426 lines
54 KiB
XML
426 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="A0F4553A2370FDC3EBA61145C53DF85F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole indica Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872346" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A0F4553A2370FDC3EBA61145C53DF85F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0F4553A2370FDC3EBA61145C53DF85F" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica Mayr</taxonomicName>
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Figs 73, 78, 88f
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="645 - 686" title="Beitraege zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens." volume="28" year="1879">Mayr 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 679 (s.w.q.) INDIA, Calcutta [NHMW, paralectotype s.w., examined].
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="520 - 546" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IX." volume="14" year="1902 b">Forel 1902b</bibRefCitation>
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: 199 (m.);
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<bibRefCitation author="Imai, HT" journalOrPublisher="Japan Journal of Genetics" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 32" title="Karyological survey of Indian ants." url="10.1266/jjg.59.1" volume="59" year="1984">Imai et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 6 (k.). Lectotype designated
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
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: 199 (s.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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Note. Material of the unavailable name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole javana var. formosae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" race="jubilans" rank="variety" species="javana" variety="formosae">Pheidole javana r. jubilans var. formosae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Mitteilungen" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="45 - 61" title="H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Formicidae (Hym.)." volume="1" year="1912">Forel 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 60 referred to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
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: 199.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="striativentris" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="striativentris">striativentris</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole striativentris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striativentris">Pheidole striativentris</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="645 - 686" title="Beitraege zur Ameisen-Fauna Asiens." volume="28" year="1879">Mayr 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 678 (s.) INDIA: Calcutta.
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="520 - 546" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IX." volume="14" year="1902 b">Forel 1902b</bibRefCitation>
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: 195 (w.q.). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
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: 199.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="teneriffana" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="teneriffana">teneriffana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="454 - 466" title="Nouvelles fourmis d'Australie et des Canaries." volume="37" year="1893 b">Forel 1893b</bibRefCitation>
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: 465 (s.w.) SPAIN, Canary Is. (s.) Laguna, Tenerife (M. Medina); (q.) Las Palmas,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Canarías">Canarias</normalizedToken>
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(Cabrera y
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
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). [Also described as new by
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gessellschaft or Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="64 - 100" title="Abessinische und andere afrikanische Ameisen, gesammelt von Herrn Ingenieur Alfred Ilg, von Herrn Dr. Liengme, von Herrn Pfarrer Missionar P. Berthoud, Herrn Dr. Arth. Mueller etc." volume="9" year="1894 a">Forel 1894a</bibRefCitation>
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: 160.] Queen described:
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<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="517 - 534" title="Nouvelles fourmis de l'Afrique du Nord (Egypte, Canaries, Tunisie)." volume="77" year="1908">Santschi 1908</bibRefCitation>
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: 521. Male described:
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<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, K" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecologische Nachrichten" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="225 - 233" title="Exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands." volume="8" year="2006">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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and Espadaler 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 229. n. syn.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="voeltzkowii" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="voeltzkowii">voeltzkowii</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole voeltzkowii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowii">Pheidole voeltzkowii</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Actas)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="159 - 162" title="Algunas hormigas de Canarias recogidas por el Sr. Cabrera y Diaz." volume="2" year="1894 b">Forel 1894b</bibRefCitation>
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: 227 (s.w.m.) MADAGASCAR. Queen described:
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="185 - 208" title="Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang ueber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen." volume="21" year="1897">Forel 1897</bibRefCitation>
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: 207. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="teneriffana" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="teneriffana">teneriffana</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 340. n. syn.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="himalayana" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="himalayana">himalayana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" race="himalayana" rank="race" species="indica">Pheidole indica r. himalayana</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="520 - 546" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IX." volume="14" year="1902 b">Forel 1902b</bibRefCitation>
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: 185 (s.), 199 (w.) INDIA. [Also described as new by
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="405 - 548" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13793" volume="10" year="1902 a">Forel 1902a</bibRefCitation>
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: 546.] Raised to species:
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<bibRefCitation author="Bingham, CT" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps." year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 265. Subspecies of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Louis Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" title="Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]." year="1921">Emery 1921</bibRefCitation>
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: 91;
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<bibRefCitation author="Menozzi, C" journalOrPublisher="Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civile di Storia Naturale, Milano" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="285 - 345" title="Formiche dell'Himalaya e del Karakorum raccolte dalla Spedizione italiana comandata da S. A. R. il Duca di Spoleto (1929)." volume="78" year="1939">Menozzi 1939</bibRefCitation>
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: 298;
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<bibRefCitation author="Pisarski, B" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici (Warszawa)" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="375 - 425" title="Fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) d'Afghanistan recoltees par M. Dr. K. Lindberg." volume="24" year="1967">Pisarski 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 385. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
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: 198.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="rotschana" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="rotschana">rotschana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" race="rotschana" rank="race" species="indica">Pheidole indica r. rotschana</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="520 - 546" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IX." volume="14" year="1902 b">Forel 1902b</bibRefCitation>
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: 185 (s.), 199 (w.m.) INDIA: Poona, Orissa, Trevandrum and Thana. Lectotype designated
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
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: 199 (s.) INDIA: Poona.
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<bibRefCitation author="Imai, HT" journalOrPublisher="Japan Journal of Genetics" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 32" title="Karyological survey of Indian ants." url="10.1266/jjg.59.1" volume="59" year="1984">Imai et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 6 (k.). [Also described as new by
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="405 - 548" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13793" volume="10" year="1902 a">Forel 1902a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 546.] Raised to species:
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<bibRefCitation author="Bingham, CT" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps." year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 264. Subspecies of
|
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<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
|
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="369 - 407" title="Etudes myrmecologiques en 1909. Fourmis de Barbarie et de Ceylan. Nidification des Polyrhachis." volume="45" year="1909 b">Forel 1909b</bibRefCitation>
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: 394;
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" editor="Escherich, K" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="215 - 228" title="Ameisen aus Ceylon, gesammelt von Prof. K. Escherich (einige von Prof. E. Bugnion)." volumeTitle="Termitenleben auf Ceylon" year="1911 a">Forel 1911a</bibRefCitation>
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: 222. Junior synonym of
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||
<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 199.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="taina" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="taina">taina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="teneriffana" subspecies="taina">Pheidole teneriffana subsp. taina</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aguayo, CG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="215 - 227" title="Notes on West Indian ants." volume="27" year="1932">Aguayo 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 219 (s.) CUBA,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Holguín">Holguin</normalizedToken>
|
||
, viii.1930 (C.G. Aguayo). Junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="teneriffana" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="teneriffana">teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 640. See also:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baroni Urbani, C" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale " Giacomo Doria "" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="408 - 559" title="Studi sulla mirmecofauna d'Italia. IV. La fauna mirmecologica delle isole Maltesi ed il suo significato ecologico e biogeografico." volume="77" year="1968">Baroni Urbani 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 438; Snelling, R.R. 1992: 121. n. syn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="diagnosis among introduced pheidole">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Diagnosis among introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Light to dark reddish brown. MajorHW 1.32-1.74, HL 1.31-1.76, SL 0.73-0.91, CI 94-117, SI 47-62 (n=22). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7); rugoreticulate on posterolateral lobes and laterad of frontal carinae (Fig. 13a), but frons dominated by long, well-organized and parallel longitudinal rugae (Fig. 13b). Frontal carinae extend 3/4 distance of head before terminating (Fig. 15). Antennal scrobes indistinct to moderately impressed, but frontal carinae always forming a border capable of accepting the antennal scape (Fig. 13c). Hypostoma with weakly produced median tooth and submedian teeth. Promesonotum in profile with two convexities (Fig. 5), the large anterior dome in addition to a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.50-0.65, HL 0.60-0.74, SL 0.64-0.81, CI 72-90, SI 120-149 (n=20). Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation and or rugae above eye level. Posterior head margin weakly convex to flat in full-face view (Fig. 45). Antennal scapes long (e.g. Fig. 39), but not surpassing the posterior head margin by more than 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
eye length. Promesonotum in profile with two convexities, the large anterior dome (Fig. 43a) in addition to a distinct prominence on the posterior slope (Fig. 43b). Promesonotal prominence relatively convex (Fig. 50a). Metanotal depression relatively shallow (Fig. 50b). Petiole and postpetiole glossy to very weakly sculptured laterally (Fig. 48). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Figure 73. Relative morphometric measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
paralectotypes, specimens previously determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and specimens previously determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All values are in mm. A Head length vs. head width, major workers. B Head length vs. head width, minor workers. C Scape length vs. head width, major workers D Scape length vs. head width, minor workers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium to large reddish brown species with relatively long limbs. It belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade along with its Australasian congeners
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole cariniceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cariniceps">Pheidole cariniceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole hospes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hospes">Pheidole hospes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole impressiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressiceps">Pheidole impressiceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole oceanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceanica">Pheidole oceanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Economo, EP" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" title="Global phylogenetic structure of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole reveals the repeated evolution of macroecological patterns." volume="282" year="2015">Economo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, unpublished data). The major and minor workers are distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the lack of a swollen postpetiole (Fig. 3). The majors are also easily separated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the strongly sculptured head (Fig. 13). The minors can be confused with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
