. & Gibb, G. C. & Karpinski, E. & Hackenberger, D. & Szpak, P. & Martinez, J. G. & Mead, J. I. & McDonald, H. G. & MacPhee, R. D. E. & Billet, G. & Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N." box="[309,520,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="2031 - 2042" refId="ref29645" refString="Delsuc, F., Kuch, M., Gibb, G. C., Karpinski, E., Hackenberger, D., Szpak, P., Martinez, J. G., Mead, J. I., McDonald, H. G., MacPhee, R. D. E., Billet, G., Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N. (2019) Ancient mitogenomes reveal the evolutionary history and biogeography of sloths. Current Biology, 29 (12), 2031 - 2042. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2019.05.043" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Delsuc
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D89FFD0A66D0D8FB" box="[395,445,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As a result, here, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B7FFFC3FFD3DA4EFD0A6356D8FB" author="Delsuc, F. & Kuch, M. & Gibb, G. C. & Karpinski, E. & Hackenberger, D. & Szpak, P. & Martinez, J. G. & Mead, J. I. & McDonald, H. G. & MacPhee, R. D. E. & Billet, G. & Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N." box="[858,1083,691,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="2031 - 2042" refId="ref29645" refString="Delsuc, F., Kuch, M., Gibb, G. C., Karpinski, E., Hackenberger, D., Szpak, P., Martinez, J. G., Mead, J. I., McDonald, H. G., MacPhee, R. D. E., Billet, G., Hautier, L. & Poinar, H. N. (2019) Ancient mitogenomes reveal the evolutionary history and biogeography of sloths. Current Biology, 29 (12), 2031 - 2042. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2019.05.043" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Delsuc
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3DAA4FD0A648FD8FB" box="[944,994,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in adopting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3DDDEFD0A6219D8FB" box="[1226,1396,691,717]" class="Mammalia" family="Choloepodidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="472" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Choloepodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D0DFFC3FFD3D983FD6E6603D8C7" box="[151,366,727,753]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EA9CFFC3FFD3D983FD6E6662D8C7" box="[151,271,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Choloepus</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |