310 lines
39 KiB
XML
310 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="08C456A50CF868C21662E8B6673EFD26" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3972.3.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b0977c68-a06c-4d84-9a40-4c995aca0fd6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="233245" ID-ZooBank="A55BF329-15C6-4872-9347-E446F2DB1430" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461189392544" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Obuchi, Masami & Omori, Akihito" docDate="2015" docId="B130406EE859E626C4E89681785C894D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03972p449.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3972 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Belonometra Obuchi & Omori, 2015, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="4D093816E858E624C47F92477C538E02" masterDocTitle="A new genus and new species of family Antedonidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from southern Japan" masterLastPageNumber="449" masterPageNumber="441" pageNumber="442" updateTime="1698600497924" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="8C6447615DEF5EF09C180D3798D2FDA8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F073985D7C1FD2794A5A4F871577B3BC">
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<mods:title id="49890EB8172B236D12D5D58E9516134F">A new genus and new species of family Antedonidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) from southern Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7E3BFB0DEE6CF8D1730D62765D2B9BB7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="38690082DBAF0E661DFEEE250E2D45CA">Obuchi, Masami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="CBD75A88231BA682A3C51D05697E0F7D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="31BAD677D11E132BDCAAE36DABFE3304">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4718F4FD6E15ED75328113B9187D4FF4">Omori, Akihito</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7190E18FD8F7135E0D0F63F0E6836D01">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2B36A37A31BE9AC5B1573B36DECD7CAD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0E417422632E9F2A4E7B3A82685CFBC5">
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<mods:date id="6F2DD58434B3FD5C97347527D69A0583">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3F3FA2304CD0E4B8F4771D3B07FCF222">3972</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0F371C0034DBC44641D59458C0ACAC6B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3972.3.9</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B130406EE859E626C4E89681785C894D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6105694" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119629038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6105694" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B130406EE859E626C4E89681785C894D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B130406EE859E626C4E89681785C894D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E859E625C4E896817DDF8AE3" box="[151,396,1222,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3926F178E859E625C4E896817DDF8AE3" blockId="1.[151,396,1222,1249]" box="[151,396,1222,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<heading id="626E4614E859E625C4E896817DDF8AE3" bold="true" box="[151,396,1222,1249]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4E896817DDF8AE3" bold="true" box="[151,396,1222,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE859E625C4E896817D678AE2" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[151,308,1222,1248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4E896817D678AE2" bold="true" box="[151,308,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Belonometra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E859E625C54596807DDF8AE3" box="[314,396,1223,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E859E625C4E8974A7F4A8B21" box="[151,793,1293,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="3926F178E859E625C4E8974A7F4A8B21" blockId="1.[151,793,1293,1315]" box="[151,793,1293,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4E8974A7D718B21" bold="true" box="[151,290,1293,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<typeStatus id="E6224FDAE859E625C4E8974A7C9F8B21" box="[151,204,1293,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE859E625C556974A7DB98B21" box="[297,490,1293,1315]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kogoi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C556974A7DB98B21" box="[297,490,1293,1315]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Belonometra kogoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E859E625C58E97497E7B8B21" box="[497,552,1294,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E859E625C4E897177D65891B" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3926F178E859E625C4E897177D65891B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4E897177D428B6B" bold="true" box="[151,273,1360,1385]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A genus of
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE859E625C5C397177E188B6B" box="[444,587,1360,1385]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
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having numerous cirri, short oral pinnules with short segments, and remarkably long subsequent pinnules. Cirri laterally compressed, closely crowded on low hemispherical centrodorsal, XC–CXXX, composed of 15–22 segments, longest of which is three times longer than wide; penultimate cirral longer than broad, usually longer than antepenultimate, with straight opposing spine. Rays proximally concealed by centrodorsal until base of axillary. Basal rosette with rod-shaped rays. Radial facet concave, taller than broad. Ten arms
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<quantity id="FE615C9DE859E625C64494437E81881E" box="[571,722,1540,1565]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.825" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" unit="mm" value="182.5" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="175.0">175–190 mm</quantity>
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long; brachials on distal half of arms short, three to four times broader than long; brachials of small specimens approximately twice as broad as long. Pinnules flagellate; proximal two similar, short, but second with slightly longer and fewer segments; following pinnules very elongated with segments more than three times longer than broad; third usually longest proximal pinnules, but rarely shorter than fourth; proximal pinnules with proximal segments faintly projected aborally: projection more distinct in small specimens; middle to distal pinnules reaching 20% of arm length, composed of more than 40 elongated segments, crowded due to short arm brachials, oriented in three directions along each side of arm, creating a unique configuration.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E859E625C4B895637FED8963" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="3926F178E859E625C4B895637FED8963" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4B895637D1D893F" bold="true" box="[199,334,1828,1853]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Combination of “
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C66395637E3B893F" box="[540,616,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">belona</emphasis>
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”, needle in Greek, and “
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C7FD95627F9F893E" box="[898,972,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">-metra</emphasis>
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”, a suffix generally used for comatulids, named for the extremely slender, needle-like pinnules of the new genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E859E626C4B8952B7D258C1A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3926F178E859E625C4B8952B7D6C89F2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1360,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C4B8952B7D688987" bold="true" box="[199,315,1900,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The new genus includes only the
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<typeStatus id="E6224FDAE859E625C6B0952A7EAC8987" box="[719,767,1901,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">type</typeStatus>
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species,
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE859E625C714952B78178987" box="[875,1092,1900,1925]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kogoi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C714952B78178987" box="[875,1092,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Belonometra kogoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E859E625C031952B78C38987" box="[1102,1168,1900,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE859E625C031952B78C38987" bold="true" box="[1102,1168,1900,1925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">n. sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, which has an unusual appearance, characterized by extremely long pinnules crowded in a three-dimensional rather than planar configuration. In addition, it is distinguishable by the combination of ten long arms, and numerous cirri without aboral process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3926F178E85AE626C4B892D07D258C1A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
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Distal pinnules of
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5DE92D07E618EB2" box="[417,562,151,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C5DE92D07E618EB2" box="[417,562,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C64292D07EDC8EB2" box="[573,655,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C64292D07EDC8EB2" bold="true" box="[573,655,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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reach 20% of the arm length. Although distal pinnules tend to be relatively longer in ten-armed comatulids, for example 19% of arm length in
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C03E92FB7D6B8EFA" authority="A.H. Clark, 1913" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1913" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Florometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C03E92FB78928ED7" box="[1089,1217,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Florometra</emphasis>
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A.H. Clark, 1913 (Antedonidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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and in
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5E992987F818EFA" authority="A.H. Clark, 1909" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1909" box="[406,978,223,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Colobometridae" genus="Colobometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C5E992987E798EFA" box="[406,554,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Colobometra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C64B92A77EAE8EFA" author="Clark" box="[564,765,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909) New genera and higher groups of unstalked crinoids. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22, 173 - 178." type="journal article" year="1909">A.H. Clark, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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(Colobometridae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, 13% in
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C04192A67D058F1F" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" class="Crinoidea" family="Tropiometridae" genus="Tropiometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C04192A6789A8EFA" box="[1086,1225,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Tropiometra</emphasis>
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A.H. Clark, 1907 (Tropiometridae)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5ED93437FDE8F1F" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[402,909,260,285]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Heliometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C5ED93437E418F1F" box="[402,530,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Heliometra</emphasis>
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A.H. Clark, 1907 (Antedonidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C7DF934378308F1E" author="Clark" box="[928,1123,260,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1947) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 4 b, Superfamily Mariametrida (concluded the family Colobometridae) and superfamily Tropiometrida (except family Thalassometridae and Charitometridae). Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 473." type="journal article" year="1947">A.H. Clark 1947</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C00E93437C818F42" author="Clark" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 5, Suborders Oligophreata (Concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 860." type="journal article" year="1967">A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C49E936F7D368F42" author="Kogo" box="[225,357,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Kogo, I. (1998) Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Osaka Museum of Natural History. Special Publication, 30, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo 1998</bibRefCitation>
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), the new genus has the relatively longest distal pinnules yet observed. The crowding of the pinnules of the new genus is also distinctive. This character derives from the shortness of the distal arm brachials, which occurs commonly in
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C58893287EC78F8A" box="[503,660,367,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Comasteridae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C6D693287F378F8A" box="[681,868,367,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Himerometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Himerometridae</taxonomicName>
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, but only rarely in
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C015932878AE8F8A" box="[1130,1277,367,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
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. In addition,
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<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C4E893D37D7B8FAF" box="[151,296,404,429]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C4E893D37D7B8FAF" box="[151,296,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C55093D37D2D8FAF" box="[303,382,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C55093D37D2D8FAF" bold="true" box="[303,382,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is unique in the shapes of cirrus segments. Although the penultimate cirral generally tends to be proportionately elongated in contrast to shorter preceding ones (
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<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C7E393FF780C8FD2" author="Clark" box="[924,1119,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids, Vol. 1, The Comatulids, Part 1. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 406 + pls. 1 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1915">A.H. Clark 1915</bibRefCitation>
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), this is very distinct in the new genus. Such characters make the new genus easily identifiable. However, these features may not reflect its systematic position.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7183A2F3E85AE626C4B89063785C894D" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="3926F178E85AE626C4B890637EDE8DEF" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C4B890637D0B8C3F" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[199,344,548,573]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C4B890637D0B8C3F" box="[199,344,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C51E90637DE18C3F" box="[353,434,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C51E90637DE18C3F" bold="true" box="[353,434,548,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
exhibits skeletal features peculiar to many taxa included in superfamily Antedonoidea: high, thin and flange-like muscular fossae, and a narrow radial cavity with a scarce calcareous filling. Among the three families of Antedonoidea, the new genus is referred to family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C7F0902B784D8C87" ID-CoL="87BY9" box="[911,1054,620,645]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having bifurcated rays and the basals transformed into a rosette within the radial cavity. Although the size of the centrodorsal cavity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C4E890F37D7B8CCF" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[151,296,692,717]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C4E890F37D7B8CCF" box="[151,296,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C55190F37D2E8CCF" box="[302,381,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C55190F37D2E8CCF" bold="true" box="[302,381,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, 17% of the centrodorsal diameter, is much smaller than those in previously known antedonid species (> 20%) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C525909F7E448CF2" author="Clark" box="[346,535,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids, Vol. 1, The Comatulids, Part 1. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 406 + pls. 1 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1915">A.H. Clark 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C65D909F7EFE8CF2" author="Meyer" box="[546,685,728,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1972) Ctenantedon, a new antedonid crinoid convergent with comasterids. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22, 53 - 66." type="journal article" year="1972">Meyer 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the overhanging rim on the adoral opening of the cavity conforms with other members of the family.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C66390BB7EB98D17" author="Clark" box="[540,746,764,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids, Vol. 1, The Comatulids, Part 1. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 406 + pls. 1 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1915">A.H. Clark (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned a tendency for the larger forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C08F90BB792C8D17" ID-CoL="87BY9" box="[1264,1407,764,789]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to have a smaller centrodoral cavity, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C61B91677F2F8D3A" author="Hess" box="[612,892,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Comatulida. In: Ausich, W. I. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Revised Crinoidea. Vol. 3. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 70 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2011">Hess & Messing (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned the size of the centrodorsal cavity decreases with individual growth, both of which can be applied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C7F39103784E8D5F" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[908,1053,836,861]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C7F39103784E8D5F" box="[908,1053,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C05B910378278D5F" box="[1060,1140,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C05B910378278D5F" bold="true" box="[1060,1140,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The new genus, with arm length reaching
|
||
<quantity id="FE615C9DE85AE626C52A912F7DEA8D7D" box="[341,441,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
, is relatively large for antedonid species. In the smallest specimen, the centrodorsal opening is larger, reaching 28% of the centrodorsal diameter. Skeletal features of the smallest specimen better agree with antedonid species in that the overhanging lip on the centrodorsal cavity is distinct, and in that the radial cavity is totally lacking a calcareous deposit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3926F178E85AE626C4B891BF78248A7D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
Some additional characters support assignment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C77C91B07FC78A12" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[771,916,1015,1040]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C77C91B07FC78A12" box="[771,916,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C7E391B07FB88A12" box="[924,1003,1015,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C7E391B07FB88A12" bold="true" box="[924,1003,1015,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
to family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C01C91B078A68A12" ID-CoL="87BY9" box="[1123,1269,1015,1040]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although they may be found in other ten-arm comatulids belonging to other families: second syzygy mostly at br9+10 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C160965B7D2B8A59" author="Clark" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 5, Suborders Oligophreata (Concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 860." type="journal article" year="1967">A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C5FB96047ED28A59" author="Hess" box="[388,641,1090,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Comatulida. In: Ausich, W. I. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Revised Crinoidea. Vol. 3. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 70 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2011">Hess & Messing 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), short and regular intersyzygial interval of 3 articulations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C16096047C818A7D" author="Clark" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1921) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 2, General. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 795." type="journal article" year="1921">A.H. Clark 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C4A2962F7D978A7D" author="Kogo" box="[221,452,1126,1152]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Kogo, I. & Fujita, T. (2014) The feather stars of Sagami Bay. Tokai University Press, Kanagawa, 162 pp. [in Japanese]" type="book" year="2014">Kogo & Fujita 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a globular disk with a central mouth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C7D4962078398A7D" author="Clark" box="[939,1130,1126,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. (1921) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 2, General. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 795." type="journal article" year="1921">A.H. Clark 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3926F178E85AE626C4B896CD785C894D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
|
||
Of the six subfamilies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C59A96CD7E248AA1" ID-CoL="87BY9" box="[485,631,1162,1187]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the one in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C73B96CD7F868AA1" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[836,981,1162,1187]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C73B96CD7F868AA1" box="[836,981,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C7A396CD78788AA1" box="[988,1067,1162,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C7A396CD78788AA1" bold="true" box="[988,1067,1162,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
should be placed is unclear. The subfamilies are classified on the basis of the arrangement and structure of cirri, and the structure and composition of oral pinnules (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C51996947EB08AE9" author="Clark" box="[358,739,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 5, Suborders Oligophreata (Concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 860." type="journal article" year="1967">A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C68B969478538AE9" author="Hess" box="[756,1024,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Comatulida. In: Ausich, W. I. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata 2, Revised Crinoidea. Vol. 3. The University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 70 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2011">Hess & Messing 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C0449695789F8AE9" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[1083,1228,1234,1259]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C0449695789F8AE9" box="[1083,1228,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C0A7969579788AE9" box="[1240,1323,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C0A7969579788AE9" bold="true" box="[1240,1323,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, cirri are approximately a hundred in number, and in the oral pinnules the proximal two of each side of the arm are shortened and with short segments unlike the very elongated following pinnules. According to the keys in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D088C89E85AE626C0BC975C7D7A8B55" author="Clark" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A Monograph of the Existing Crinoids. Vol. 1. The Comatulids, Part 5, Suborders Oligophreata (Concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of U. S. Natural Museum, 82, 1 - 860." type="journal article" year="1967">A.H. Clark & A.M. Clark (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this species seems to most closely fit
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C69F97797FD78B55" ID-CoL="8FZJW" box="[736,900,1342,1367]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliometrinae">Heliometrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two taxa share relatively large body sizes, high radial facets, and rod-shaped basal rays. However, the oral pinnules are longer (often the longest on the arms) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C4C697C17D0E8B9D" ID-CoL="8FZJW" box="[185,349,1414,1439]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliometrinae">Heliometrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, the new genus cannot be placed in this subfamily as currently defined. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C4E897ED7D098BC1" ID-CoL="8FZN8" box="[151,346,1450,1475]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thysanometrinae">Thysanometrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5A197ED7E3E8BC1" ID-CoL="8FZGF" box="[478,621,1450,1475]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Antedoninae">Antedoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have oral pinnules with short segments, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C09497ED792F8BC1" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[1259,1404,1450,1475]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C09497ED792F8BC1" box="[1259,1404,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C1FA97ED7C9B8BE5" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C1FA97ED7C9B8BE5" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does not share other general morphological characters with these subfamilies. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C02A978979488BE5" ID-CoL="8FZN8" box="[1109,1307,1486,1511]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thysanometrinae">Thysanometrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the second pinnule is similar to the following genital pinnules rather than to the first pinnule, and the cirri are straight without a distinct opposing spine.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5A994517E34882D" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[470,615,1558,1583]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C5A994517E34882D" box="[470,615,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C60B94517E99882D" box="[628,714,1558,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C60B94517E99882D" bold="true" box="[628,714,1558,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has curved cirri with a distinct opposing spine.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C16094507D4D8851" ID-CoL="8G3CF" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Annametra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C16094507D4D8851" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Annametra occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unlike other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C5A7947D7E348851" ID-CoL="8FZGF" box="[472,615,1594,1619]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Antedoninae">Antedoninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having the proximal two pinnules composed of short segments (the other congener,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C52D94187F5D8875" ID-CoL="8G3CD" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[338,782,1630,1655]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Annametra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C52D94187E748875" box="[338,551,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Annametra minuta</emphasis>
|
||
(A.H. Clark, 1907)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has oral pinnule segments longer than wide as in other antedonines).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C54C94C47E6E8899" ID-CoL="8G3CF" box="[307,573,1666,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Annametra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C54C94C47E6E8899" box="[307,573,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Annametra occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C6C494C57F1F8899" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[699,844,1666,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C6C494C57F1F8899" box="[699,844,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C72D94C57FF38899" box="[850,928,1666,1691]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C72D94C57FF38899" bold="true" box="[850,928,1666,1691]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in having proximal to middle pinnules with a saw-like profile produced by aboral projections on basal segments, as in the small specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C0B994E179CF88BD" ID-CoL="8GVBX" box="[1222,1436,1702,1727]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kogoi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C0B994E179CF88BD" box="[1222,1436,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra kogoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C4E8948D7C8588E1" box="[151,214,1738,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C4E8948D7C8588E1" bold="true" box="[151,214,1738,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
However, the two are otherwise different, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C68D948C7FCA88E1" ID-CoL="8G3CF" box="[754,921,1738,1763]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Annametra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C68D948C7FCA88E1" box="[754,921,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears fewer than 50 stout cirri, and has distal pinnules shorter than the proximal ones. The general characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C7F794A9784A8905" ID-CoL="8GVBP" box="[904,1049,1774,1799]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Belonometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C7F794A9784A8905" box="[904,1049,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Belonometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="10DE9011E85AE626C05F94A978238905" box="[1056,1136,1774,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BED2D6AE85AE626C05F94A978238905" bold="true" box="[1056,1136,1774,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">n. gen.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are also not similar to any other antedonid genus currently treated as subfamily incertae sedis. The systematic position of the new genus should be reconsidered when a complete revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE998AFBE85AE626C69B95717F20894D" ID-CoL="87BY9" box="[740,883,1846,1871]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Antedonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is conducted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |