treatments-xml/data/97/D0/98/97D098EDB0DE3A395663E9E7A7ADB7BB.xml

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<mods:title id="7AC7D8A70EC1297F43E35C490466247B">Revision of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Cynodonteae, Muhlenbergiinae) in Peru: classification, phylogeny, and a new species, M. romaschenkoi</mods:title>
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<treatment id="97D098EDB0DE3A395663E9E7A7ADB7BB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472443" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:97D098EDB0DE3A395663E9E7A7ADB7BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/97D098EDB0DE3A395663E9E7A7ADB7BB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" scope_family="Poaceae">
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<taxonomicName id="C37D418CEF1895D3CC4CF1D3F9D197A2" ID-CoL="8VZHY" LSID="97D098ED-B0DE-3A39-5663-E9E7A7ADB7BB" authority="Schreb., Gen. Pl. 1: 44. 1789." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Muhlenbergia Schreb., Gen. Pl. 1: 44. 1789.</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="9220C6191AE00989A7BDB870320DA3AB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B2E3A2AF1DB0EC28AD588EEFFB4A711F" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="F478EA9E83B35E03DE2D897D41EB8877" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dilepyrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilepyrum" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dilepyrum</taxonomicName>
Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="56B1917D81EABAD694F12C0F325B2E58" authorityName="Michx" authorityYear="1803" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dilepyrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilepyrum minutiflorum" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutiflorum">Dilepyrum minutiflorum</taxonomicName>
Michx. (= 
<taxonomicName id="0BDECE267DC0EAC24ECF3A1292E14302" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia schreberi" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schreberi">Muhlenbergia schreberi</taxonomicName>
J. F. Gmel.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D8682EC836DD4DC67BAE695ECAE24D3D" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="8E66D325A368D892FD4B7B14486CF982" authorityName="Humboldt &amp; Bonpland ex Willdenow" authorityYear="1806" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Aegopogon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aegopogon" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Aegopogon</taxonomicName>
Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4 (2): 899. 1805 [1806] Type: 
<taxonomicName id="1BBB82A95C920CA8CB64CCEB7958B682" authorityName="Humb &amp; Bonpl ex Willd" authorityYear="1806" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Aegopogon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aegopogon cenchroides" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cenchroides">Aegopogon cenchroides</taxonomicName>
Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="91038A5B4B87587B917739D60A021552" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia cenchroides" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cenchroides">Muhlenbergia cenchroides</taxonomicName>
(Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) P.M. Peterson].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F12678B49866DE16BBD3F64762ACFF78" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="92DDA4DECB7DAED73D6A55B0C3FC19DE" authorityName="Desvaux" authorityYear="1810" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Podosemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podosemum" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Podosemum</taxonomicName>
Desv., Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="F37D5398B077C29DCAC3EEA8F0E8F3E7" authorityName="Desv" authorityYear="1810" baseAuthorityName="Lam." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Podosemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podosemum capillare" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capillare">Podosemum capillare</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Desv. [= 
<taxonomicName id="AC40CB9B7F30301EA917E835E73B431F" authorityName="Trin" authorityYear="1824" baseAuthorityName="Lam." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia capillaris" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capillaris">Muhlenbergia capillaris</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Trin.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="879E616C47B8B946837F67D9B8C61D33" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="30AD6EE7D3B5F3594E9585B60EA90970" authorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" authorityYear="1812" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Clomena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clomena" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Clomena</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 28. 1812. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="6094F02621621B21FE1A446622522C57" authorityName="P. Beauv" authorityYear="1812" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Clomena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Clomena peruviana" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peruviana">Clomena peruviana</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="726EF364C61823FC673B1B1B4FE5630E" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia peruviana" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peruviana">Muhlenbergia peruviana</taxonomicName>
(P. Beauv.) Steud.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24012031A1BDC64CC65F1D84EDBAE4E0" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="2E1B6D51A8BA177E1C9D478E24F958F6" authorityName="A.M.F.J.Palisot de Beauvois" authorityYear="1812" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Tosagris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tosagris" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tosagris</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 29. 1812. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="EB9E27CF517E9EB5E65BEFAB33B330AE" authorityName="P. Beauv" authorityYear="1812" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Tosagris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tosagris agrostidea" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="agrostidea">Tosagris agrostidea</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv. [= 
<taxonomicName id="CAA9BB49021E741CB9B68D983A45F397" authorityName="Trin" authorityYear="1824" baseAuthorityName="Lam." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia capillaris" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capillaris">Muhlenbergia capillaris</taxonomicName>
(Lam.) Trin.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1FFA26DF5C3178D2B8426F3227CD2B6A" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="8AA2EE87869A2BBE49B802762CF06C47" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Trichochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trichochloa" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Trichochloa</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 29. 1812. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="CFDE1C48ED4D53D514E2616405617FB8" authorityName="P. Beauv" authorityYear="1812" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Trichochloa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trichochloa purpurea" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Trichochloa purpurea</taxonomicName>
P. Beauv. [= 
<taxonomicName id="00D882C13D2C391DEA83CBA24A11F871" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia expansa" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="expansa">Muhlenbergia expansa</taxonomicName>
(Poir.) Trin.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC1263F7FDC79805BF4E58C06B9F7918" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="1F4B6B6D072949CF662CF88BF762D107" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1815" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Podosaemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podosaemum" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Podosaemum</taxonomicName>
Kunth, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 72. 1815; orth. var. 
<emphasis id="FFD2BBA4B2D14EC0B5A763698F78BD68" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">Podosemum</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80814CC0056526C5FD0B3A1303A9A78E" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="F50ECC9D3167B300F457DAE7EE26F885" authorityName="Lagasca" authorityYear="1816" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hymenothecium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenothecium" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hymenothecium</taxonomicName>
Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl. 4. 1816. Lectotype: 
<taxonomicName id="D7C1B8AA019451FF3DB87BF958472567" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cynosurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cynosurus tenellus" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenellus">Cynosurus tenellus</taxonomicName>
Cav. ex DC., designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="BBA25F5F122357618B5422A1571D42E3" author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 302" refId="B15" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1920. The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 772: 1 - 302" title="The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture." volume="772" year="1920">Hitchcock 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 169 [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="72918F31892BB5C3BA1AA904A09BB6D1" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lamarckia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lamarckia tenella" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenella">Lamarckia tenella</taxonomicName>
DC. ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="97EB7A40B7260B891D39EBE59276C9D7" authorityName="Lag" authorityYear="1816" baseAuthorityName="DC." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hymenothecium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenothecium tenellum" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenellum">Hymenothecium tenellum</taxonomicName>
(Cav. ex DC.) Lag. = 
<taxonomicName id="76C148ECA86C8BCE27BB9F074E7B32D8" authorityName="Columbus" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Lag." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia uniseta" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uniseta">Muhlenbergia uniseta</taxonomicName>
(Lag.) Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="34E62BD4B557831DB64B81A0B55CF5D3" pageId="6" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="A0475116A408C6B895215E8482C5D241" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lycurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycurus" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lycurus</taxonomicName>
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 141. 1815 [1816]. Lectotype: 
<taxonomicName id="9090A6D27A14FC425E2ABE0BE56E5FF3" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1816" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lycurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycurus phleoides" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phleoides">Lycurus phleoides</taxonomicName>
Kunth, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="91A450259960A8A990B4F05E9582803F" author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 302" refId="B15" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1920. The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 772: 1 - 302" title="The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture." volume="772" year="1920">Hitchcock 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 139 [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="2089D9D9F35E0BA720F1953B695300A6" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia phleoides" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phleoides">Muhlenbergia phleoides</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="474FC2DB0935FDAA18DC4D0DE478CCF9" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="750B9CA68EC14B02BA94DE4BDA5C0BC2" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1819" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Anthipsimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anthipsimus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="97F1C050CCFF15141AAC1BE362D4C744" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" start="start">Anthipsimus</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
Raf., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 89: 105. 1819. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="D82BAFECAF545277C9640258689F849F" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Anthipsimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Anthipsimus gonopodus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gonopodus">Anthipsimus gonopodus</taxonomicName>
Raf. (= 
<taxonomicName id="B2632E7E811CC564E80BEF34B9C75D86" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia schreberi" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schreberi">Muhlenbergia schreberi</taxonomicName>
J.F. Gmel.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3093D88AFF9A96EB4AFE4D6DF89C12FD" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="10ACBF6D9F71760AB2F29A678298A69F" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1825" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sericrostis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sericrostis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sericrostis</taxonomicName>
Raf., Neogenyton 4. 1825. Lectotype: 
<taxonomicName id="DD4AA842CFF75D58E9D852044527AAA6" authorityName="Michx" authorityYear="1803" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stipa sericea" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">Stipa sericea</taxonomicName>
Michx, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="20C637310D6913B4979701359F32FB22" author="Pfeiffer, LKG" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="59" pageNumber="182" refId="B45" refString="Pfeiffer, LKG, 1874. Nomenclator botanicus 2(20). Theodori Fischeri, Kassel, 1081-1160." title="Nomenclator botanicus 2 (20). Theodori Fischeri, Kassel, 1081 - 1160." year="1874">Pfeiffer 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 1142 [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="CA4117D143A52B6A2276CBBA8515D021" authorityName="P. M. Peterson" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Michx." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia sericea" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sericea">Muhlenbergia sericea</taxonomicName>
(Michx.) P.M. Peterson].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A443A86A4F51C0CD508155D499BF3ED8" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="4D18ED741C30479D216C6A228A2C5266" authorityName="J.Presl &amp; C.Presl" authorityYear="1830" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pereilema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pereilema" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pereilema</taxonomicName>
J. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (4-5): 233.1830. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="1AAF95DF4CFD84622A4DD6FB1A11DE4D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pereilema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pereilema crinitum" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crinitum">Pereilema crinitum</taxonomicName>
J. Presl (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="BD9F0DE2D05A291D330E4AD3B582E620" authorityName="P. M. Peterson" authorityYear="2009" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia pereilema" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pereilema">Muhlenbergia pereilema</taxonomicName>
P.M.Peterson).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="959BD1AF004B51EF867E5E9CBEF44984" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="1672E5F386D5D4DAD5E710A0ECA899A0" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Epicampes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epicampes" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epicampes</taxonomicName>
J. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (4-5): 235. 1830. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="8F51CD1F4B10E11A94D55DB336FA84E1" authorityName="J. Presl" authorityYear="1830" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Epicampes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epicampes stricta" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">Epicampes stricta</taxonomicName>
J. Presl [= 
<taxonomicName id="3B0B0A8B755A1D9674F9C1651B8B7005" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia robusta" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">Muhlenbergia robusta</taxonomicName>
(E. Fourn.) Hitchc.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9ED45A8CB359758B6BE69B1B8C2FBBEE" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="D1B80383E94698528A5ED31DEFC8FFCE" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1833" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dactylogramma" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dactylogramma</taxonomicName>
Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 248. 1833. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="1A514685BABBE4E2883F4FD4919B0325" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1833" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dactylogramma cinnoides" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinnoides">Dactylogramma cinnoides</taxonomicName>
Link [= 
<taxonomicName id="9B4B250CFCA446DF711D5BF797C493B0" authorityName="Trin" authorityYear="1824" baseAuthorityName="Willd." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia glomerata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glomerata">Muhlenbergia glomerata</taxonomicName>
(Willd.) Trin.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1F86719769219E2C7111679E9675992" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="573295C4F6B9888F4D43FB20356BD203" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Calycodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calycodon" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Calycodon</taxonomicName>
Nutt., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 23. 1848. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="D3E9751AC93D7C26B650AA55BC0390E6" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Calycodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calycodon montanum" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montanum">Calycodon montanum</taxonomicName>
Nutt. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="1CB6B2CA846668A89922BD589B46268C" authorityName="Hitchc" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Nutt." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia montana" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montana">Muhlenbergia montana</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) Hitchc.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B5F80E8D69B7B12C9797B4442F1EE64" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="5F0C17273ADE2B774F45AC867DE79C80" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pleopogon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pleopogon" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pleopogon</taxonomicName>
Nutt., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 25. 1848. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="DB5853BF0FEFC1C600C1FC43362D1628" authorityName="Nutt" authorityYear="1848" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pleopogon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pleopogon setosum" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setosum">Pleopogon setosum</taxonomicName>
Nutt. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="1851357CA6A864F4E4E63DB1A3567BCE" authorityName="C. Reeder" authorityYear="1985" baseAuthorityName="Nutt." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lycurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycurus setosus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="setosus">Lycurus setosus</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) C.G. Reeder = 
<taxonomicName id="8BAE4B62ACE129CBA1892438633CCE8A" authorityName="P. M. Peterson &amp; Columbus" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Griseb." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia alopecuroides" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alopecuroides">Muhlenbergia alopecuroides</taxonomicName>
(Griseb.) P.M. Peterson &amp; Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="02B934CCE61718BAAC6A3E4522D0A158" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="AE8417568FC9A295F3BB6E72D9F9F5AF" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schedonnardus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schedonnardus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Schedonnardus</taxonomicName>
Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 146. 1854. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="3C7C5B00EBBDCDC5140D3DC4064FD626" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schedonnardus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schedonnardus texanus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="texanus">Schedonnardus texanus</taxonomicName>
Steud. [
<taxonomicName id="CE5E88DF0FAC39EEF787604454DC0885" authorityName="Lunell" authorityYear="1915" baseAuthorityName="Nutt." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spirochloe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spirochloe paniculata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculata">Spirochloe paniculata</taxonomicName>
Nutt. = 
<taxonomicName id="8E676163EB9FDCB806893C5AFB8BDEFC" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schedonnardus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schedonnardus paniculatus" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatus">Schedonnardus paniculatus</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) Branner &amp; Coville = 
<taxonomicName id="C23F8BECCC8DBCB3289CAB6BF6E769E3" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia paniculata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculata">Muhlenbergia paniculata</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91E2AD726909A624AA8EC6B7F1E9F6D8" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="92565F299BB11D8EACB15FEF604303AC" authorityName="Thurber" authorityYear="1863" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Vaseya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaseya" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vaseya</taxonomicName>
Thurb., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15: 79. 1863. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="7D008573918D76C291162ECCA95EFFC8" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Vaseya" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vaseya comata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comata">Vaseya comata</taxonomicName>
Thurb. [= 
<taxonomicName id="D21DC5CFC9B67D7EEFAE143CE2CA1C8C" authorityName="Hitchc" authorityYear="1920" baseAuthorityName="Nutt." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia andina" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="andina">Muhlenbergia andina</taxonomicName>
(Nutt.) Hitchc.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66597C60F97E356B629CB8AF05B71E15" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="ADB1C075011754CBBC0A018A42D8B13D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chaboissaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chaboissaea" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chaboissaea</taxonomicName>
E. Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 112. 1886. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="0CF42577A562E2AE0B305F4DA67FBA34" authorityName="E. Fourn" authorityYear="1886" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chaboissaea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chaboissaea ligulata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ligulata">Chaboissaea ligulata</taxonomicName>
E. Fourn. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="8D83BE255C7ED88FAD3CE36E91836EEE" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia ligulata" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ligulata">Muhlenbergia ligulata</taxonomicName>
(E. Fourn.) Scribn. &amp; Merr.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="17DA6D5B4B9E6F90CCB86CB025DC846E" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="693FDFE5A46D0960F3E7C9112D74DE31" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Crypsinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crypsinna" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crypsinna</taxonomicName>
E. Fourn., Mexic. Pl. 2: 90. 1886. Lectotype: 
<taxonomicName id="74A89ADC2442F2A3EA9DF7530E7A547C" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1816" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Crypsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crypsis macroura" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroura">Crypsis macroura</taxonomicName>
Kunth, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="71CB8B03C6980A6F3FF8A7EDA8C03E9C" author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin" pageId="58" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 302" refId="B15" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1920. The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture. Bulletin 772: 1 - 302" title="The genera of grasses of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture." volume="772" year="1920">Hitchcock 1920</bibRefCitation>
: 144. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="858E42B48215A8D8480CEE855E362D68" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Crypsinna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crypsinna macroura" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroura">Crypsinna macroura</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) E. Fourn.≡ 
<taxonomicName id="9033110795A139F6F2F5AD5B81AB6447" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia macroura" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macroura">Muhlenbergia macroura</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Hitchc.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA0232739EC6C898B6065C323F518E68" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="67211CBCF016C43E0F412CAFA5218812" authorityName="Vasey" authorityYear="1887" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Redfieldia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Redfieldia" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Redfieldia</taxonomicName>
Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 133. 1887. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="256EFDD96335C94E9AFC38CEFD4475EB" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Graphephorum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Graphephorum flexuosum" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosum">Graphephorum flexuosum</taxonomicName>
Thurb. ex A. Gray [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="82413433CC9FFBABCFB38276C966ECCB" authorityName="Vasey" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Thurb." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Redfieldia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Redfieldia flexuosa" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">Redfieldia flexuosa</taxonomicName>
(Thurb. ex A. Gray) Vasey ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="35AF1E194A70B34ED4F7C772AFB596A9" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia multiflora" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflora">Muhlenbergia multiflora</taxonomicName>
Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CD1E551AF57935F91A8504CD9D18D63D" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="8E941F8B01F30234A0751CD4CAE60268" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bealia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bealia" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bealia</taxonomicName>
Scribn., True Grasses 104, f. 45a. 1890. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="BA9CCFF0649335BFE7450F779D9AC54D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bealia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bealia mexicana" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">Bealia mexicana</taxonomicName>
Scribn. (≡ 
<taxonomicName id="9A0C087E6130AE47ACB2FDB185205E3C" authorityName="Hitchc" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia biloba" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biloba">Muhlenbergia biloba</taxonomicName>
Hitchc.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E0B52AAEAE9AC23247E87D7518A3E31" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="2BF1F580ECE80E345C0177E68B9B6EFD" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Blepharoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blepharoneuron" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Blepharoneuron</taxonomicName>
Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25(2): 88. 1898. Lectotype: 
<taxonomicName id="0382BB0638F4C537D7609775D556A6CF" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Vilfa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vilfa tricholepis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricholepis">Vilfa tricholepis</taxonomicName>
Torr., designated by Peterson and Annable 1990: 522 [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="2AF40450A89A4939EC207BB679A6A67E" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Blepharoneuron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blepharoneuron tricholepis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricholepis">Blepharoneuron tricholepis</taxonomicName>
(Torr.) Nash ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="36749AC6C79771435DD07A2526C58E4D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia tricholepis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tricholepis">Muhlenbergia tricholepis</taxonomicName>
(Torr.) Columbus].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B5E944AE9751577F83FB2BFA2221C66" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
<taxonomicName id="D24D7F9F26530DCFB1DFA00F39729E7F" authorityName="Nash" authorityYear="1912" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schaffnerella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schaffnerella" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Schaffnerella</taxonomicName>
Nash, N. Amer. Fl. 17(2): 141. 1912. Type: 
<taxonomicName id="D6B91460F6D7AFBCB9958E62F0B40214" authorityName="Benth" authorityYear="1882" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schaffnera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schaffnera gracilis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">Schaffnera gracilis</taxonomicName>
Benth. [≡ 
<taxonomicName id="F34EAAFA65BDB28A78322E848CDBAC63" authorityName="Nash" authorityYear="1912" baseAuthorityName="Benth." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Schaffnerella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schaffnerella gracilis" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gracilis">Schaffnerella gracilis</taxonomicName>
(Benth.) Nash ≡ 
<taxonomicName id="507C851D89B37ACAEBB795457EB4764C" authorityName="Columbus" authorityYear="2010" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Muhlenbergia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Muhlenbergia spatha" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spatha">Muhlenbergia spatha</taxonomicName>
Columbus].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8B2865AAAFD63D078437CD8A5DDAB79" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" type="description">
<paragraph id="2FE496BC0DECDBBF40559FC6F985AE96" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5E3F0D3D3BBEBBAC2AA790B9DD9CB47" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">
Plants 
<emphasis id="2265B6AADF282B885F73102E00CCDB8A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">annual</emphasis>
or 
<emphasis id="1455B7BAC6974104990CC196A92814EC" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">perennial</emphasis>
; synoecious sometimes andromonoecious; sometimes rhizomatous, often cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, rarely stoloniferous. 
<emphasis id="CF39F47BBCF377A3BBB98AB011F4563F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Culms</emphasis>
2-300 cm, erect, geniculate or decumbent, usually herbaceous, sometimes becoming woody. 
<taxonomicName id="96AAA21193B3C4655AEA1536C3B202A0" genus="Sheaths" lsidName="Sheaths" pageId="7" pageNumber="130" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="10D75402438B88D51BA56453AE81C8A7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Sheaths</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
open, overlapping below; 
<emphasis id="8B1500A4C43B6C2E01DB85CAB00E4A6D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">ligules</emphasis>
membranous or hyaline (rarely firm or coriaceous), acuminate to truncate, sometimes minutely ciliolate, sometimes with lateral lobes longer than the central portion; 
<emphasis id="AC62266134C1EB86A83632F08460BB36" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">blades</emphasis>
narrow, flat, folded, or involute, sometimes arcuate. 
<emphasis id="DB48FF98C46DBD5EAB50F8465452A0E0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">Inflorescences</emphasis>
terminal, sometimes also axillary, open to contracted, raceme-like or spike-like 
<emphasis id="B327731BEA623458672C95BA58ADCED1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">panicles</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis id="4584E2255D443E794E35D46D4A44222C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="130">cleistogamous panicles</emphasis>
sometimes present in the axils of the lower 
<pageBreakToken id="05E41284F9C58D0BFF7B6EDE83834D07" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" start="start">cauline</pageBreakToken>
leaves, enclosed by a tightly rolled, somewhat indurate sheath; 
<emphasis id="2C8B754BB1D082CC6FA6AC02A57A8AFB" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">disarticulation</emphasis>
usually above the glumes, occasionally below the pedicels. 
<emphasis id="4022965C2C9D95ABAE8185B416015918" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Spikelets</emphasis>
mostly perfect with 1 (2-6) florets, sometimes staminate or sterile, occasionally paired or in groups of threes then the central spikelet perfect and the lateral ones staminate or sterile; chasmogamous, rarely cleistogamous; 
<emphasis id="E888D26C12F6B901DF4BAC3552FB669F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">glumes</emphasis>
usually (0)1(2-3)-veined, apices entire, erose or toothed, truncate to acuminate, sometimes mucronate or awned from the midvein, occasionally awned from the lateral veins; 
<emphasis id="3E4DD251E1C6EEEF3BA184C6666261E9" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">lower glumes</emphasis>
sometimes rudimentary or absent, occasionally bifid; 
<emphasis id="4C986BC0000F572B152C8A8BFD0CB060" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">upper glumes</emphasis>
shorter than to longer than the florets; 
<emphasis id="3F8100CD583FC2A2B7741C29615AA589" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">calluses</emphasis>
poorly developed, glabrous or with a few hairs; 
<emphasis id="D9F35F9FC7C91BBFF371D1EDCF94A4FC" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">lemmas</emphasis>
glabrous, scabrous or with short hairs, 3-veined (rarely appearing 5-veined), apices awned from the midvein, mucronate or unawned; 
<emphasis id="421D5242A0DEC7B512126FEA0ADCF054" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">awns</emphasis>
, if present, straight, flexuous, sinuous or curled, sometimes borne between 2 minute teeth, lateral veins occasionally extended into awns; 
<emphasis id="51B86F9C62498889ACFDBCBF45F03963" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">paleas</emphasis>
shorter than or equal to the lemmas, 2-veined, apices; 
<emphasis id="3D9C07EE79CFF2B4B7462318E7271031" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">anthers</emphasis>
(1-2)3, purple, orange, yellow, olivaceous or whitish; 
<emphasis id="966538765D973C91D1F1090A6B5DEB99" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">ovary</emphasis>
with 2 styles, stigmas plumose. 
<emphasis id="5A3C4B10897B0903E25F35D6AFC7DA79" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Caryopses</emphasis>
elongate, fusiform or elliptic, slightly dorsally compressed, rarely laterally compressed, glabrous; 
<emphasis id="0DE687E1F546D1F2C31573C336D5E2DB" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">hilum</emphasis>
short; 
<emphasis id="99C3887E693AC294D16ED90C909FB38C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">pericarp</emphasis>
fused.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98510B9C81CFDBDE16591F3114F7766D" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
Chromosome base number is 
<normalizedToken id="AD9CECC3E87DD033A342F55216D4A208" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
= (8 or 9) 10 and these are relatively small in size.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="96363A5F025505172604C00A13AB37AA" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0BB2957B0F4C5D0480BCD988168C0179" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE621435AD37F6593EB61BCF8A01A402" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">
The genus is primarily distributed in the Western Hemisphere in North Central and South America. There are also seven species known to occur in south-eastern Asia, six of these are found in China (
<bibRefCitation id="C820DF9F952A6F69B224639927D78B0B" author="Wu, Z" editor="Wu, ZY" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="60" pageNumber="183" pagination="486 - 487" refId="B63" refString="Wu, Z, Peterson, PM, 2006. 140. Muhlenbergia. In: Wu, ZY, Raven, PH, Hong, DY, Eds., Flora of China: Poaceae, volume 22. Science Press, Beijing &amp; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis: 486 - 487" title="140. Muhlenbergia." volumeTitle="Flora of China: Poaceae, volume 22." year="2006">Wu and Peterson 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B39A7BC5B3D5C2983396413678BAAFE7" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="67B9CDC7D0AF4EF703AA8705EC451609" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EE023EA8A2C8E1E3F15A46054A7E75E" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">The species occur in open habitats in deserts, grasslands, sclerophllous scrubland and margins of forests often in xeric to meso-xeric habitats from near sea level to more than 4000 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6F9A4A214102C3921FDD1FCD2D98549" pageId="8" pageNumber="131" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="675CC98464C8773F17A954B9806A2362" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E98BCB38BEEB5A6D53815BEC63E3C0DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="131">Named for Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (1753-1815), a Lutheran minister and pioneering botanist of Pennsylvania, USA.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>