because both have glossy heads. However, the minors of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the relatively longer antennal scapes (Fig. 39 vs. Fig. 40) and the presence of a promesonotal prominence (Fig. 43 vs. Fig. 42).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broadly sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole noda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noda">Pheidole noda</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is easily separated from the former by the lack of a swollen postpetiole (Fig. 3 vs. Fig. 2). Separation from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite difficult, and readers are referred to corresponding section under that species for distinguishing characters. Readers are referred to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi (2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for characters used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
from their Asian congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described from India.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi (2004b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized several other Asian congeners under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
and discussed taxonomic differences used to distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other morphologically similar species. We synonymize
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on morphological analysis of the type specimens and genetic analysis of previously determined specimens (unpublished data). Forel, in his original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, noted the similarity between it and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole striativentris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striativentris">Pheidole striativentris</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="indica" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species" species="indica">indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The biogeographical origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been a minor mystery of the past century, as revealed by the recent review of the species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomological Society" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="843 - 847" title="Worldwide spread of Pheidoleteneriffana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/024.094.0417" volume="94" year="2011">Wetterer (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. There appeared to be general consensus that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
was native to at least some portion of North Africa, Arabia, the Middle East or the Mediterranean.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="63 - 64" title="Cinq notes myrmecologiques." volume="52" year="1918">Santschi (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, suggested the upper Nile area (South Sudan).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested North Africa and potentially the Canary Islands.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood, CA" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="473 - 495" title="The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra archipelago." volume="20" year="2004">Collingwood et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested it was native throughout northern Africa and observed it to be, "spreading over a wide front in the Middle East, Arabia and the Mediterranean countries."
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomological Society" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="843 - 847" title="Worldwide spread of Pheidoleteneriffana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/024.094.0417" volume="94" year="2011">Wetterer (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
enigmatic, "Curiously, most Old World records of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
are subtropical, but all New World records are tropical, except one from California
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
|
||
If
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
is truly native across North Africa, it is remarkable how few records I found from any North African country other than Egypt."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
In Asia
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to nest in soil or under stones in open and dry habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="189 - 209" title="Taxonomic revision of two wide-ranging Asian ants, Pheidolefervens and P. indica (Insects: Hymenoptera), and related species." volume="105" year="2004 b">Eguchi 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is among the most widespread
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Asia. In the Caribbean
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomological Society" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="843 - 847" title="Worldwide spread of Pheidoleteneriffana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/024.094.0417" volume="94" year="2011">Wetterer (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
] almost exclusively on beaches and at highly disturbed urban sites, particularly in waterfront areas. In northern Africa,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="517 - 534" title="Nouvelles fourmis de l'Afrique du Nord (Egypte, Canaries, Tunisie)." volume="77" year="1908">Santschi (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the tramp-like distribution of what he treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, "This species, described by Forel on samples from the Canary Islands, was sent to me from Cairo. I discovered it most recently in Sousse [Tunisia], in the park, near the port. As it does not exist in the interior, I think it is one species cosmopolitan tendencies. It nests in the ground and under stones." Santschi (1934) later reported the species from Alexandria, Egypt, and noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
|
||
teneriffana
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was rarely reported far from seaports.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Collingwood, CA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arid Environments" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="505 - 512" title="Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates." url="10.1006/jare.1997.0309" volume="37" year="1997">Collingwood et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that in the United Arab Emirates,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
] was populous in irrigated gardens and along the coast where it appeared to be spreading rapidly, possibly to the detriment of local species. The species has also been reported from urban areas of the Balearic Islands where it is common in the gardens and trees and on sidewalks near the harbor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, K" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecologische Nachrichten" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="225 - 233" title="Exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands." volume="8" year="2006">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Espadaler 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
] from the Malagasy region. It was collected on the Comoros, Mauritius, the Seychelles, and from coastal towns in Madagascar, usually from under stones, ground nests, or foraging on the ground or lower vegetation in urban or garden habitats at elevations below 300 m. It was also found on Mayotte in native littoral and secondary forest below 10 m.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Perhaps the most detailed study of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the New World comes from the account of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="153 - 154" title="A new ant introduction for North America: Pheidoleteneriffana (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="68" year="1992">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who reported a vigorous population, represented by a putatively single polydomous colony spanning several hectares, that was discovered in Long Beach, California in 1989.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="153 - 154" title="A new ant introduction for North America: Pheidoleteneriffana (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="68" year="1992">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reportedly observed 23 inseminated queens from a single colony that was changing nest sites (although no details are given for how he knew the queens were inseminated). He described the colony nests as low mounds on the soil, along curbs or sidewalks, at the edges of lawns, in cracks in pavement, and at the bases of trees. New colonies were started by budding. Workers foraged night and day unless temperature exceeded 26 °C, taking seeds and scavenging dead or dying insects. They were observed feeding on sweet or greasy foods, but were not seen tending aphids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="153 - 154" title="A new ant introduction for North America: Pheidoleteneriffana (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="68" year="1992">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1992)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed the species attacking native ants, including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pogonomyrmex californicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">Pogonomyrmex californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Buckley). More remarkably, he reportedly observed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
destroying colonies and taking over nest sites of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">Linepithema humile</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the purported success of these battles,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
must have lost the larger war against
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">Linepithema humile</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the eventual extirpation of the Californian population was attributed to the Argentine ant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gulmahamad, H" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="227 - 229" title="Extirapation of one exotic ant species by another in southern California." volume="75" year="1999">Gulmahamad 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
We treat all occurrence records from the regions of Indomalaya west of the Korean Peninsula as native. The Korean and Japanese populations are considered introduced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Choi, BM" journalOrPublisher="Chongju Sabom Taehakkyo Nonmunjip" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="317 - 330" title="Studies on the distribution of ants (Formicidae) in Korea (12). The analysis of ant communities in 23 islands." volume="30" year="1993">Choi and Bang 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Choi, BM" journalOrPublisher="Chongju Sabom Taehakkyo Nonmunjip" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="331 - 380" title="Studies on the distribution of ants (Formicidae) in Korea (13). A checklist of ants from each province (Do), with taxonomic notes." volume="30" year="1993 a">Choi et al. 1993a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Choi, BM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="37 - 49" title="Comparative studies of ant faunas of Korea and Japan. I. Faunal comparison among islands of southern Korea and northern Kyushu, Japan." volume="48" year="1993 b">Choi et al. 1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Terayama, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 31" title="Structure of ant communities in east Asia. 1. Regional differences and species richness." volume="47" year="1992">Terayama 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and additional portions of the range in Asia might also have resulted from anthropogenic transport.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been introduced to scattered localities across the globe, although the vast majority of these records were attributed to its junior synonym,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole teneriffana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teneriffana">Pheidole teneriffana</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Introduced populations have been reported from the Mediterranean, northern Africa, the Malagasy region, Western Australia, Peru, the Caribbean, and southern California.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not considered to be a major pest to either agriculture or native ecosystems. Although the species is tolerant of disturbed and urban areas, we found no reports of it infesting structures. Few studies have measured the effect of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
on ecosystem health, but we predict that it could negatively impact native arthropods. The species is continuing to spread across the globe and further studies are required to test its ecological and agricultural impact outside its native range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |